Search

Most electrically actuated hydraulic valves utilize solenoids as the actuating element due to their robustness and simplicity. This goes for both on-off and proportional-type valves. However, despite their robustness, solenoid coil malfunction is the largest single failure mode in solenoid actuated valves. An outspoken fault is here solenoid winding short-circuit, i.e., two windings short-circuiting, which may ultimately lead to solenoid failure if more windings short-circuit. Research has therefore also focused on detecting winding short-circuits. Common for the approaches are that they, directly or indirectly, depend on the coil winding temperature, as this directly influences the coil resistance. Alternatively, the approaches are based on injection of high-frequency signals, which is typically a costly solution, which is not a feasible approach for use in hydraulic valves, with the limitations imposed by the control electronics. Therefore, this article focuses on a temperature-independent algorithm to detect coil winding short-circuit, which is easy to implement and only relies on existing position and current sensors. The proposed algorithm is based on an extended Kalman filter, which estimates the coil resistance. As this resistance estimate is indirectly dependent on the coil temperature, a window-based cumulative sum fault detection method is included to detect transient changes in the coil resistance while compensating for the temperature variations. The algorithm is developed based on an experimentally validated model of the valve, and has been tested for several different situations through both simulations and experimentally. Based on the presented results, it is found that the algorithm can consistently detect resistance changes down to 0.11 $\Omega$ for constant input signals and down to 0.17 $\Omega$ for sinusoidal-varying input signals. This while stillbeing robust to parameter variations, such as increased valve friction, spring coefficients, and sensor signal deviations.

In this paper, the three-dimensional post-buckling analysis of functionally graded materials plate (FGM) with temperature independent (TID) and dependent (TD) material properties under different types of thermal loads is examined. The analysis is performed by a modified first-order enhanced solid-shell element. The formulation is based on the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) with a special representation of the transverse shear strains imposed in the compatible strain part. To subdue locking problems, two methods are employed the assumed natural strain (ANS) method and the enhanced assumed strain (EAS) method with a minimal number of internal parameters. Numerical results of the present research are compared and validated with the existing studies on the thermal post-buckling of FGM plates. Numerical results are also provided to explore the effects of power-law index and different geometrical parameters of the FGM plates subjected to different types of thermal loads.

The populations of migrated small brown planthoppers (SBPHs) collected in Korea were reported to have higher insecticide resistance and percentages of viruliferous individuals than the populations of overwintering SBPHs. Therefore, the migrated SBPHs might survive after insecticide treatments and cause severe damage to rice plants. In this study, the changes in the biochemical properties of resistant SBPHs with temperature changes were investigated. The activities of detoxifying enzymes known to be involved in insecticide resistance showed no correlation with temperature, but the resistant strains had consistently higher detoxifying enzyme activities than the susceptible strains. Interestingly, the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased with temperature in all strains. Chlorantraniliprole-resistant strains of Drosophila melanogaster were examined to investigate whether the phenomena observed in the resistant SBPHs were conserved in other insects with resistance to an insecticide with different modes of action. Similar to the resistant SBPHs, the resistant Drosophila also exhibited increased amounts of ROS and detoxifying enzyme activity compared to the control Drosophila. Also in the resistant Drosophila, only the ROS showed a temperature-dependent increase. Taken together, in addition to the involvement of increased activities of detoxifying enzymes, the resistant insects also had a temperature-dependent significant increase in ROS. Thus, the development of tools to induce ROS toxicity could lead to the development of new control methods to eliminate resistant insect strains.

Near-interface alterations in dynamics and glass formation behavior have been the subject of extensive study for the past two decades, both because of their practical importance and in the hope of revealing underlying correlation lengths underpinning glass transition more generally. Here we employ molecular dynamics simulations of thick films to demonstrate that these effects emerge, for segmental-scale translational dynamics at low temperature, from a temperature-independent rescaling of the local activation barrier. This rescaling manifests as a fractional power law decoupling relationship of local dynamics relative to the bulk, with a transition from a regime of weak decoupling at high temperatures to a regime of strong decoupling at low temperatures. The range of this effect saturates at low temperatures, with 90% of the surface perturbation in the barrier lost over a range of 12 segmental diameters. These findings reduce the phenomenology of Tg nanoconfinement effects to two properties—a position-dep...

We investigate the temperature dependence of field-effect mobility ( $\mu _{eff}$ ) on amorphous indium–gallium–zinc oxide ( $\alpha $ -IGZO) thin-film transistors (TFTs) having 10-nm-thick HfO2. Thanks for the downscaling of the equivalent oxide thickness (EOT), we observe, for the first time, a temperature-independent $\mu _{eff}$ at a high field or high carrier concentration ( ${N}_{carrier}$ ) regime and a strong temperature-dependent $\mu _{eff}$ at a low field or low ${N}_{carrier}$ regime. The observation highlights the importance of EOT downscaling to enhance ${N}_{carrier}$ and facilitate the Fermi level ( ${E}_{F}$ ) to approach and even exceed the potential barriers’ peak ( ${E}_{M}$ ), leading to a high and temperature-independent $\mu _{eff}$ at high ${N}_{carrier}$ . ${N}_{carrier}$ at which ${E}_{\textbf {F}} = {E}_{M}$ is extracted to be $\sim 6\times 10^{12}$ cm−2. A detailed study of the relationship between EOT scaling and the gate bias voltage ( ${V}_{GS}$ ) at which ${E}_{F}$ equals to ${E}_{M}$ is performed. $\alpha $ -IGZO TFTs with an ultrascaled gate dielectric are capable of alleviating the negative effects from the potential barriers at low ${V}_{GS}$ and could enable low-power applications with high performance. Besides, a weak temperature-dependent subthreshold swing (SS) of $\alpha $ -IGZO TFT was observed and explained.

In this paper, we study the large time behavior of the solution for one-dimensional compressible micropolar fluid model with large initial data. This model describes micro-rotational motions and spin inertia which is commonly used in the suspensions, animal blood, and liquid crystal. We get the uniform positive lower and upper bounds of the density and temperature independent of both space and time. In particular, we also obtain the asymptotic behavior of the micro-rotation velocity.

Despite recent breakthroughs in the fabrication of spin-coated small-area devices (≤0.1 cm2) with power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of more than 17%, printed large-area organic solar cells (OSCs) are significantly less efficient because of the intrinsic differences between the coating dynamics of the two types of OSCs. The PCEs of printed large-area (∼100 cm2) OSCs have typically been decreased compared with those of small-area spin-coated devices. In this work, an efficient low-temperature printing method to fabricate high-efficiency large-area nonfullerene-based OSC modules is successfully demonstrated. A systematic study of the relationship between the concentration of the photoactive solution and the resulting film properties reveals that the large-area modules (85 cm2) produced in this work deliver excellent performance, yielding PCEs of up to 8.18% with a geometric fill factor of 85%. These novel OSC modules are ∼87% as efficient as small-area printed single cells (cell PCE ∼9.43% with 1 cm2).

The development of high-performance materials for hydrogen storage by adsorption requires detailed understanding of the adsorbate-adsorbent interactions, e.g., the enthalpy of adsorption ΔH, which measures the interaction strength. The determination of ΔH for a weakly adsorbing gas such as hydrogen in a carbonaceous porous material is difficult experimentally, normally requiring measuring two cryogenic adsorption isotherms. Here we demonstrate a calculation of ΔH based on ca. room temperature adsorption isotherms at 273 K and 296 K using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. This requires an estimation of the volume of the adsorbed film (~40%, ~12% of the total pore volume at 77 K, 296 K, respectively) obtained from fits of the excess adsorption isotherms to an Ono-Kondo model with the auxiliary use of a fixed point corresponding to the saturation film density (estimated as 100 ± 20 g/L) which appears to be remarkably sample and temperature independent, i.e., a property of the adsorbate. The calculated room temperature enthalpy of adsorption ΔH = 8.3 ± 0.4 kJ/mol is in excellent agreement with the low-coverage cryogenic determination of ΔH. The methodology hereby proposed facilitates reliable calculations of the enthalpy of adsorption at room temperatures for weakly-adsorbing gases.

In this article, a triaxial force and torque sensor is developed and its response is evaluated. The sensor is designed for minimally invasive interventions. The fabrication method of the sensing structure is 3-D printing and the material used is a biocompatible acrylic plastic. Optical fibers are used as sensing elements in this sensor and the working principle is based on the Bragg wavelength shift of Bragg gratings. The response of the sensor is highly linear along all axes of measurement with the range of working around 0.7 N. The sensor has a high resolution of force and torque measurement which are 0.05 N and 0.1 Nmm, respectively. Experiments show that the sensor can accurately measure the applied force in a dynamic environment. Experiments are conducted to evaluate the thermal response of the sensor. The results show that the sensor can measure all components of the applied forces and torques to the surgery instruments without temperature cross-sensitivity.

The shortwave infrared (SWIR) channels commonly accommodated in satellite‐borne passive sensors contain information on cloud thermodynamic phase as well as cloud optical thickness (COT) and cloud effective radius (CER). This study develops algorithms for simultaneous retrieval of COT, CER, and cloud thermodynamic phase to estimate the fractional probability of the cloud phase as an alternative to discrete discrimination into liquid and ice typical of operational cloud retrievals. Two algorithms were developed and applied to the SWIR channels centered at 1.05, 1.63, and 2.21 μm of Second‐generation Global Imager (SGLI). The first algorithm retrieves COT, CER, and ice COT fractions relative to the total COT, which is a continuous quantity representing the partitioning into liquid and ice phases. The second represents the cloud phase partitioning in the form of differences between radiances observed and simulated under the assumptions of either liquid or ice clouds when retrieving COT and CER. The cloud phases from these algorithms agreed quantitatively with each other, and were able to characterize the phase occurrence on a global scale. The two types of cloud phase characterization were further compared against CALIPSO to find that the zonal‐mean occurrences of the cloud phase from the first algorithm were broadly consistent with those from CALIPSO, except for significantly smaller occurrences of supercooled water clouds in SGLI than in CALIPSO over middle‐to‐high latitude oceans. The cloud phase occurrences were also found to systematically vary with CER and cloud‐top temperature on a global scale in a manner significantly different between SGLI and CALIPSO.

In this work, we have analyzed the electrical properties and the impact of temperature variation on the characteristics of delta-doped layer-based hetero-structure DG-PNPN-TFET. The basic electrical properties of the proposed device are compared with the conventional double-gate TFET, and enhanced results are obtained in terms of ON current, ON/OFF current ratio, and subthreshold swing (SS). It is familiar that temperature variation influences the device characteristics. The paper shows that the device characteristics have weak temperature dependence at high gate voltage, i.e., the ON-state current of the proposed device is almost temperature independent. However, the dependence is more when the gate voltage is low, resulting in an increase of leakage current at upraised temperatures. A wide range of temperatures 250–500 K has been considered to analyze the performance of the device using the 2D Sentaurus TCAD device simulation tool.

The methods of aquaphotomics were explored as an aid to improve near infrared spectroscopic predictive modelling of the soluble solids content of pure apple juice at different temperatures. The study focussed on the first overtone region of the O–H stretching vibration of water (1300–1600 nm). A transmission-based FT-NIR (Fourier transform near infrared) spectrometer was used to acquire 103 spectra of freshly expressed juice samples from individual ‘Braeburn’ apples over the wavelength range of 870–1800 nm with a 1 mm cuvette at three temperatures, 20, 25 and 30°C. The aquagram of the first overtone water region showed a trend of increasing bound water absorption with rising soluble solids content, from 7.3 to 13.7°Brix, and increasing free water absorption with rising temperature from 20 to 30°C. Predictive models for apple juice soluble solids content at 25°C were developed using partial least squares regression with spectral pre-processing by standard normal variate (SNV) followed by second derivative transformation (SNV + 2D) or no pre-processing on absorbance spectra at all. The best result, with lowest standard error of prediction of 0.38°Brix, was obtained using the first overtone water region with partial least squares regression on the SNV + 2D spectra. The method of extended multiplicative scatter correction was used, as an additional pre-processing step, to improve apple juice soluble solids content prediction at different temperatures. The interference component selected for the extended multiplicative scatter correction method was the first principal component loading measured using pure water samples taken at the same three temperatures (20, 25 and 30°C). Such extended multiplicative scatter correction pre-processing greatly reduced the soluble solids content prediction bias, when applying the partial least squares regression model developed at 20°C to samples measured at 25 and 30°C, from 0.23 to 0.08 and 0.36 to 0.13°Brix, respectively. Model precision (in terms of standard error of prediction) was also slightly improved by 0.02°Brix in each case, from 0.40 to 0.38 and 0.46 to 0.44°Brix at 25 and 30°C respectively.

The reversible mechanical behavior of unbound granular layers (UGLs) is commonly characterized by a stress-state dependent resilient modulus. This paper investigated the dependency of in situ resilient modulus upon a change in temperature above freezing conditions, i.e., the thermal sensitivity of UGLs in pavement systems excluding frost action. Such sensitivity is usually ignored in design and analysis because, on a material level, resilient modulus parameters are temperature independent. A model was developed to analyze this dependency by considering the stress-state changes that arise when UGLs are suppressed from thermally expanding or contracting. The formulation was incremental, based on linear thermoelasticity equations, and required as input readily available information; it assumed that changing temperature conditions are exogenous to the model and that no external loads are applied. A transcendental equation was subsequently derived, from which the sought sensitivity of UGLs could be resolved and quantified. Based on a parametric investigation of the model, covering a wide range of representative parameters, it is concluded that UGLs exhibit non-negligible thermal sensitivity. The extent of the calculated sensitivity coincides with field observations based on deflection testing, and also with seasonal factors that are traditionally applied to adjust field-measured moduli. Ultimately, the study shows that resilient modulus of UGLs is governed by an initial stress-state that is associated with a certain reference temperature level, and also by the temperature change compared to the reference.

Ti5NbO14 (T5NO) films were developed on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates by electrophoretic method by using T5NO3− nanosheets. The film deposited at room temperature (RT) contained organic defects, which were almost eliminated in the film annealed at 700 °C. The film deposited at RT revealed (100) planes with an inter-planar distance of 1.1 nm because of the existence of TBA+ defects. However, for the films annealed at higher temperatures (≥400 °C), two types of structures formed: (100) planes with 0.55 nm inter-planar distance (group-1 structure), and (100) planes with 1.42 nm inter-planar distance (group-2 structure). The dielectric constant (er) of the film annealed at 700 °C was 61 with a low dielectric loss of 1.0%. Variations in the er according to the film thickness, electric field, and temperature were small. This film displayed a high insulating property up to 300 °C with a small temperature coefficient of capacitance (−56.7 ppm/K) up to 400 °C.

A simple mathematical framework for a calibration-free real-time state-of-charge (SOC) monitoring of redox flow battery (RFB) electrolytes, which is based on mass-transfer limited amperometry, is t...

In this paper we report temperature independent near-interface traps (NITs) in the gate oxide of N-type MOS capacitors. The measurements were performed by a recently developed direct-measurement technique, which detected NITs with energy levels between 0.13 eV to 0.23 eV above the bottom of conduction band. These traps are also spatially localized close to the SiC surface, as evidenced by the fact that they are not observed at measurement frequencies below 6 MHz. The temperature independence indicates that this localized defect is different from the usually observed NITs whose density is increased by temperature-bias stress.

High sensitivity pressure transducer is always in demand in many industrial applications. In this paper, a highly sensitive temperature discriminated pressure transducer based on the use of natural rubber diaphragm and chirped fibre Bragg grating (CFBG) is proposed and demonstrated. The sensing mechanism is based on the measurement of bandwidth change and total reflection power. Results showed that the use of rubber diaphragm enhanced the sensitivity, which was experimentally obtained at -276.7 pm/kPa. Furthermore, the pressure transducer was temperature insensitive and cost-effective due to the simple demodulation technique.

A scheelite structured [Ca0.25(Nd1-xBix)0.5]MoO4 (0.2 ≤ x ≤ 0.8) ceramics were prepared via solid state reaction method. All the ceramics can be well densified below 780 °C. As x value increased from 0.2 to 0.8, microwave dielectric permittivity increased from 14.0 to 27.8, Qf (Q = quality factor = 1/dielectric loss; f = resonant frequency) value decreased from 42,000 GHz to 19,000 GHz, and TCF shifted from −50 ppm/oC to +18 ppm/oC. The best microwave dielectric properties with permittivity between 23.54 and 23.56, Qf value between 24,000 GHz–21,000 GHz and TCF value ∼ −8 ppm/oC in wide temperature range 25 °C–130 °C were obtained in x = 0.6 ceramic. This work showed that Bi played an important role to modify the TCF from negative to positive value in scheelite materials and this result further accelerate the application of scheelite materials in low temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) technology.

A fiber-optic refractive index (RI) sensor consisting of a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) spliced in downstream of a spherical-shape structure in a single-mode fiber (SMF) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The cladding modes with different effective refractive indices can be efficiently excited by the spherical-shape structure. By measuring the difference of the wavelength shifts between the reflected cladding Bragg mode and the core mode, we have achieved a maximum sensitivity of 2.87 nm/RIU with range of the RI from 1.357 to 1.458. When the temperature changes from 25 °C to 225 °C, the relative wavelength shift between the cladding mode and the core mode has no significant changes, which indicates that this fiber-optic sensor allows for temperature-independent RI measurement.

We relate features observed in time-resolved photocurrent with crystal structure and disorder in crystals of two anthradithiophene (ADT) derivatives with different packing motifs, diF TES-ADT and diF TSBS-ADT. A factor of ∼10–12 higher peak photocurrent was obtained in the diF TES-ADT crystals characterized by a 2D “brickwork” packing as compared to diF TSBS-ADT with a 1D “sandwich-herringbone” packing, primarily due to differences in intrinsic charge carrier mobility. A change from shallow trap-mediated thermally activated regime at 230–300 K (200–300 K), with a zero-electric field activation energy of ∼40–50 meV, in the TES (TSBS) derivative to the temperature independent behavior at lower temperatures in both derivatives was observed. The shallow traps were attributed to structural defects associated, for example, with a solid-solid phase transition in the TES derivative. In diF TES-ADT, most charge trapping in shallow traps occurred on

The magnetoresistance (MR) of graphene is fixed under a particular magnetic field and temperature but can be further improved or controlled by introducing artificial defect states. These artificial defects can be introduced via fluorination, which is a conventional method to control the magnitude of the MR required for magnetoelectronic applications. One of the main benefits of fluorination is the defluorination, which occurs within a few days. Herein, tunable and temperature-independent magnetotransport of graphene foam (GF) is achieved using a controlled fluorination process. The magnitude of the MR decreases with the increasing fluorination time (i.e., 30, 60 and 90 min), indicating that defect-induced scattering plays a major role in the magnetotransport properties of fluorinated GF (FGF). The magnitude of the MR in the FGF specimens at room temperature (under a magnetic field strength of 5 T) was observed for three months; a particular value of the MR (FGF-30–59%, FGF-60–58%, FGF-90–37%) is observed that is higher in magnitude than that on the first day of fluorination. In this way, fluorination of GF can provide a pathway to tune the magnetotransport properties, which is very useful for magnetoelectronics devices, especially highly sensitive magnetic sensors.

Fast development of space technologies poses a strong demand for elastic materials that are lightweight, strong, but compliant to achieve high density of elastic energy storage, and such properties need to be temperature-insensitive in space environments1-4. However, existing materials do not meet this demand. Here we report a lightweight magnesium-scandium (Mg-21.3 at. % Sc) alloy meeting this demand. It is as light and compliant as organic-based materials like bones and glass fiber reinforced plastics, but stronger than them5-7; thus, it exhibits a record-high elastic energy density ~0.5 kJ/kg among various metallic and organic-based composite materials at a moderate stress level of 200 MPa8,9. Importantly, the performance can persist for 1 million stress cycles and over a wide temperature range from ambient to cryogenic temperatures. Its exceptional properties stem from a strain-glass transition. In-situ microstructure observations during cooling show strain-glass nanodomains continuously form from the matrix phase, which enables low modulus, high strength, fatigue-resistance, and temperature-insensitivity. The lightweight strain-glass Mg-Sc alloy may find applications in space technologies and other fields such as orthopedics1,9-11.

We obtain an analytical expression for the linewidth of the 1s exciton as a function of temperature in transition metal dichalcogenides. The total linewidth, as a function of temperature, is dominated by three contributions: (i) the radiative decay (essentially temperature independent), (ii) the phonon-induced intravalley scattering, and (iii) the phonon-induced intervalley scattering. Our approach uses a variational Ansatz to solve the Wannier equation, allowing for an analytical treatment of the excitonic problem, including rates of the decay dynamics. Our results are in good agreement with experimental data already present in the literature and can be used to readily predict the value of the total linewidth at any temperature in the broad class of excitonic two-dimensional materials., N.M.R.P. acknowledges support by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) in the framework of the Strategic Funding UIDB/04650/2020. J.C.G.H. acknowledges the Center of Physics for a grant funded by the UIDB/04650/2020 strategic project and POCI-01-0145FEDER-028887. N.M.R.P. acknowledges support from the European Commission through the project "Graphene-Driven Revolutions in ICT and Beyond" (Ref. No. 881603, CORE 3), COMPETE 2020, PORTUGAL 2020, FEDER, and the FCT through projects POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028114 and PTDC/NAN-OPT/29265/2017. N.A.M. is a VILLUM Investigator supported by VILLUM FONDEN (Grant No. 16498). The Center for Nanostructured Graphene is sponsored by the Danish National Research Foundation (Project No. DNRF103).

We demonstrate a new concept for an all-fiber inclinometer based on a tapered fiber Bragg grating (tFBG) in a fiber ring laser (FRL) with the capability of measuring the tilt angle and temperature simultaneously. The sensor performance is analyzed theoretically and investigated experimentally. The dependence of tilt angle on the spectral response in variable temperature conditions was measured. Two inclinometers with different lengths have been fabricated and characterized in FRL. The sensitivity is 0.583 dB/° and 0.849 dB/°, respectively, in the range of 0° to 90°. Thanks to the FRL system, narrow 3-dB bandwidth (&lt, 0.1 nm) and high optical signal-to-noise ratio (~60 dB) are achieved. The tFBG in the FRL system can be used for working as a temperature insensitive inclinometer. The results suggested that the proposed inclinometer has the advantages of compact size and convenient manufacture, enhancing its potential for application prospect.

Combining the recent Piskulich-Thompson approach [Z. A. Piskulich and W. H. Thompson, {\it J. Chem. Phys.} {\bf 152}, 011102 (2020)] with isomorph theory, from a single simulation, the structure of a single-component Lennard-Jones (LJ) system is obtained at an arbitrary state point in almost the whole liquid region of the temperature-density phase diagram. The LJ system exhibits two temperature range where the van't Hoff's assumption that energetic and entropic forces are temperature independent is valid. A method to evaluate the structure at an arbitrary state point along an isochore from the knowledge of structures at two temperatures on the isochore is also discussed. We argue that, in general, the structure of any hidden scale-invariant system obeying the van't Hoff's assumption in the whole range of temperatures can be determined in the whole liquid region of the phase diagram from only a single simulation., 11 pages, 8 figures

The internal magnetic field in a sodium battery compound, i.e., the paramagnet ${\mathrm{Na}}_{0.7}{\mathrm{CoO}}_{2}$, was investigated with negative muon spin rotation and relaxation (${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{SR}$), and the result was compared with the results previously obtained with ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}\mathrm{SR}$. The majority of implanted ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ is captured on an oxygen nucleus, while ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}$ locates an interstitial site. Therefore, a ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}\mathrm{SR}$ work provides information on the internal magnetic field, which is formed by nuclear magnetic moments of $^{23}\mathrm{Na}$ and $^{59}\mathrm{Co}$, from the two different viewpoints. Besides a slight decrease in the field distribution width ($\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}$) around 300 K, the nuclear magnetic field detected with ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{SR}$ was found to be almost static and temperature independent up to 400 K, even though Na ions are known to start to diffuse above 290 K based on ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}\mathrm{SR}$, Na-NMR, neutron scattering, and electrochemical measurements. Such a discrepancy is caused by the fact that the Na contribution to $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}$ is only about 3% at the O site whereas it is about 13% at the interstitial site, where the ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}$ is presumably located.

Guinea pigs are often involved in animal-assisted therapy (AAT) but there is little knowledge about the effects of human contact on guinea pigs involved in AAT. The aim of this study was to investigate effects of availability of a retreat, presence of conspecifics, prior experience with AAT, and human interaction on indicators of welfare in guinea pigs involved in AAT. Guinea pigs of both sexes and different ages (n=20) were assigned to a randomized, controlled within-subject trial with repeated measurements. Each guinea pig was tested in four settings: (I) therapy with retreat possibility with conspecifics, (II) therapy with retreat possibility without conspecifics, (III) therapy without retreat possibility, and (IV) setting without human interaction. We measured changes in eye temperature, as a proxy to infer stress levels, at 5-s intervals with a thermographic camera. All sessions were video recorded and the guinea pigs' behavior was coded using continuous recording and focal animal sampling. For the statistical analysis we used generalized linear mixed models, with therapy setting as a fixed effect and individual guinea pig as a random effect. We observed a temperature increase relative to baseline in settings (I) therapy with retreat with conspecifics present and (III) therapy without retreat. The percentage of time a guinea pig was petted was positively correlated with a rise in the eye temperature independent of the setting. Time spent eating was reduced in all therapy settings (I-III) compared to the setting without HAI (human animal interaction) (IV). In the setting with retreat (I), guinea pigs showed more active behaviors such as locomotive behavior or startling compared to the setting without retreat (III) and the setting without HAI (IV). When no retreat was available (III), they showed more passive behaviors, such as standing still or freezing compared to therapy with retreat (I). Based on our results we identified the behaviors "reduced eating", "increased startle" and "increased freezing" as indicators of an increased stress level. Petting the guinea pigs was correlated with a rise in the eye temperature and might be a factor which can cause stress. Our results support the suggestion that guinea pigs involved in AAT should have a retreat possibility, should have access to conspecifics, and should be given time to adapt to a new setting. In this way, stress might be reduced.

We demonstrated in this work a filterless, multi-point and temperature-independent FBG (fiber Bragg grating) dynamical demodulator using pulse-width-modulation (PWM). In this approach, the FBG interrogation system is composed of a tunable laser and a demodulator that is designed to detect the wavelength shift of the FBG sensor without any optical filter making it very suitable to be used in harsh environments. In this work, we applied the proposed method that uses the PWM technique for FBG sensors placed in high pressure and high-temperature environments. The proposed method was characterized in the laboratory using an FBG sensor modulated in a frequency of 6 Hz, with a 1 kHz sweeping frequency in the wavelength range from 1527 to 1534 nm. Also, the method was evaluated in a field test in an engine of a thermoelectric power plant.

For semiconductors and insulators, it is commonly believed that in-gap transitions into non-localized states are smoothly suppressed in the clean limit, i.e. at zero temperature their contribution vanishes due to the unavailability of states. We present a novel type of sub-gap response which shows that this intuition does not generalize beyond linear response. Namely, we find that the dc current due to the bulk photovoltaic effect can be finite and mostly temperature independent in an allowed window of sub-gap transitions. We expect that a moderate range of excitation energies lies between the bulk energy gap and the mobility edge where this effect is observable. Using a simplified relaxation time model for the band broadening, we find the sub-gap dc-current to be temperature-independent for non-interacting systems but temperature-dependent for strongly interacting systems. Thus, the sub-gap response may be used to distinguish whether a state is single-particle localized or many-body localized., 5 pages + 2 supplementary. 3 Figures. Accepted version

Since the early days of phase diagram calculation, the CALPHAD community has accepted a method of data assessment that is based on using Gibbs energy expressions for stoichiometric compounds that consist of a part that represents the contributions of the reference components, the so-called Neumann–Kopp sum, and a part that represents the Gibbs energy of formation. Usually, the latter consists only of a simple A + B * T term, which implies on the one hand that enthalpy and entropy of formation of a compound are temperature independent, and on the other, that the heat capacity of the respective compound is given by the Neumann–Kopp sum of the Cps of the constituents. In most cases this method yields acceptable results, also for the heat capacity. However, if certain elementary components are involved, this is not so. The paper highlights the problem outlining a remedial treatment that can be applied to problematic heat capacity functions present in pre-existing assessments, and thus giving a suggestion of how to prevent the problem in the future.

The necessity of weight saving, and high strength at elevated temperatures in a rotating disk motivates researchers to study FGM, to overcome such restrains effectively metal-ceramic graded disk is found superior among other classifications. The present study was carried out for uniform thickness FG rotating disk by employing variational formulation method considering radial displacement field as unknown variable. Temperature variation was considered along radius, Halpin–Tsai method was used to calculate effective Young’s modulus for two cases namely; temperature dependent (TD) and temperature independent (TID). Effective yield stress variation was calculated to obtain accurate limit angular speed for the above mentioned cases. Yield stress variation was plotted along with other stresses to identify yield location. From results it was found that for L-FGM disk, limit speed decreases as aspect ratio increase, a comparison of limit speed with TD and TID properties is also reported.

A multimodal catheter for characterizing airway collapse in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) was introduced at Photonics West in 2019. This newly developed device showed the potential for improved diagnosis of OSA with the aim to distinguish which patients would benefit from one of the variety of treatments currently available. We build upon these findings and present preliminary results for in-vivo studies that highlight the ability of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) based pressure and temperature measurements to characterize upper airway obstruction during OSA. Significantly, our recent data is derived from a sleep study in a human subject with diagnosed OSA during natural sleep as it is considered that upper airway collapse occurs differently when awake or in a drug induced state. We demonstrate how pressure measurements from 10mm spaced FBGs can determine the location of the site(s) of collapse. Using video recordings from the catheter integrated micro-camera, we also identify the mechanism of collapse and associated anatomical features. Combining the video capture with the simultaneous and temperature independent optical measurements we present evidence of upper airway collapse during natural sleep. It is considered that improved diagnostic data of this kind would advance the ability of clinicians to better guide subsequent therapeutic interventions.

We present a novel Ensemble Monte Carlo Growth method to sample the equilibrium thermodynamic properties of random chains. The method is based on the multicanonical technique of computing the density of states in the energy space. Such a quantity is temperature independent, and therefore microcanonical and canonical thermodynamic quantities, including the free energy, entropy, and thermal averages, can be obtained by re-weighting with a Boltzmann factor. The algorithm we present combines two approaches: the first is the Monte Carlo ensemble growth method, where a "population" of samples in the state space is considered, as opposed to traditional sampling by long random walks, or iterative single-chain growth. The second is the flat-histogram Monte Carlo, similar to the popular Wang-Landau sampling, or to multicanonical chain-growth sampling. We discuss the performance and relative simplicity of the proposed algorithm, and we apply it to known test cases., Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures; Added references and figures, corrected typos, improved notation

Ivacaftor is the first drug to target directly defects in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), which causes cystic fibrosis (CF). To understand better how ivacaftor potentiates CFTR channel gating, here we investigated the effects of temperature on its action. As a control, we studied the benzimidazolone UCCF-853, which potentiates CFTR by a different mechanism. Using the patch-clamp technique and cells expressing recombinant CFTR, we studied the single-channel behavior of wild-type and F508del-CFTR, the most common CF mutation. Raising the temperature of the intracellular solution from 23 to 37°C increased the frequency but reduced the duration of wild-type and F508del-CFTR channel openings. Although the open probability ( Po) of wild-type CFTR increased progressively as temperature was elevated, the relationship between Poand temperature for F508del-CFTR was bell-shaped with a maximum Poat ~30°C. For wild-type CFTR and to a greatly reduced extent F508del-CFTR, the temperature dependence of channel gating was asymmetric with the opening rate demonstrating greater temperature sensitivity than the closing rate. At all temperatures tested, ivacaftor and UCCF-853 potentiated wild-type and F508del-CFTR. Strikingly, ivacaftor but not UCCF-853 abolished the asymmetric temperature dependence of CFTR channel gating. At all temperatures tested, Povalues of wild-type CFTR in the presence of ivacaftor were approximately double those of F508del-CFTR, which were equivalent to or greater than those of wild-type CFTR at 37°C in the absence of the drug. We conclude that the principal effect of ivacaftor is to promote channel opening to abolish the temperature dependence of CFTR channel gating.

The epitaxial layers of the solid substitutional solution (ZnSe)1 – x – y(Si2)x(GaP)y (0 ≤ х ≤ 0.01, 0 ≤ у ≤ 0.09) have been grown on pSi substrates via liquid-phase epitaxy of a limited volume of stannic solution melt. The spectral dependence of the photosensitivity of pSi–n(ZnSe)1 – x – y(Si2)x(GaP)y structures is studied, and peaks of photoresponses are detected with photon energies of 1.6, 1.66, and 1.92 eV at ambient temperature. It is shown that the direct branch of volt–ampere characteristic stably retains its parameters within the temperature range 20–120°C. The values of the “characteristic” energy, as determined from the temperature-independent, volt–ampere characteristic, are 0.33 eV.

Thermoregulation in endotherms allows the maintenance of the body temperature independent of ambient temperature. Experimental data have revealed complex interactions between the physiological mechanisms of thermoregulation and environmental conditions. We derive a nonlinear partial integro-differential dynamical model based on physical first principles and fundamental physiological mechanisms to understand the role of some thermal control mechanisms in the thermoregulation process of endotherms. The model is composed of four layers representing different tissues and it incorporates six thermal feedback control mechanisms. These mechanisms are heat production due to metabolic rate and heat exchange within the body given its internal structure, and the model considers heat exchange due to conduction, heat transport by blood flow, heat exchange with the ambient through convection, radiation, and evaporation from the respiratory tract and superficial evaporation in both passive and active situations. Our model sheds new light on previous explanations about the classic metabolism-ambient temperature U-shaped curve.

The isothermal vapour-liquid equilibria of R-23 + 1-hexene, R-23 + 3-methylpentane, R-116 + 1-hexene and R-116 + 3-methylpentane were measured at temperatures of between (293.1 and 313.3) K with a static-analytic apparatus. Vapour-liquid-liquid equilibria was exhibited by the R-116 + 1-hexene system. The equilibrium data was modelled with the PR EOS, modified with the MC alpha function, and the WS mixing rule with either the NRTL or the UNIQUAC activity coefficient model. Both the temperature dependent and the temperature independent forms of the models were regressed to the experimental data. The method of Ungerer et al. was used to extrapolate the subcritical co-existence data to the mixture critical loci, while the method of Heidemann and Khalil was used to estimate the critical locus curves for the systems. Each of the four systems were also categorised according to the classification system of van Konynenburg and Scott.

The oxidation state of Fe, Fe / 3 + Σ Fe (where Σ Fe = Fe 2 + + Fe 3 + ), in glass samples of mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB), from a wide range of localities, was determined by XANES spectroscopy to be 0.10(2) ( n = 42 ). This value is lower than that reported previously by XANES, 0.16 ( 1 ) ( n = 103 ), but consistent with the most recent value determined by redox titrations, 0.11 ( 2 ) ( n = 104 ), all for similar sets of samples. We attribute the anomalously high XANES value of 0.16 to a calibration error resulting from the interpretation of Mossbauer spectra and the resulting Fe / 3 + Σ Fe values of the standards. Our alternative interpretation removes the problem of resolving Fe / 3 + Σ Fe values / 3 + Σ Fe values that are consistent with the thermodynamically expected dependence on oxygen fugacity ( f O 2 ). Fe / 3 + Fe 2 + is related to f O 2 for our synthetic MORB composition by the temperature independent expression Δ QFM = 4 log ⁡ ( Fe 3 + / Fe 2 + ) + 4.23 ( 5 ) , where ΔQFM is the f O 2 in log units relative to the quartz–fayalite–magnetite buffer. The average f O 2 of natural MORB was estimated to be QFM+0.1.

We report on the low temperature (T = 10 K) magnetoelastic resonance in ribbons of magnetic amorphous alloys, with the goal of assessing their potential for cryogenic temperature sensors. The resonance frequency was found to be nearly temperature independent below T ≈ 150 K, while the amplitude continues to increase upon cooling over the entire temperature range. Furthermore, the magnetic field dependence of the resonant frequency at low (10 K) and high temperatures (300 K) are very similar, suggesting great potential for developing sensors with high stability level over a broad temperature range, especially in the cryogenic regime.