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The Brazilian Unified Health System was created in the late 1980s to ensure free universal access to health care and was funded by taxes and social contributions. The persistent inequity in access to health services in favour of richer individuals in Brazil has been observed in the literature. However, to the best of our knowledge, no measurement of inequality in medicine use or private health insurance (PHI) among children has been performed with longitudinal data. This paper uses inequality indices and their decompositions to analyse the income-related inequalities/inequities in children's health care in the city of Pelotas, Brazil, using longitudinal data following children from 12 to 72 months of age. Our sample with data in all waves has between 1877 and 2638 children (varying according to outcome). We seek to answer three questions: i) How does the inequality/inequity in health care evolve as children grow up? ii) What are the main factors associated with inequality in children's health care? iii) How much of the change in inequality/inequity is explained by mobility in children's health care and income mobility? We found that inequities in health care have their beginnings in early childhood but that there was a reduction in inequity at 72 months of age. Ownership of children's PHI was associated with greater pro-rich inequity in health care. The reduction in inequality/inequity was linked to mobility in the sense that initially poorer children had greater gains in health care (a greater increase in PHI ownership and a lower reduction in medicine use). Despite this improvement among the poorest, apparently, the Brazilian public health service seems to fail to ensure equity in health care use among children, with possible long-term consequences on inequalities in health. publishersversion published

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a relação entre crescimento econômico e a pobreza para as microrregiões do estado de Alagoas, utilizando dados do Atlas do Desenvolvimento Humano para os anos 1991 e 2000. Buscou-se analisar em que medida o crescimento econômico tem se revelado um instrumento relativamente eficaz de combate à pobreza do ponto de vista qualitativo, ou seja, se esse crescimento pode ser considerado pró-pobre. Para tanto, foi estimada a elasticidade da pobreza em relação ao crescimento econômico para as microrregiões alagoanas, que apresentou uma relação negativa entre a pobreza e crescimento econômico. Em seguida foi construída a curva “crescimento-pobreza” para as microrregiões de Alagoas. E os resultados indicam que na maioria das microrregiões tem havido crescimento empobrecedor. Nessas microrregiões, durante o período de análise, verificou-se um crescimento econômico positivo, entretanto, houve redução da renda per capita para os quintis mais pobres e um aumento para os quintis mais ricos. Com isso, pode-se concluir que as políticas de crescimento econômico no estado de Alagoas não são de caráter pró-pobre. ------------------------------------This paper analyzes the relationship between economic growth and poverty in Alagoas, all data was obtained from Atlas of Human Development for this state of 1991 and of 2000. It’ll try to do an essay analyses about how the economic growth is an effective instrument to combat to the poverty qualitative, in others words, if that growth can be considered pro-poor. For that, we estimate the elasticity of the poverty with the economic growth for the microregions from Alagoas. Our findings indicate a negative relationship between growth economic and poverty. After that, using curve the growth-poverty, we can observe that in most of microregions has been having an anti-poor growth. In those regions the economic growth was positive, but was been having a reduction from income per capita to poorest quintile, an increase for the richest quintile. Thus, the policies of economic growth in Alagoas haven’t a pro-poor character.

Diversos trabalhos evidenciam que países pobres apresentam população com saúde precária. E a relação entre saúde e pobreza é tratada, na literatura, como sendo possivelmente bi-causal, uma vez que um baixo nível de renda causaria saúde precária, e essa por sua vez, tenderia a causar um baixo nível de renda. Assim, existiria um círculo vicioso, constituindo a chamada armadilha saúde-pobreza. No Brasil, de 1981 a 2005, houve uma redução de 10,16% na proporção de pobres, e de 73,70% na taxa de mortalidade na infância, considerando dados do IPEADATA e DATASUS. Com base nessas considerações, o objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar a existência de causalidade entre alguns indicadores de pobreza e saúde. É utilizada uma extensão do teste de causalidade Granger para dados em painel, utilizando-se os estados do Brasil, no período de 1981-2005. Espera-se que o presente trabalho contribua ao melhor entendimento da relação entre essas duas variáveis, de tal forma que oriente a formulação de políticas públicas que objetivem a melhora do bem-estar da população. Os principais resultados mostram uma relação bi-causal entre saúde e pobreza.------------------------ Many works evidence that poor countries present population with poor health. And the relation between health and poverty is treated, in literature, as being possibly bi-causal, since a low income level would cause a poor health, and this one would tend to cause a low income level. Thus, a vicious circle would exist, constituting the so calling trap health-poverty. In Brazil, from 1981 to 2005, there was a reduction of 10,16% in the poverty, and 73,70% in the child mortality rate, considering the data of IPEADATA and DATASUS. Basing in these considerations, the objective of the present paper is to analyze the causality existence among some poverty and health indicators. An extension of the Granger causality test for panel data is used, using the states of Brazil, from the period of 1981-2005. It hopes that the present paper contributes for a better understanding of the relation between these two variables, in a way that will guide the formularization of public policies that objectify the improvement of welfare of the population. The results indicate the existence of bi-causal relationship between health and poverty.

The aim of the present paper is to analyze the relationship between exchange rates changes and prices of main Brazilian exports, the exchange rate pass-through. A varying-parameter model was used to estimate the coefficients of pass-through. The results suggest that incomplete pass-through of exchange rate changes is a pervasive phenomenon. These results are in line with other estimates presented in the literature.

Submitted by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2019-12-02T20:14:22Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Pedro_Leivas.pdf: 584897 bytes, checksum: a77a7beacadc01069f7eeb265af58b84 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2019-12-02T20:24:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Pedro_Leivas.pdf: 584897 bytes, checksum: a77a7beacadc01069f7eeb265af58b84 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-12 O objetivo desta dissertação é avaliar o impacto da renda familiar e de algumas características maternas – idade, escolaridade, saúde, depressão, tabagismo – sobre a saúde da criança no Brasil. Utilizando dados da PNAD-2008, são estimados modelos de Poisson para três medidas de saúde da criança, uma subjetiva e duas objetivas. A subjetiva é a saúde reportada da criança. Já as medidas objetivas são se ela apresentou restrição em suas atividades habituais por motivo de saúde ou teve algum episódio de acamamento nos 15 dias que antecederam a pesquisa. Os resultados apontam para o gradiente de renda na saúde da criança, observado na literatura. No entanto, não há evidências que a inclinação desse gradiente aumente com a idade, mas sim que a influência da renda na saúde da criança é mais acentuada na primeira infância. Acerca das características maternas, os resultados mostram que a saúde da mãe – seja o estado geral ou a depressão – é determinante para a saúde da criança. A depressão tende a produzir efeitos adversos na saúde e desenvolvimento da criança, sobretudo na primeira infância, período no qual a sensitividade da mãe é mais importante, pois a capacidade de expressão da criança é limitada nesta fase. The objective of this dissertation is to evaluate the impact of family income and some maternal features, as age, level of education, health, depression and smoking habits, on child health in Brazil. Based on data from PNAD-2008, a Poisson model was estimated for three child health measurements, one from subjective nature and two objective ones. The subject part constitutes the self-reported child health status. While the objective analyzed characteristics are if she had restrictions on their usual activities due to health problems or had any plant lodging episode in the 15 days preceding the survey. The obtained results indicate to a gradient in children's health, also observed in the literature. However, there is no clear evidence that the gradient increase with age, income has a pronounced influence in early childhood. Related to the maternal characteristics, the results demonstrate that the health of the mother, the general condition or depression, is crucial to child's development. Depression usually causes adverse effects on child development and health, mainly in early childhood, a period in which the mother's sensitivity is more important, because of the limited child expression capability at this stage.