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Given a smooth 2-dimensional Riemannian or pseudo-Riemannian manifold $(M, \boldsymbol{g})$ and an ambient 3-dimensional Riemannian or pseudo-Riemannian manifold $(N, \boldsymbol{h})$, one can ask under what circumstances does the exterior differential system $\mathcal{I}$ for the isometric embedding $M\hookrightarrow N$ have particularly nice solvability properties. In this paper we give a classification of all $2$-metrics $\boldsymbol{g}$ whose local isometric embedding system into flat Riemannian or pseudo-Riemannian 3-manifolds $(N, \boldsymbol{h})$ is Darboux integrable. As an illustration of the motivation behind the classification, we examine in detail one of the classified metrics, $\boldsymbol{g}_0$, showing how to use its Darboux integrability in order to construct all its embeddings in finite terms of arbitrary functions. Additionally, the geometric Cauchy problem for the embedding of $\boldsymbol{g}_0$ is shown to be reducible to a system of two first-order ODEs for two unknown functions---or equivalently, to a single second-order scalar ODE. For a large class of initial data, this reduction permits explicit solvability of the geometric Cauchy problem for $\boldsymbol{g}_0$ up to quadrature. The results described for $\boldsymbol{g}_0$ also hold for any classified metric whose embedding system is hyperbolic., Comment: 34 pages, 3 figures

We study control systems invariant under a Lie group with application to the problem of nonlinear trajectory planning. A theory of symmetry reduction of exterior differential systems is employed to demonstrate how symmetry reduction and reconstruction is effective in the explicit, exact construction of planned system trajectories. We show that, while a given control system with symmetry may not be static feedback linearizable or even flat, it may nevertheless possess a flat or even linearizable symmetry reduction and from this, trajectory planning in the original system may often be carried out or greatly simplified. We employ the contact geometry of Brunovsky normal forms to develop tools for detecting and analysing these phenomena. The effectiveness of this approach is illustrated by its application to a problem in the guidance of marine vessels. A method is given for the exact and explicit planning of surface trajectories of models for the control of under-actuated ships. It is shown that a 3-degrees-of-freedom control system for an under-actuated ship has a symmetry reduction which permits us to give an elegant explicit, exact solution to this problem., Comment: 28 pages and 3 figures

We give new results concerning the Frobenius integrability and solution of evolution equations admitting travelling wave solutions. In particular, we give a powerful result which explains the extraordinary integrability of some of these equations. We also discuss "local" conservations laws for evolution equations in general and demonstrate all the results for the Korteweg de Vries equation., Comment: 11 pages, 2 figures

We consider the problem of computing the integrable sub-distributions of the non-integrable Vessiot distribution of multi-dimensional second order partial differential equations (PDEs). We use Vessiot theory and solvable structures to find the largest integrable distributions contained in the Vessiot distribution associated to second order PDEs. In particular, we show how the solvable symmetry structure of the original PDE can be used to construct integrable sub-distributions leading to group invariant solutions of the PDE in two and more than two independent variables., Comment: Comments welcome. 17 pages. Updated version. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1302.5562

We use Vessiot theory and exterior calculus to solve partial differential equations(PDEs) of the type uyy = F(x, y,u,ux,uy,uxx,uxy) and associated evolution equations. These equations are represented by the Vessiot distribution of vector fields. We develop and apply an algorithm to find the largest integrable sub-distributions and hence solutions of the PDEs. We then apply the integrating factor technique [19] to integrate this integrable Vessiot sub-distribution. The method is successfully applied to a large class of linear and non-linear PDEs.

Conformal Ricci and conformal matter collineations for the combination of two perfect fluids in General Relativity are investigated. We study the existence of timelike and spacelike conformal Ricci and matter collineations by introducing the kinematical and dynamical properties of such fluids and using the Einstein field equations. Some recent studies on conformal collineations are extended and new results are found. It is worth mentioning that we recover all the previous results a special cases., Comment: 15 pages, accepted for publication Chinse J. Physics

We study the consequences of timelike and spaccelike conformal Ricci and conformal matter collineations for anisotropic fluid in the context of General Relativity. Necessary and sufficient conditions are derived for a spacetime with anisotropic fluid to admit conformal Ricci and conformal matter collineations parallel to u^a and x^a. These conditions for timelike and spacelike conformal Ricci and conformal matter collineations for anisotropic fluid reduce to the conditions of perfect fluid when the heat flux and the traceless anisotropic stress tensor vanish. Further, for $\alpha=0$ (the conformal factor), we recover the earlier results of Ricci collineations and matter collineations in each case of timelike and spacelike conformal Ricci collineations and conformal matter collineations for the perfect fluid. Thus our results give the generalization of the results already available in the literature. It is worth noticing that the conditions of conformal matter collineations can be derived from the conditions of conformal Ricci collineations or vice versa under certain constraints., Comment: 16 pages, accepted for publication in Chinese J. Physics