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Topological indices (TIs) have rich applications in various biological contexts, particularly in therapeutic strategies for cancer. Predicting the performance of compounds in the treatment of cancer is one such application, wherein TIs offer insights into the molecular structures and related properties of compounds. By examining, various compounds exhibit different degree-based TIs, analysts can pinpoint the treatments that are most efficient for specific types of cancer. This paper specifically delves into the topological indices (TIs) implementations in forecasting the biological and physical attributes of innovative compounds utilized in addressing cancer through therapeutic interventions. The analysis being conducted to derivatives of sulfonamides, namely, 4-[(2,4-dichlorophenylsulfonamido) methyl]cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (1), ethyl 4-[(naphthalene-2-sulfonamido) methyl]cyclohexanecarboxylate (2), ethyl 4-[(2,5-dichlorophenylsulfonamido) methyl]cyclohexanecarboxylate (3), 4-[(naphthalene-2-sulfonamido) methyl]cyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid (4) and (2S)-3-methyl-2-(naphthalene-1-sulfonamido)-butanoic acid (5), is performed by utilizing edge partitioning for the computation of degree-based graph descriptors. Subsequently, a linear regression-based model is established to forecast characteristics, like, melting point and formula weight in a quantitative structure-property relationship. The outcomes emphasize the effectiveness or capability of topological indices as a valuable asset for inventing and creating of compounds within the realm of cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing preference for natural remedies has resulted in increased use of medicinal plants. One of the most significant and varied plants is garden cress (Lepidium sativum), which has large concentrations of proteins, fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins. It also contains a wide range of bioactive components, including kaempferol glucuronide, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, coumaric acid, caffeic acid, terpenes, glucosinolates, and many more. These substances, which include antioxidant, thermogenic, depurative, ophthalmic, antiscorbutic, antianemic, diuretic, tonic, laxative, galactogogue, aphrodisiac, rubefacient, and emmengogue qualities, add to the medicinal and functional potential of garden cress. An extensive summary of the phytochemical profile and biological activity of garden cress seeds is the main goal of this review. Research showed that garden cress is one of the world's most underutilized crops, even with its nutritional and functional profile. Consequently, the goal of this review is to highlight the chemical and nutritional makeup of Lepidium sativum while paying particular attention to its bioactive profile, various health claims, therapeutic benefits, and industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The motivation for the production of specific nanostructured electrode materials emerges from the escalating energy demands of the forthcoming generation. In this study, we demonstrated the fabrication process and evaluated the performance of supercapacitors utilizing manganese aluminate (MnAl 2 O 4) nanoparticles adorned on graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN). The composite material produced via hydrothermal methods exhibited a notable increase in specific capacitance (C s) and demonstrated excellent long-term stability throughout cycling. The improved electrochemical functionality was caused by several aspects, such as the occurrence of various oxidation states of manganese ions, a substantial specific surface area (SSA), a structure rich in nitrogen and a porous nature that enables rapid ion transportation. The electrode composed of a composite material exhibited excellent stability over 5000th cycles in 2.0 M KOH at 1 A g−1. Additionally, the specific capacitance (C s) of the MnAl 2 O 4 /g-CN nanohybrid was determined to be 586 F g−1 at 5 mV s−1. MnAl 2 O 4 /g-CN nanohybrid revealed a C s of 1161 F g−1, an energy density (E d) of 74 Wh kg−1 and a power density (P d) value of 340 W kg−1 at 1 A g−1. The electrochemical characteristics of g-CN were influenced by the presence of electrochemically activated sites in its nanosheet structures. The findings suggested that utilizing MnAl 2 O 4 /g-CN composite as electrode materials for storing energy could be an appealing and cost-effective option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its associated factors among medical undergraduates of Northern Border University. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 200 medical undergraduates of Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia from August 2023 to October 2023. Data on demographic details and anthropometric measurements were collected. Complete lipid profile and blood glucose levels were measured after at least 8-h fast. The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) recommendations were utilized for diagnosing MetS. The data obtained were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 20.0. Group differences were analyzed using Chi-square test and Post hoc analysis. Results: The estimated overall prevalence of MetS was 21.5 %. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was more prevalent among older students (37.36 %) and obese students (45.28 %) than among younger and non-obese students. Female students had a higher prevalence of MetS (29 %) than their male counterparts (14 %). The most frequent risk factors for MetS were elevated waist circumference (36 %) and low HDL levels (33 %). The majority of students (76.7 %) with high waist circumference had 2 or more risk factors for MetS. Students with a positive family history of hypertension and obesity showed greater prevalence of MetS. Conclusion: The study has demonstrated a high prevalence of MetS among young adults in Arar, Saudi Arabia. High prevalence of obesity and elevated waist circumference suggests that early and targeted interventions are required to prevent the development of MetS and cardiovascular risk in later life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the entire world is confronted with two major challenges such as a dearth of energy resources and a progressively deteriorating state of the environment. The significance of generating and storing ecologically sustainable energy has grown in prominence due to the depletion of non-renewable resources. Pseudocapacitors have attracted the attention of energy specialists because of their enhanced cyclic life and increased energy/power density. The current study involved the synthesis of ZnSe@FeSe nanocomposite by hydrothermal technique, with the aim of exploring its potential applications in supercapacitors. Multiple analytical approaches were used to examine the morphology, structure and texture of electrode material. Electrochemical experiments revealed that ZnSe@FeSe electrode showed a higher specific capacitance (C s) of 1419.8 F g−1, high energy density (E d) of 63.2 Wh kg−1, high power density (P d) of 283.2 W kg−1, and long cyclic stability over 5000th CV cycles as compared to ZnSe and FeSe electrodes in 2.0 M KOH. This study highlights the efficiency of ZnSe@FeSe nanocomposite developed by using the economic, environment friendly and efficient hydrothermal method, and it can also be used in future energy-related applications like fuel cells, photocatalysis and hydrogen evolution reactions (HER). • Hydrothermal synthesis of ZnSe@FeSe nanocomposite used as energy storage electrode material. • Investigation of the synergistic effect of binary transition metals with selenide nanocomposite for energy storage devices. • ZnSe@FeSe nanocomposite exhibited higher specific capacitance (C s) of 1419.8 F g−1 than individual metal chalcogenides. • The ZnSe@FeSe electrode showed exceptional cyclic stability for up to 5000th cycles of CV analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have described here proboscideans fossil remnants which belong to six species: Prodeinotherium pentapotamiae, Gomphotherium browni, Choerolophodon corrugatus, Protanancus chinjiensis, and Elephas planifrons. The described specimens are collected from six different localities of the Siwaliks. These localities are Bhilomar, Chinji type section, Lawa, Dhok Bun Ameer Khatoon (Chinji Formation), Ochri (Dhok Pathan Formation) and Rathian (Pinjor Formation), belongs to the Lower to Upper Siwaliks, district Chakwal and Jhelum, Punjab, Pakistan. The specimens were collected from these localities after extensive fieldwork from 2015 to 2020, which confirms the presence of large mammalian fauna during the Middle Miocene to Late Pleistocene. Prodeinotherium pentapotamiae is rare taxa in the Middle Siwaliks of Pakistan, first time discovered from new fossil section Satroma wali dhal in the vicinity of the Dhok Bun Ameer Khatoon locality. Bhilomar is a less explored fossil locality belongs to the Chinji Formation, Gomphotherium browni and Choerolophodon corrugatus is reported from the Chinji type section. A beautiful juvenile mandibular ramus of Protanancus chinjiensis has been recovered first time from Lawa and Elephas planifrons were recovered from Rathian which belongs to Pinjor Formation dated as Plio-Pleistocene age of Upper subgroup of Siwaliks. Based on palaeoenvironment and stratigraphy the age of these localities is suggested as Miocene to Pleistocene. The recovered proboscideans fossil fauna indicates about the climatic changes and confirms that more seasonal extensive grasslands and savannah like ecosystem were present at that time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the effect of task-oriented training on the dexterous movements of hands in Hemiplegic post-stroke patients.Methods: This study has been registered on site ClinicalTrial.gov with clinical trial number NCT05201196. The study was Randomized controlled trial, 18 patients were recruited that meet the inclusion criteria, randomly allocated to task-oriented training Group A (n = 9) and Conventional Therapy Group B (n = 9). Both exercise trainings were applied for 45 min/session, 5 times/week for 6 weeks. Fugl-Meyer Assessment Scale Motor, sensory and coordination portion, Wolf Motor Function Scale and Barthel Index were used as outcome measures, assessed patients at Baseline, after 3 weeks and 6 weeks after training. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 23.Results: The results suggested the mean Age was 60.78 ± 9.08 and 61.33 ± 6.78 for Group A and Group B, respectively. Average BMI was 23.66 ± 2.66 for Task-oriented group and 21.36 ± 2.46 for Conventional group. Fugl-Meyer scale shows significant P-value 0.03 post treatment compare to pre-treatment which was.283, Wolf Motor Function test and Barthel Index also showed significant P-values as 0.023 and 0.007, respectively, indicating that Task-oriented training shows more significant improvements than conventional group.Conclusion: Task-based training produced statistically significant as well as clinically meaningful enhancement in the dexterous hand movements of acute and subacute stroke patients than conventional therapy and ultimately improves the functional independence in their daily activities such as feeding, bathing and hygiene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep learning models, such as convolutional neural network (CNN), are popular now a day to solve various complex problems in medical and other fields, such as image classification, object detection, recommendation of images, processing of natural languages and video and image analysis. So, the idea of studying the architecture of CNNs has gotten a lot of attention and become popular. This study analysed and contrasted the performance of many different CNN models trained on the publicly accessible Br35h dataset for the detection of brain tumours. These models included the LeNet, AlexNet, VGG16, VGG19 and ResNet50. Several optimisers were used in this research to fine‐tune the performance of the CNN model. These included Adam (adaptive moment estimation), SGD (stochastic gradient descent) and RMSprop (root‐mean‐square propagation). Accuracy, miss‐classification rate, sensitivity, specificity, NPV (negative predictive value), PPV (positive predictive value), F1‐score and false omission rate (FOR) were used to assess the efficacy of five different CNN architectures trained using three different optimisers. The experimental results showed that AlexNet architecture with SGD optimiser performed better than other CNN architecture with different optimisers and achieved the highest accuracy of 98.79% with a miss classification rate of 1.20%. It also achieved 98.98% sensitivity, 98.58% specificity, 98.93% NPV, 98.65% PPV, 98.82% F1‐score and 1.06% FOR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SAD is a common mental condition with high prevalence rate and early onset resulting in the social avoidance and dysfunctioning. From the outcomes of several research studies it is highlighted that among of the numerous cognitive behavioural model, individual behavioural therapy plays most important role for social anxiety disorder. The research on CBT's effectiveness in treating SAD symptoms and a poor life quality is summarised in this article. In this review, the relative effectiveness of various CBT techniques is also discussed for both short-term and long-term follow-up periods. This review examines the strengths and limitations of the existing evidence base by critically examining empirical studies in this topic. It examines methodological concerns like as sample characteristics, outcome measurements, and treatment regimens, all of which might have an impact on the interpretation of results. Furthermore, the study identifies areas that require additional investigation and makes recommendations for future studies to improve SAD understanding and treatment. The aim of this review is to offer a thorough examination of the existing outcome literature on CBT for SAD. The study investigates the efficacy of CBT in lowering symptoms of social anxiety and enhancing functional results. It also investigates long-term therapy maintenance and discovers potential moderators and mediators of treatment outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study has been carried out to determine the frequency of left ventricular thrombi in dilated cardiomyopathy patients presenting in tertiary care hospitals in Punjab. Methods: This descriptive case series was carried out at Arif Memorial Teaching Hospital Lahore. This study involved 150 children of both genders aged between 4-12 years diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy. These children underwent echocardiographic screening for left ventricular thrombi (mass filling the ventricular cavity and distinct from normal endocardium). The frequency of left ventricular thrombi was noted and compared across various subgroups of children based on age, gender and BMI. Written informed consent was obtained from parents of every child. Results: The mean age of the children was 8.5±2.4 years. There were 98 (65.3%) boys and 52 (34.7%) girls with a male-tofemale ratio of 1.9:1. The mean BMI of these children was 26.9±3.0 Kg/m² and 29 (19.3%) children were obese. 63 (42.0%) children had left ventricular thrombi. There was no statistically significant difference in the frequency of left ventricular thrombi across various subgroups of children based on age (p-value=0.979), gender (p-value=0.956), and BMI (p-value=0.731). Conclusion: In the present study, a substantial proportion of children with dilated cardiomyopathy had left ventricular thrombi which due to the associated risk of thromboembolism and CVA warrant routine echocardiographic screening of such children so that timely identification and anticipated management may improve the outcome of children with dilated cardiomyopathy in future pediatric practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sites of Chinji type locality, Dhok Bun Ameer Khatoon, Lawa and Markhal are highly fossiliferous in the Chinji and Dhok Pathan formations, dated from middle and late Miocene (15.97–5.33 Ma), in the Lower and Middle Siwalik subgroups of the Pakistan. In these studied localities fossils of suids, tragulids, bovids (including caprins), giraffids, proboscideans, and rhinocerotids are reported. The main focus of current study is on family Suidae and the collected specimens show strong similarities with the previously discovered species of Listriodon pentapotamiae, Conohyus sindiensis, Propotamochoerus hysudricus, and Propotamochoerus sp. Here we present comparative data of suids from the Siwaliks and we notably present first remains of L. pentapotamiae incisors and C. sindiensis from Dhok Bun Ameer Khatoon; P. hysudricus from Markhal and Propotamochoerus sp. from Chinji type section. The material described here enhances our knowledge about the diversification and evolution of suid fossil species in the Siwaliks of Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (MPs) contaminate every conceivable terrestrial and aquatic environment including high peaks and deep marine trenches. Agricultural lands alone are expected to receive plastic up to 23 times more than ocean basins. In this study, soil samples were collected from peri-urban agricultural lands of Lahore on four sides including Kala Shah Kaku (KSK), Punjab University (PU), Dera Gujran (DG), and Sagian (SG). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) protocol was used for MPs extraction and analysis. Extracted MPs were analyzed under microscope at 40X magnification and their composition was analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. A considerable concentration of MPs was recorded at all sites. The highest contamination was found at SG with 876 ±194 MPs/kg of soil, and the lowest contamination was recorded at PU with 672 ±235 MPs/kg of soil. However, these differences among the sites were not statistically significant (p = 0.29). The overall predominant shape of MPs was fibers (613±71, 79.73%) followed by sheets (125±55, 16.28%), fragments (30±5, 3.9%) and foam particles (1±2,.09%). The differences in the distribution of MPs in various types were statistically significant (p = 0), while differences between sites were insignificant (p = 0.13). About 95% of MPs were less than 2 mm and 85% were less than 1 mm size. The distribution of MPs in various sizes (p = 0) and differences of this distribution between sites (p = 0.037) were both statistically significant. A good diversity of nine colored MPs was recorded, however majority of the MPs were transparent (89.57%). Six polymer including Polyethylene (PE), Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), Polypropylene (PP), Polystyrene (PS), Polycarbonate (PC), and Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) were identified by FTIR. The current levels of MPs pollution are higher than in many other parts of the world. Composition of MPs (types, colors, sizes, and polymer types) indicates the diversity of their sources and their possible implications on agricultural ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hearing impairment (HI) is a common barrier to communication which impacts the HI in achieving higher educational goals, impacts them at work and leisure and can result in social exclusion. Objective: To developed Urdu Spondee Words List for establishing Speech Recognition Threshold in Urdu speaking hearing impaired population. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in twin cities of Rawalpindi & Islamabad from July 2018 to January 2019. Study involved development of a tool called Urdu Spondee Word list (USWL) and familiarity judgement utilizing a sample of N=50 Urdu speaking participants of both genders aged 10-16 years utilizing convenience sampling, and finally voice analysis on PRATT software. SPSS version 21 was used for data analysis. Results: The results revealed that the final selected list of 18 spondee words has equally stressed syllables, with the accomplishment of the criteria of familiarity judgment for the participants. The recorded list shows minimum and maximum intensity variation of 3db to 8db in the homogenous audibility of the words making it suitable for speech recognition threshold measures. Conclusion: The developed 18 item Urdu Spondee Word list (USWL) with criteria of familiarity and homogenous audibility of words is suitable for speech recognition threshold measurement for Urdu speaking population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: As the significance of social workers (SW) in improving healthcare delivery in the emergency department (ED) continues to expand, emergency physicians will increasingly be expected to effectively partner with SWs in both academic and community settings. In this scoping review we sought to provide evidencebased recommendations for effective emergency clinician educational interventions on how to incorporate SWs in the ED to address health-related social needs while also identifying directions for future research. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review of publications in PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and APA PsycINFO. A search strategy was designed in accordance with Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies (PRESS) guidelines. Using the scoping review framework by Arksey and O'Malley, we applied consensus-based inclusion and exclusion criteria to guide study selection. A Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flow chart delineating the selection process was generated using Covidence. Results: Our search strategy identified nine qualifying articles for further analysis out of an initial sample of 2,119 articles. Of the nine articles that underwent full text review, 89% (8/9) evaluated a short educational didactic with or without a hands-on component to reinforce learning. Barriers to successful implementation of curricula discussed in all articles included time constraints, lack of buy-in from clinical faculty, lack of knowledge of appropriate referral sources once a problem is identified, and perceived distraction of the training from more standard clinical topics. Facilitators of curricula implementation and training success included the presence of a pre-existing and structured weekly conference schedule, ability to complete the training in a relatively short time frame or during intern orientation, presence of simulation resources, and residents' overall perceived interest in the topics. Conclusion: Ultimately, we found that interdisciplinary learning with SWs is generally well received by participants, and we offer various suggestions on incorporation into student and resident education. Moving forward, we recommend that a standardized curriculum of working with SWs be developed using didactic sessions, simulation, and/or direct observation with feedback. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High blood pressure, often known as hypertension, is a major cause of illness and mortality that is a global health concern. In-depth analysis of the global epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, and therapy options for hypertension is provided in this review paper. The article provides a thorough knowledge of the complex nature of hypertension by synthesizing the most recent studies and data. The prevalence of hypertension is increasing globally, while there are significant regional and population-based variances. The complicated interplay between vascular dysfunction, neuro-hormonal control, and inflammation-related mechanisms, as well as genetic predisposition and environmental variables, all have a role in the etiology of hypertension. Age, obesity, sedentary behavior, salt consumption, and heredity are some of the risk factors that interact to enhance vulnerability to hypertension. Treatment methods range from pharmacological interventions to changes in lifestyle, emphasizing the value of customized management plans. Addressing the global burden of hypertension requires a comprehensive strategy that includes awareness-raising, early identification, and individualized therapeutic interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A broad category of malignancies that develop in the digestive system, gastrointestinal lymphomas include a variety of histological subtypes and clinical manifestations. Significant advancements have been achieved in the knowledge, diagnosis, and treatment of various lymphomas in recent years. This review article offers an overview of the most recent discoveries in the study of gastrointestinal lymphoma, with a particular focus on advancements in diagnostic plans. The article examines developments in histopathology and molecular classification, emphasizing their influence on the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases. It also looks at how endoscopic and imaging techniques are advancing in their use for proper staging and early diagnosis of gastrointestinal lymphomas. This article provides a thorough update on the state-of-the-art in identifying and treating gastrointestinal lymphoma through the synthesis of recent literature and research findings, highlighting the possibility for better patient outcomes and increased quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity has become a major cause of morbidity and mortality rates, posing an epidemic-level threat to world health. This review article explores the complex issues surrounding obesity with the goal of thoroughly illuminating its root causes, risk factors, and serious medical consequences. Through a multifaceted lens that includes genetic predisposition, environmental effects, and lifestyle factors, the etiology of obesity is investigated. This article also carefully covers the wide variety of dangers associated with obesity. These include complex psychological effects like depression, anxiety, and a lower quality of life in addition to physical health effects including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and musculoskeletal issues. Additionally, a critical analysis of the financial costs associated with obesity is provided, emphasizing how it affects social productivity and healthcare systems. The effects of obesity on the body's many organ systems are examined, with a focus on how it encourages chronic inflammation, metabolic dysregulation, and hormonal abnormalities. The review elaborates on adipose tissue as an active endocrine organ, explaining how it secretes cytokines and adipokines that cause systemic disturbances. The essay also explores the link between fat and cancer, neurological conditions, and problems with reproductive health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the wide range of therapeutic uses for glycosides generated from medicinal plants, recent years have seen a substantial increase in interest. These organic substances, which are identified by the presence of a sugar moiety connected to a non-sugar aglycone, display a variety of biological functions that have been exploited for therapeutic benefit. The therapeutic potential of glycosides derived from medicinal plants is thoroughly discussed in this review paper. We look at their functions in terms of cardiovascular, antibacterial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and neurodegenerative illnesses. Discussions of the mechanisms underlying these compounds' bioactivity give information on how they interact with cellular targets and signalling networks. Additionally, the difficulties and possibilities related to glycoside extraction, isolation, and characterization are discussed. The potential for creating new and strong therapeutic interventions is underlined by the synergy between glycosides and other bioactive substances found in medicinal plants. Overall, this review highlights the significance of glycosides as promising drug development candidates and highlights the necessity of more study to fully realize their therapeutic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human activity recognition (HAR) is the process of interpreting human activities with the help of electronic devices such as computer and machine version technology. Humans can be explained or clarified as gestures, behavior, and activities that are recorded by sensors. In this manuscript, we concentrate on studying the problem of HAR; for this, we use the proposed theory of Aczel and Alsina, such as Aczel–Alsina (AA) norms, and the derived theory of Choquet, such as the Choquet integral in the presence of Atanassov interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy (AIVIF) set theory for evaluating the novel concept of AIVIF Choquet integral AA averaging (AIVIFC-IAAA), AIVIF Choquet integral AA ordered averaging (AIVIFC-IAAOA), AIVIF Choquet integral AA hybrid averaging (AIVIFC-IAAHA), AIVIF Choquet integral AA geometric (AIVIFC-IAAG), AIVIF Choquet integral AA ordered geometric (AIVIFC-IAAOG), and AIVIF Choquet integral AA hybrid geometric (AIVIFC-IAAHG) operators. Many essential characteristics of the presented techniques are shown, and we also identify their properties with some results. Additionally, we take advantage of the above techniques to produce a technique to evaluate the HAR multiattribute decision-making complications. We derive a functional model for HAR problems to justify the evaluated approaches and to demonstrate their supremacy and practicality. Finally, we conduct a comparison between the proposed and prevailing techniques for the legitimacy of the invented methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the creation of Pakistan in August 1947, political instability has been a persistent issue in the country, causing a migration of highly qualified, skilled people, and healthcare professionals. From 1971 to 2022 the total number of highly qualified and skilled people including healthcare professionals who migrated from the country is 60,19,888. Among them, 251677 (4.18%), were highly qualified, 455097 (7.55%) were highly skilled, and 5313114 (88.27%) were skilled professionals. Moreover, 50110 (0.83%) were healthcare professionals including doctors 31418 (62.69%), nurses 12853 (25.64%), and pharmacists 5839 (11.65%). The unsustainable political environment, lack of advanced technology-based institutes, poor healthcare infrastructure, low job opportunities and salary benefits in Pakistan caused the brain drain of highly qualified people including healthcare professionals. It adversely affected the academic institutes, the healthcare system, socio-economic growth, research productivity, and the development of the nation. The government of Pakistan must establish sustainable policies to minimize the brain drain of highly qualified people, and healthcare professionals, and recuperate the prosperity of their academic institutes and healthcare system for better healthcare services, and the advancement and sustainable development of the nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chia seed is a naturally grown grain and gaining worldwide popularity due to increasing desire for change the healthier lifestyles. They produce gel in water and can be employed as normally thickener, stabilizer or emulsifier in the development of innovative foods. Chia seeds are rich source of fat, fiber and protein contents. On the other hand, adding chia seeds powder to apple jam boosts its nutritious worth. Current study was conducted during 2020 at Department of Food Sciences, GCWU, Faisalabad. The current study on chia apple jam showed results of compositional and sensory analysis. The results of different treatments T0, T1, T2 and T3 (0, 30, 60 and 90 % of chia seeds) were observed. The treatment T3 showed moisture content was 2.86 ± 0.01%. The best ash, fat, fiber and protein contents were 4.07 ± 0.01, 9.74 ± 0.02, 44.06 ± 0.01 and 15.33 ± 0.03%, respectively observed in T3. The highest nitrogen free extract content was 86.87 ± 0.03% observed in T0. The results of compositional analysis were best according to T3. The treatment T3 showed highest mineral contents than other parameters. The highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl 1.71 ± 0.01 mg/100 g was observed in T3. The highest total phenolic and total flavonoid contents 0.75 ± 0.01 and 0.58 ± 0.01 mg of GAE/g were observed in T3The best results of sensory characteristics of chia apple jam were observed in T2. The incorporation of chia seed powder at about 60% in apple jam with T2 was best according to sensorial attributes and acceptable for the preparation and commercialization of product at industrial sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In computational photography, high dynamic range (HDR) imaging refers to the family of techniques used to recover a wider range of intensity values compared to the limited range provided by standard sensors. Classical techniques consist of acquiring a scene-varying exposure to compensate for saturated and underexposed regions, followed by a non-linear compression of intensity values called tone mapping. Recently, there has been a growing interest in estimating HDR images from a single exposure. Some methods exploit data-driven models trained to estimate values outside the camera's visible intensity levels. Others make use of polarimetric cameras to reconstruct HDR information without exposure bracketing. In this paper, we present a novel HDR reconstruction method that employs a single PFA (polarimetric filter array) camera with an additional external polarizer to increase the scene's dynamic range across the acquired channels and to mimic different exposures. Our contribution consists of a pipeline that effectively combines standard HDR algorithms based on bracketing and data-driven solutions designed to work with polarimetric images. In this regard, we present a novel CNN (convolutional neural network) model that exploits the underlying mosaiced pattern of the PFA in combination with the external polarizer to estimate the original scene properties, and a second model designed to further improve the final tone mapping step. The combination of such techniques enables us to take advantage of the light attenuation given by the filters while producing an accurate reconstruction. We present an extensive experimental section in which we validate the proposed method on both synthetic and real-world datasets specifically acquired for the task. Quantitative and qualitative results show the effectiveness of the approach when compared to state-of-the-art methods. In particular, our technique exhibits a PSNR (peak signal-to-noise ratio) on the whole test set equal to 23 dB, which is 18 % better with respect to the second-best alternative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 is an epidemic, causing an enormous death toll. The mutational changing of an RNA virus is causing diagnostic complexities. RT-PCR and Rapid Tests are used for the diagnosis, but unfortunately, these methods are ineffective in diagnosing all strains of COVID-19. There is an utmost need to develop a diagnostic procedure for timely identification. In the proposed work, we come up with a lightweight algorithm based on deep learning to develop a rapid detection system for COVID-19 with thorax chest x-ray (CXR) images. This research aims to develop a fine-tuned convolutional neural network (CNN) model using improved EfficientNetB5. Design is based on compound scaling and trained on the best possible feature extraction algorithm. The low convergence rate of the proposed work can be easily deployed into limited computational resources. It will be helpful for the rapid triaging of victims. 2-fold cross-validation further improves the performance. The algorithm proposed is trained, validated, and testing is performed in the form of internal and external validation on a self-collected and compiled a real-time dataset of CXR. The training dataset is relatively extensive compared to the existing ones. The performance of the proposed technique is measured, validated, and compared with other state-of-the-art pre-trained models. The proposed methodology gives remarkable accuracy (99.5%) and recall (99.5%) for biclassification. The external validation using two different test dataset also give exceptional predictions. The visual depiction of predictions is represented by Grad-CAM maps, presenting the extracted features of the predicted results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: As the significance of social workers (SW) in improving healthcare delivery in the emergency department (ED) continues to expand, emergency physicians will increasingly be expected to effectively partner with SWs in both academic and community settings. In this scoping review we sought to provide evidence-based recommendations for effective emergency clinician educational interventions on how to incorporate SWs in the ED to address health-related social needs while also identifying directions for future research. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review of publications in PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and APA PsycINFO. A search strategy was designed in accordance with Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies (PRESS) guidelines. Using the scoping review framework by Arksey and O'Malley, we applied consensus-based inclusion and exclusion criteria to guide study selection. A Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flow chart delineating the selection process was generated using Covidence. Results: Our search strategy identified nine qualifying articles for further analysis out of an initial sample of 2,119 articles. Of the nine articles that underwent full text review, 89% (8/9) evaluated a short educational didactic with or without a hands-on component to reinforce learning. Barriers to successful implementation of curricula discussed in all articles included time constraints, lack of buy-in from clinical faculty, lack of knowledge of appropriate referral sources once a problem is identified, and perceived distraction of the training from more standard clinical topics. Facilitators of curricula implementation and training success included the presence of a pre-existing and structured weekly conference schedule, ability to complete the training in a relatively short time frame or during intern orientation, presence of simulation resources, and residents' overall perceived interest in the topics. Conclusion: Ultimately, we found that interdisciplinary learning with SWs is generally well received by participants, and we offer various suggestions on incorporation into student and resident education. Moving forward, we recommend that a standardized curriculum of working with SWs be developed using didactic sessions, simulation, and/or direct observation with feedback. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate the impacts of international tourism development and green technology innovation on economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions in the top 10 GDP countries between 1995 and 2018. Our preliminary findings reject the preposition of data normality, which instigate us to apply a novel method of moments quantile regression. The overall results suggest that international tourism development facilitates economic growth and increases carbon dioxide emissions asymmetrically across the different levels of economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions. Specifically, the economic growth impacts are relatively large for the comparatively more developed nations while the adverse environmental impacts are relatively larger for the comparatively less-polluted nations; thus, the tourism led-economic growth hypothesis is verified. On the other hand, green technology innovation is found to facilitate economic growth and mitigate carbon dioxide emissions, especially in the context of the relatively more developed and polluted economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the effectiveness of two types of haemostatic sutures to secure bleeding in thinned out caesarean section scars. Study Design: Comparative Interventional Study. Setting: CMH Okara, Pakistan. Period: September 2019 to September 2021. Material & Methods: Patients were divided in four categories. Category I was previous one scar patients while category II was previous two scars patients. Similarly, categories III and IV were previous three and four scar patients respectively. In each category hemostasis was secured either by purse string suture or transverse mattress sutures. Hemostasis whether achieved with difficultly or without difficulty was assessed and time utilized was also calculated. Results: In patients with previous one caesarean section 3 out of 15 (20%) had haemostatic difficulty with both purse string suture and horizontal mattress suture. In patients with previous two caesarean sections the number was 5 (33.33%) and 6 (40%) in both purse string and horizontal mattress suture respectively. In patients with previous three caesarean sections there were 7 (46.66%) women who had difficulty in haemostasis in both group I and II. The average time to achieve the procedure in group I (purse string suture) was 3.25 minutes while it was 7.5 minutes in group II (Horizontal mattress sutures). There was two times difference in time consumption between two groups. Conclusion: Purse string suture is more effective, convenient and quicker to apply as compared to transverse mattress sutures for haemostasis in thinned caesarean section scars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate and compare clinical performance and caries inhibition of Resin modified glass ionomer cement and composite restoration in primary molars Study Design: Quasi-experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Operative Dentistry, Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Feb 2019 to Jan 2020. Methodology: Eighty-three patients fulfilling the selection criteria having at least one carious mandibular primary molar on both sides were divided by split-mouth design. Resin-modified Glass ionomer restorations were done on one side and termed Group-A, and Composite Restorations were done on the other side and termed Group-B. Each restoration was clinically evaluated regarding the appearance of secondary caries at 3, 6 and 12 months after placement by the same operator who performed the treatment. Results: A total of 166 conventional restorations were placed in the 83 children having carious mandibular primary molars, at least one on each side of the arch. The assessment of restorations, performed after six months, showed an 89.2% success rate of Resin modified Glass ionomer restorations and a 66% success rate of Composite Restoration. One year of follow-up showed an 80% success rate for Resin modified Glass ionomer restorations and 60% for Composite Restoration, as regards secondary caries; statistically significant differences were found in both groups. Conclusion: The study results showed that Resin modified Glass ionomer cement used to restore primary molars affected by caries performed better clinically than composite in assessing secondary caries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the rights granted to children in custody matters in Pakistan as per the law. Its aim is to examine the provisions of the Guardian and Wards Act of 1890 (hereinafter referred to as Act 1890) and Islamic law, analyzing judicial precedents to identify any loopholes and deficiencies. Additionally, the research paper focuses on highlighting the gaps and deficiencies present in the provisions concerning child custody in Pakistan. It argues that the Act 1890 grants domestic courts broad discretionary powers when dealing with custody disputes, leading to inconsistent judgments. Given the importance of custody in determining a child's welfare after parental divorce, it is concerning that Pakistan lacks comprehensive laws regarding the rights of children to be heard and give consent in such disputes. The Act of 1890 provides limited guidance on the rights of children to be heard and give consent in custody disputes, leaving it largely up to the court's discretion, which often leads to conflicting rulings. Due to the lack of clear legal provisions in the Act, parties involved in custody issues have to rely on case laws to find guidelines. The paper will propose specific measures to reconcile the existing fragmented practices. It will also suggest laws and remedies implemented by other developed countries worldwide to address the gaps and loopholes in the provisions of the Act of 1890, ultimately aiming to improve the well-being of children involved in custody disputes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on the self-control perspective, this study investigated the buffering effect of emotional suppression in reducing the harmful influence of workplace ostracism on employee performance. The research also studied the mediating role of employee silence and voice behaviors based on social exchange theory. We performed moderated mediation analysis on responses received from 159 employees working in the financial industry of the Southern Punjab region of Pakistan. The results showed that workplace ostracism harms employee performance via employee silence and voice behaviors. Furthermore, emotional suppression moderated the mediated relationship between workplace ostracism and employee performance. The results indicated that if ostracized employees adopt voice behavior, emotional suppression cannot aid them in performing better as compared to those who remain silent and regain their self-esteem. Our findings highlight the importance of emotional suppression capability in reducing the damaging outcomes of ostracism in organizational settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Alexithymia is the inability of an individual to adequately recognise and describe their emotions, which directly affects mental health by precipitating psychological disorders or by causing a disturbance to interpersonal functioning, coping responses, and quality of life. The purpose of this research was to test the efficacy of alexithymia reduction treatment (ART), a pilot online group intervention specifically designed to ameliorate alexithymia in men. Methods: As this was a pilot study, a small sample consisting entirely of male university students (n = 20) was selected. The participants were screened on the standardised measures at pre‐treatment and post‐treatment and were assigned to a treatment group (n = 10) or wait‐list control group (n = 10). The study utilised a quasi‐experimental design as the participants were assigned to the treatment and wait‐list control group based on their availability to attend the therapeutic sessions. The treatment group then received ART while the wait‐list control received no treatment at that time. Results: The statistical analysis showed a significant reduction in the participants' alexithymia, as well as depression and anxiety, in the treatment group but not in the wait‐list control group. Conclusion: ART proves to be efficacious in reducing alexithymia. In addition, the treatment modality proved to be useful in improving the participants' general psychological distress (anxiety, depressive symptoms). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been a lot of interest in the manufacture of stable, high-efficiency photocatalysts. In this study, initially Cr doped ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) were made via surfactant-assisted hydrothermal technique. Then Cr-ZnFe2O4 NPs were modified by incorporating S-g-C3N4 to enhance their photocatalytic efficiency. The morphological, structural, and bonding aspects were analyzed by XRD, FTIR, and SEM techniques. The photocatalytic efficiency of the functional Cr-ZnFe2O4/S-g-C3N4 (ZFG) heterostructure photocatalysts was examined against MB under sunlight. The produced ZFG-50 composite has the best photocatalytic performance, which is 2.4 and 3.5 times better than that of ZnFe2O4 and S-g-C3N4, respectively. Experiments revealed that the enhanced photocatalytic activity of the ZFG nanocomposite was caused by a more effective transfer and separation of photo-induced charges. The ZFG photocatalyst can use sunlight for treating polluted water, and the proposed modification of ZnFe2O4 using Cr and S-g-C3N4 is efficient, affordable, and environmentally benign. Under visible light, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were employed to ZFG-50 NCs' antimicrobial activity. These ZFG-50 NCs also exhibit excellent antibacterial potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a secure energy trading mechanism based on blockchain technology is proposed. The proposed model deals with energy trading problems such as insecure energy trading and inefficient charging mechanisms for electric vehicles (EVs) in a vehicular energy network (VEN). EVs face two major problems: finding an optimal charging station and calculating the exact amount of energy required to reach the selected charging station. Moreover, in traditional trading approaches, centralized parties are involved in energy trading, which leads to various issues such as increased computational cost, increased computational delay, data tempering and a single point of failure. Furthermore, EVs face various energy challenges, such as imbalanced load supply and fluctuations in voltage level. Therefore, a demand-response (DR) pricing strategy enables EV users to flatten load curves and efficiently adjust electricity usage. In this work, communication between EVs and aggregators is efficiently performed through blockchain. Moreover, a branching concept is involved in the proposed system, which divides EV data into two different branches: a Fraud Chain (F-chain) and an Integrity Chain (I-chain). The proposed branching mechanism helps solve the storage problem and reduces computational time. Moreover, an attacker model is designed to check the robustness of the proposed system against double-spending and replay attacks. Security analysis of the proposed smart contract is also given in this paper. Simulation results show that the proposed work efficiently reduces the charging cost and time in a VEN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we address the problems of fraud and anomalies in the Bitcoin network. These are common problems in e-banking and online transactions. However, as the financial sector evolves, so do the methods for fraud and anomalies. Moreover, blockchain technology is being introduced as the most secure method integrated into finance. However, along with these advanced technologies, many frauds are also increasing every year. Therefore, we propose a secure fraud detection model based on machine learning and blockchain. There are two machine learning algorithms—XGboost and random forest (RF)—used for transaction classification. The machine learning techniques train the dataset based on the fraudulent and integrated transaction patterns and predict the new incoming transactions. The blockchain technology is integrated with machine learning algorithms to detect fraudulent transactions in the Bitcoin network. In the proposed model, XGboost and random forest (RF) algorithms are used to classify transactions and predict transaction patterns. We also calculate the precision and AUC of the models to measure the accuracy. A security analysis of the proposed smart contract is also performed to show the robustness of our system. In addition, an attacker model is also proposed to protect the proposed system from attacks and vulnerabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) is a heterogeneous rare recessively inherited disorder prevalent in regions with high consanguinity. Disease phenotype is associated with increased intra ocular pressure and is a major cause of childhood blindness. Sequence variations in Cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) gene are a major cause of PCG. Current study was conducted to screen CYP1B1 gene in highly consanguineous PCG affected families from Pakistani population consistent with the autosomal recessive pattern of PCG inheritance. Methods: For this study, patients and controls (clinically unaffected individuals of each family) from 25 consanguineous families belonging to Punjab, Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan were recruited through ophthalmologists. DNA was isolated from collected blood samples. Genetic screening of CYP1B1 gene was done for all enrolled families. In-silico analysis was performed to identify and predict the potential disease-causing variations. Results: Pathogenicity screening revealed sequence variants segregating with disease phenotype in homozygous or compound heterozygous form in eleven out of 25 analyzed families. We identified a total of sixteen disease causing variants among which five frameshift i.e., c.629dup (p.Gly211Argfs*13), c.287dup (p.Leu97Alafs*127), c.662dup (p.Arg222Profs*2), c.758_759insA (p.Val254Glyfs*73) and c.789dup (p.Leu264Alafs*63), two silent c.1314G>A, c.771T>G and six missense variations c.457C>G (p.Arg153Gly), c.516C>A (p.Ser172Arg), c.722T>A (p.Val241Glu), c.740T>A (p.Leu247Gln), c.1263T>A (p.Phe421Leu), and c.724G>C (p.Asp242His) are previously un reported. However two frameshift c.868dup (p.Arg290Profs*37), c.247del (p.Asp83Thrfs*12) and one missense variant c.732G>A (p.Met244Ile), is previously reported. Furthermore, six polymorphisms c.1347T>C, c.2244_2245insT, c.355G>T, c.1294G>C, c.1358A>G and c.142C>G were also identified. In the intronic region, a novel silent polymorphism i.e., g.35710_35711insT was found in homozygous state. All the newly detected disease-causing variants were negative in 96 ethnically matched controls. Conclusion: Among twenty-five screened families, eight families (PCG50, 52–54, 58, 59, 63 and 67) were segregating disease causing variants in recessive manner. Two families (PCG049 and PCG062) had compound heterozygosity. Our data confirms genetic heterogeneity of PCG in Pakistani population however we did not find molecular variants segregating with PCG in fifteen families in coding exons and intron-exon boundaries of CYP1B1 gene. Genetic counseling was provided to families to refrain from practicing consanguinity and perform premarital screening as a PCG control measure in upcoming generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) are a heterogeneous group of degenerative disorders of the retina. Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) is a common type of IRD that causes night blindness and loss of peripheral vision and may progress to blindness. Mutations in more than 300 genes have been associated with syndromic and non-syndromic IRDs. Recessive forms are more frequent in populations where endogamy is a social preference, such as Pakistan. The aim of this study was to identify molecular determinants of IRDs with the common presentation of night blindness in consanguineous Pakistani families. This study included nine consanguineous IRD-affected families that presented autosomal recessive inheritance of the night blindness phenotype. DNA was extracted from blood samples. Targeted exome sequencing of 344 known genes for retinal dystrophies was performed. Screening of nine affected families revealed two novel (c.5571_5576delinsCTAGATand c.471dup in EYS and SPATA7 genes, respectively) and six reported pathogenic mutations (c.304C>A, c.187C>T, c.1560C>A, c.547C>T, c.109del and c.9911_11550del in PDE6A, USH2A, USH2A, NMNAT1, PAX6 and ALMS1 genes, respectively) segregating with disease phenotype in each respective family. Molecular determinants of hereditary retinal dystrophies were identified in all screened families. Identification of novel variants aid future diagnosis of retinal dystrophies and help to provide genetic counseling to affected families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exponential growth of intelligent vehicles(IVs) development has resulted in a complex network. As the number of IVs in a network increases, so does the number of connections. As a result, a great deal of data is generated. This complexity leads to insecure communication, traffic congestion, security, and privacy issues in vehicular networks (VNs). In addition, detecting malicious IVs, data integration, and data validation are major issues in VNs that affect network performance. A blockchain-based model for secure communication and malicious IV detection is proposed to address the above issues. In addition, this system also addresses data integration and transaction validation using an encryption scheme for secure communication. A multi-chain concept separates the legitimate and malicious data into two chains: the Integrity chain (I-chain) and Fraud chain (F-chain). This multi-chain mechanism solves the storage problem and reduces the computing power. The integration of blockchain in the proposed model provides privacy, network security, transparency, and immutability. To address the storage issue, the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) is integrated with Certificate Authority (CA). A reputation mechanism is introduced to detect malicious IVs in the network based on ratings. This reputation mechanism is also used to prevent Sybil attack. The evaluation of the proposed work is based on the cost of smart contracts and computation time. Furthermore, two attacker models are presented to prevent the selfish mining attack and the Sybil attack. Finally, a security analysis of the proposed smart contracts with their security vulnerabilities is also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In global warming contexts, continuous increment in temperature triggers several environmental, economic, and ecological challenges. Its impacts have severe effects on energy, agriculture, and socioeconomic structure. Moreover, the strong correlation between temperature and dynamic changing of rainfall patterns greatly influences the natural cycles of water resources. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the spatiotemporal variation of precipitation to improve precipitation monitoring systems. Thereby, it helps to make future planning for flood control and water resource management. Considering the importance of the spatiotemporal assessment of precipitation, the current study provides a new method: regional contextual precipitation concentration index (RCPCI) to analyze spatial-temporal patterns of annual rainfall intensities by reconnaissance the precipitation concentration index (PCI) in the global warming context. The current study modifies the existing version of PCI by propagating the role of temperature as auxiliary information. Further, based on spatial and nonspatial correlation analysis, the current study compares the performance of RCPCI and PCI for 45 meteorological stations of Pakistan. Tjøstheim's coefficient and the modified t-test are used for testing and estimating the spatial correlation between both indices. In addition, the Poisson log-normal spatial model is used to assess the spatial distribution of each rainfall pattern. Outcomes associated with the current analysis show that the proposed method is a good and efficient substitute for PCI in the global warming scenario in the presence of temperature data. Therefore, to make accurate and precise climate and precipitation mitigation policies, the proposed method may incorporate uncovering the yearly pattern of rainfall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Formulation of a novel oil in water microemulsion for ocular drug delivery. • Physicochemical characterization revealed the stability of the developed microemulsion system. • The specific site of Ofloxacin interaction and its locus in O/W microemulsion was unraveled by 1H NMR. • The electrochemical changes due to drug interaction in microstructure of ME were traced by Cyclic Voltammetry. The aim of this research work was to formulate and characterize a novel oil in water microemulsion system for the ofloxacin, to enhance the solubilization and retention period of drug. The optimized microemulsion was consisted of olive oil as oil phase, tween 80/butanol as surfactant/co-surfactant and phosphate buffer (pH = 7) as aqueous phase. Four microemuslions were optimized by mapping ternary phase diagram and studied for their physicochemical parameters such as pH, conductivity, surface tension and refractive index and z-average of neat and ofloxacin loaded microemuslions. Four optimized compositions of microemulsion were selected and loaded with 5 % concentration of ofloxacin. All of these compositions were stable for more than 8 months. These possess high values of conductivity which confirmed that formulated MEs were water continuous systems and micelle size in the range of microemulsion size (5–200 nm) which make these formulations a suitable ocular carriers. The experimental results of refractive index and surface tension were within the suitable range of ophthalmic systems and hence optimistically the formulated microemulsions will not cause ocular irritation and vision impairment. One of the compositions was selected for increased load of ofloxacin i.e., 6 %, 7 %, 8 %, 9 %, 10 % to study the drug's effect on the stability of microemulsion. 1H NMR analysis was carried out to reveal the location and interaction site of drug in the microemulsion. The 1H NMR study revealed that the site of interaction and location of drug is hydrophilic shell of microemulsion droplet as the ofloxacin partitioned between bulk aqueous media and micelles. The voltammetric behavior of neat and ofloxacin loaded ME was also determined via cyclic voltammetry. The results voltammetry were in well accordance with NMR findings. Hence, it is suggested that formulated microemuslions are stable with high drug loading capacity and have prolonged shelf-life along with their capability to protect the drug by entrapping it and these formulations could be worthy to utilize as ocular drug carrier systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose to conduct this research work is to study the effect of photocatalytic degradation by developing cost-effective and eco-friendly nitrogen and tungsten (metal/non-metal) co-doped titania (TiO2). The inherent characteristics of synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) were analyzed by Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FT-IR), ultra-violet visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrometry, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Co-doping of metal and non-metal has intensified the photocatalysis trait of TiO2 nanoparticles in an aqueous medium. This co-doping of transition metal ions and modification of nitrogen extended the absorption into the visible region subsequently restraining the recombination of electrons/holes pair. The stronger light absorption in the visible region was required for the higher activity of photodegradation of dye under visible light illumination to confine bandgap energy which results in accelerating the rate of photodegradation. After efficient doping, the bandgap of titania reduced to 2.38 eV and caused the photodegradation of malachite green in visible light. The results of photocatalytic degradation were confirmed by using UV/Vis. spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a mass spectrophotometer (HPLC-ESI-MS) was used for the analysis of intermediates formed during photocatalytic utility of the work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Post-burn contracture is the tightening of the skin after a second or third-degree burn with the formation of contracture. Post-burn contractures result in the limitation of movement around a burn area. Burns contractures, if left untreated, may cause limitations in the range of motion and daily living tasks. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of soft tissue mobilization versus static stretching in post-burn contractures at the elbow and wrist. METHODOLOGY: A pilot study was conducted, and 36 patients were enrolled. Patients with post-burn contracture were divided randomly into two groups. Allocation of patients in both groups was done by computerized generated list. The treatment frequency was 3 times a week. Numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) and Katz index ADLS scale were used for scoring. Paired t-test was applied to evaluate the data. RESULTS: The mean age in group A and B were 26.16±7.46 and 28.05±1.27, respectively. Mean score for pre-Katz Index of Group A and B (2.47±0.87, 2.16±0.98), post-Katz Index group A and B (3.29±1.68, 3.05±1.47) with a p-value 0.12 and 0.03 group A and B respectively. The mean score group A and B for pre-NPRS (7.61±1.37, 7.94±1.10), post-NPRS (2.27±1.01, 1.72±1.22) with a p-value<0.001. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that static stretching is more effective than soft tissue mobilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anticancerous drug causing free radical mediated cardiotoxicity. This damage is usually treated by drugs like Amlodipine. Objectives: To compare the protective effects of Amlodipine, Ficus carica leaf & fruit extracts on doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity. Methods: This study was conducted for 10 days, in Postgraduate Medical Institute (PGMI), Lahore. Total of 50 rats were divided into 5 groups with each group containing 10 rats. Group 1(control), Group 2 (DOX 15mg/kg single intraperitoneal injection), Group3 (DOX 15mg/kg single intraperitoneal injection + 5mg/kg/d of Amlodipine was given via NG tube daily for 10 days), Group 4 (DOX 15mg/kg single intraperitoneal injection + 400mg/kg/d of Ficus carica leaf extract orally for 10 days), Group 5 (DOX 15mg/kg single intraperitoneal injection + 400mg/kg/d of Ficus Carica fruit extract orally for 10 days). Results: DOX produced severe (Grade 3) damage to cardiac cells. Beneficial effects produced by Ficus Carica leaf and fruit extracts were comparable to that of Amlodipine. Both the extracts have significantly reduced the Oedema, vacuolization, myocardial atrophy and degeneration in cardiac cells of rats. Conclusion: The Ficus carica leaf and fruit extracts have potential to protect against the doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the symptoms, demographic parameters and health profile of post-menopausal women and factors related to the deranged health profile. Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Pak Emirates Military Hospital Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Jun 2019 to Aug 2021. Methodology: Five hundred post-menopausal women were included in this study via convenience sampling. Menopause was confirmed based on clinical and laboratory information. A consultant Gynecologist inquired about details of clinical symptoms and demographic profile. Relationship of age, body mass index, use of hormonal replacement therapy and living with husband was assessed with the presence of deranged health profile among the post-menopausal women participating in this study. Results: Out of 500 post-menopausal women studied in the given period, 323 (64.6%) had at least one clinical symptom of a deranged health profile, while 177 (35.4%) did not report any such symptom. The mean age of the study participants was 58.47 ± 4.561 years. Hot flushes 200 (40%) were the most commonly reported symptoms, followed by urinary tract infections 121 (24.2%) and palpitations 121 (24.2%). After applying the statistical analysis, high body mass index and not using hormonal replacement therapy emerged as factors associated with deranged health profiles in the study participants (p-value <0.001). Conclusion: Most of the women had at least one clinical symptom after menopause. Hot flushes, urinary tract infections and palpitations were commonly reported symptoms. Patients with high body mass index and no hormonal replacement therapy were more likely to have a deranged post-menopausal health profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare kangaroo mother care with conventional care in newborns regarding the frequency of successful first breastfeeding and time to initiate breastfeeding. Study Design: Quasi-experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Departments of Pediatrics and obstetrics CMH Bahawalpur from Feb 2019 to Jun 2020. Methodology: 120 infant-mother couples were included in the study. Sixty infant-mother couples were randomly allocated to each group (120 infants). Group A was nursed with kangaroo mother care (KMC), and Group B was nursed with conventional care (CC). The frequency of the first successful feed was assessed, and the time taken to initiate breastfeeding was documented. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in weight, gestational age and gender distribution between the two groups. 65 (54.25%) infants had successful first breastfeeding in the study population. 38 (63.3%) of the infants had first successful breastfeeding as per the Infant Breast feeding Assessment Tool (IBFAT) in group A (KMC) as compared to 27 (45%) in group B (Conventional Care). The difference between the two groups was statistically significant, with a p-value of 0.044. Mean time for first successful breastfeeding was significantly less for the KMC group as compared to the conventional group with a p-value of <0.001. Kangaroo mother care resulted in a higher frequency of successful first feed, and meantime for initiation of feeding was also less than conventional care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To focus on the benefits of focal resection of the lower uterine segment as compared to obstetric hysterectomy in patients with morbidly adherent placenta. Study Design: Quasi-experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Combined Military Hospital Okara, Oct 2019 to Nov 2020. Methodology: Fifty-two women between 34 to 38 weeks of gestation were operated for morbidly adherent placenta. Group-I women (focal resection of the lower uterine segment) and Group-II (obstetric hysterectomy) were twenty-six each. In Group-I, hemostasis was secured by a figure of 8 sutures, purse-string sutures or continuous sutures. In Group-II, hemostasis was secured, and internal iliac artery ligation was done as required. Results: Group-I undergoing focal resection of lower uterine segment hemostasis was addressed by the figure of 8 sutures in 21 (80%) women and purse-string sutures in 7 women (27%). Hemostasis of the posterior uterine wall was done in 12 (47%) women. Balloon tamponade was used in 10 (40%) women and B-Lynch suture in 5 (20%) women. Internal iliac artery ligation was done in 4 (11%) women, and the bladder was injured in 10 (40%) women. Group-II undergoing obstetric hysterectomy hemostasis was secured for leftover placental tissue in 5 (18%) women, and internal iliac artery ligation was done in 9 (35%) women. Bladder repair was done in 12 (47%) cases. Conclusion: Although time-consuming, focal resection of the lower uterine segment and hemostasis are associated with less morbidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the fetal and maternal outcome among pregnant women who are diagnosed positive for co-occurrence of Ureteric Stones and Urinary Tract Infections during their third trimester. Study Design: Cross Sectional Analytical study. Setting: Urology and Gynecology Department of Mukhtar A Sheikh Hospital Multan. Period: 6th February 2020 to 6th July 2020. Material & Methods: Pregnant women in their third trimester were confirmed for the presence of ureteric stones and urinary tract infections through imaging and urine culture studies. Cases confirmed for the disorders were then evaluated for any complications during the remaining gestational period. The diseased group was compared with healthy pregnant women. Results: Out of 200 selected women, 60 (27.7%) were positive for comorbidity of two illnesses. Among pregnancy outcomes, Preterm Labor (46.6%) has the highest rate of incidence followed by Preeclampsia (41.6%), Oligohydramnios (10.6%), Abortion (1.6%), Operative Intervention (cesarean section) (36.6%), Acute Renal Failure (5%), Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (11.6%), and Septicemia (1.6%) among the study group. Similarly, fetal outcomes such as fetal demise (1.6%), Low birth weight babies (58.3%), and premature babies (51.3%) were statistically significant in the study group than the control group. Conclusion: The coexistence of ureteric stones and UTIs is largely affecting pregnant population and this co-morbid condition has a significant impact on fetomaternal health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastrointestinal endoscopy revolutionized the diagnostic as well as therapeutic paradigms of many gastrointestinal diseases. Advanced endoscopy procedures like ERCP and EUS have gained paramount importance in recent times. Structured training in basic as well as advanced endoscopy techniques is essential to boost the confidence of the trainee and ensure positive patient outcomes. This review article used the databases, published literature, and a large number of research journals to find out the latest data on the standards of advanced endoscopy training to improve patient care. To excel in the field of endoscopy, studies have established that an endoscopy trainee should be assessed based on his skill and expertise; not based on a particular number of procedures. The endoscopists must benchmark their performance against their peers to assess their competency. The training of endoscopists should be on real patients, in addition to practice on simulators. Also, training programs and curricula should be well structured. With advanced endoscopy being established across the world in patient-care, it is the need of the hour to establish standards and mechanisms for endoscopy training in Pakistan. The UK systems can offer a roadmap to achieve this goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Diabetic population have a twofold to threefold increased risk of developing liver cancer, and hyperglycaemia is a prime causative factor that propends the tumour cells to undergo aggressive metabolic growth. In this study, we aimed to examine the molecular mechanism by which lutein inhibits hyperglycaemia‐induced human hepatocarcinoma (HepG2) cell proliferation. Methods: The effect of lutein on high glucose‐induced proliferation was measured using the WST‐1 reagent. Its effect on intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels was measured by DCF assay. The effect on the expression of antioxidant enzymes, cell cycle regulatory proteins and intracellular protein kinases was analysed by western blotting. The modulatory effect of lutein on different phases of the cell cycle was analysed by flow cytometry. Results: The data showed that lutein at 5 µM concentration significantly blocked glucose‐promoted HepG2 cell proliferation. Suppression of high glucose‐induced cell proliferation by lutein was not associated with apoptosis induction, but it was linked with inhibition of hyperglycaemia‐mediated elevated ROS and upregulated expression of high glucose‐mediated repressed heme oxygenase 1 (HO1). Furthermore, G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and associated phosphorylation of Cdk1 and P53 were found to be linked with suppressed hyperglycaemia‐mediated cell proliferation by lutein. In addition, lutein inhibited hyperglycaemia‐induced activation of P38 which relates to high glucose‐induced ROS‐mediated growth suppression and modulated the phosphorylation of Erk, JNK and Akt in hyperglycaemic HepG2 cells. Conclusion: Our findings portray that sufficient intake of lutein may offer a negative impact on diabetes‐associated tumour growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to environmental concerns at the global level, there is considerable momentum in the exploration of materials derived from waste that are both sustainable and eco-friendly. In this study, CS-Fe (carbon, silica, and iron) composite was synthesized from coal gasification slag (CGS) and innovatively applied as a catalyst to activate PS (persulfate) for the degradation of trichloroethylene (TCE) in water. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), brunauer, emmet, and teller (BET) technique, and x-ray diffractometer (XRD) spectra were employed to investigate the surface morphology and physicochemical composition of the CS-Fe composite. CS-Fe catalyst showed a dual nature by adsorption and degradation of TCE simultaneously, displaying 86.1% TCE removal in 3 h. The synthesized CS-Fe had better adsorption (62.1%) than base material CGS (36.4%) due to a larger BET surface area (770.8 m2 g−1), while 24.0% TCE degradation was recorded upon the activation of PS by CS-Fe. FTIR spectra confirmed the adsorption and degradation of TCE by investigating the used and fresh samples of CS-Fe catalyst. Scavengers and Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis confirmed the availability of surface radicals and free radicals facilitated the degradation process. The acidic nature of the solution favored the degradation while the presence of bicarbonate ion (HCO 3 −) hindered this process. In conclusion, these results for real groundwater, surfactant-added solution, and degradation of other TCE-like pollutants propose that the CS-Fe composite offers an economically viable and favorable catalyst in the remediation of organic contaminants within aqueous solutions. Further investigation into the catalytic potential of coal gasification slag-based carbon materials and their application in Fenton reactions is warranted to effectively address a range of environmental challenges. [Display omitted] • CGS is used to synthesize CS-Fe composite to activate persulfate for TCE degradation. • CS-Fe composite exhibited significant absorbance capacity. • ROS played a dominant role in the degradation of TCE in the PS/CS-Fe system. • PS/CS-Fe system favors acidic solution for efficient degradation of TCE. • The existence of HCO 3 ˉ hindered TCE degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]