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Introduction: Cataract is the most prevalent cause of blindness worldwide, which can be effectively treated with surgery. The high incidence of blindness in women highlights the need to address gender inequality in the utilization of cataract surgery. This study aimed to assess the association between gender and the utilization of cataract surgical services. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted according to preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. A literature search was performed on PubMed and ProQuest in the last 10 years (2012 to 2022). The search strategy used the following terms: ("cataract surgical" or "cataract surgical coverage" or "cataract surgical uptake") and ("sex" or "gender"). Data were analyzed in RevMan 5.3, with pooled effect estimates reported as OR with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: A total of 13 articles were identified and included in the meta-analysis. The pooled results of these studies indicate a statistically significant association between gender and the utilization of cataract surgery, with a lower utilization probability, observed among women compared to men (OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.60-0.98, p=0.03). High heterogeneity was observed among studies (I2 89%, p

Lung cancer is among the most prevalent cancers and the primary cause of cancer-related mortality. Despite advances in treatment, patients often have a poor prognosis, with a limited survival period, particularly in advanced stages. Significant morbidity is linked with lung cancer, and symptoms are frequently inadequately controlled, resulting in a considerable symptom burden for patients and their family caregivers. It is typically accompanied by an overall reduction in one’s quality of life (QoL). Palliative care is an established therapy paradigm that successfully enhances symptom management and physical and mental health. It can be initiated as soon as the patient develops symptoms (even in the early stage) or is diagnosed with a late stage. Over the past few decades, palliative care has become a vital part of comprehensive care for people, especially those with advanced diseases. Early palliative care (EPC) integration within the oncology setting is more effective than standard care in enhancing the patient’s QoL and length of survival, resulting in less intrusive end-of-life care. When caring for lung cancer patients, medical practitioners must remember their duty to cure occasionally, routinely alleviate, and constantly comfort the patient. Treating physical symptoms, illness comprehension, coping, and psychological and spiritual anguish are all vital components. Intervention strategies by multidisciplinary teams concentrating on the patient and their family and dealing with the circumstances are essential. All health providers should prioritize palliative and end-of-life care to enhance care and assist patients and their families in navigating the final period of life.

BACKGROUND: Indonesia encounters a serious issue of disparity in tuberculosis cases among provinces. These disparities are crucial since they may reflect a macro-level factor that could be modified to further reduce the cases. Some factors are identified contributing to this variation, including socioeconomic determinants. AIM: This study investigated whether these socioeconomic determinants (i.e., poverty, unemployment, income inequality, and low education) can predict the variation of tuberculosis cases across provinces in Indonesia. METHODS: We conducted an ecological analysis by using public-use data files of the Annual Indonesian Health Profile Report and The Indonesian Social and Population Profile Report consisting of data from 33 provinces, 2010–2013. The main outcome measures were province-level tuberculosis notification cases for all form of tuberculosis cases and new smear-positive cases. The correlation between socioeconomic determinants and tuberculosis notification cases was analyzed with bivariate analyses and multivariate linear regression analyses. RESULTS: This study showed that poverty was strongly and positively correlated with tuberculosis notification cases, either all form or new smear-positive cases. Unemployment was also positively correlated with tuberculosis notification cases, but the power was lower. In contrast, income inequality and low education level were not statistically correlated with tuberculosis notification cases. In multivariate linear regression analyses, poverty is the strongest predictor for tuberculosis notification cases. Poverty had a bigger impact than unemployment in the increased tuberculosis notification cases. CONCLUSION: Findings from this study suggest that poverty has a profound influence on the variation for tuberculosis notification cases across provinces in Indonesia.

Imatinib and nilotinib are first-line treatments for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients, which act specifically against target cells. However, these drugs may cause side effects, such as electrolyte disturbances. This literature review aimed to provide a comparison of the effects of imatinib and nilotinib on blood potassium and calcium levels. It also summarized their hypothetical mechanism. A comprehensive electronic search of the different databases was conducted using ‘chronic myeloid leukemia’, ‘tyrosine kinase inhibitors’, ‘imatinib’, ‘nilotinib’, ‘potassium’, ‘calcium’, ‘electrolytes’ as keywords. This review used PubMed- MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar as the source databases. Sixteen articles published from 2006 to 2020 were reviewed. Changes in blood potassium levels range from increased to decreased levels, while changes in blood calcium levels range from the lower normal values to below normal values (hypocalcemia). Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), including imatinib and nilotinib, have a non-specific target, namely plateletderived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), which indirectly affects blood potassium and calcium levels in CML patients. The clinical manifestations of these changes vary from being visible only in laboratory tests to displaying a variety of clinical signs and symptoms.

Jembrana disease virus (JDV) is a viral pathogen that causes Jembrana disease in Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) with high mortality rate. An easy and rapid diagnostic method is essential for further control this disease. We used a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) combined with lateral flow dipstick (LFD), based on conserved tm subunit of Jembrana disease virus env gene. The RT-LAMP conditions were optimized by varying the concentration of MgSO4, betaine, dNTP, and temperature as well as the time and duration of reaction. The primers sensitivity for JDV was confirmed. The method was able to detect env-tm gene dilution which contained 2 × 10(-15) g of template. Comparatively, the sensitivity of RT-LAMP/LFD was 100-fold more sensitive than reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The primers specificity for JDV was also confirmed using positive and negative controls. This work also showed that virus detection could be done not only on total RNA extracted from blood but various organs could also be analyzed for the presence of JDV using RT-LAMP/LFD method. The whole process, including the LAMP reaction and the LFD hybridization step only lasts approximately 75 min. Results of analysis can be easily observed with naked eyes without addition of any chemical or further analysis. The combination of RT-LAMP with LFD makes the method a more suitable diagnostic tool in conditions where sophisticated and expensive equipments are not available for field investigations on Jembrana disease in Bali cattle.

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a major cause various infections in humans and animals throughout the world. The increasing incidence of S. aureus infection, particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is complicated by the antibiotic-resistance phenomenon. Thus, it requires new strategies to prevent wider scale of its incidence occurring. Preventative methods against infectious diseases through vaccination can prevent, control and reduce the severity of the disease process. Various methods have been used in the development of vaccines to prevent S. aureus infections, but no satisfactory results have been obtained. Recent studies suggests that multivalent vaccines based on cell-mediated immunity is expected to provide better protection against infection. The purpose of this article is to summarize the challenges of S. aureus infection and the current status of its potential solution with the development of a multivalent vaccine and to explain the latest approaches recommended to obtain successful development of S. aureus vaccine by inducing T-cells CD8+, CD4+ and Th17. Seven MRSA Indonesian origin isolates from humans and dairy-cattle were used as candidate vaccines as genotypic characterization had previously been performed (coa, eta, etb, hla, hlb, cap5, cap8, fnbA, fnbB and mecA). Vaccination can be performed with live-attenuated or killed-vaccine and could be combined with an injection of αCD40 monoclonal-antibodies (mAbs) with the aim to induce cellular-based active immunity (T CD8+, CD4+ and Th17). These isolates are expected to be safe vaccine candidates with immunogenic-protective properties based on genetic and antigenic variation to prevent and control staphylococcal infections in humans and animals.

Jembrana disease constitutes the main concern in cattle industry especially in Indonesia and Australia as it has caused important economic losses due to mortality of cattle. The pathology of the disease is unusual for a lentivirus infection as it is associated with a severe, often lethal disease syndrome and a short incubation period in cattle. For lack of efficient medical treatment of JDV-infected cattle, vaccination may therefore constitute an effective measure for the prevention or eradication of Jembrana disease. Up to date, only one type of vaccine has been reported and tested. It is based on inactivated, tissue-derived virus antigens (Tabanan/87 isolate, JDVTAB/87). This review summarize show current Jembrana disease vaccine was developed as well as evaluated and how these information might be useful in future vaccine design.

Jembrana disease is a bovine disease that affects Bali cattle (Bos javanicus). The causal agent is named Jembrana Disease Virus (JDV), a lentivirus member. The disease development of Jembrana disease in Bali cattle is unique for a lentivirus infection as it is related with severe clinical syndrome in an acute period. In experimentally JDV-infected Bali cattle, the death rate was about 21% and occurred within only 1 to 2 weeks post-infection. Indeed, the mortality of more than 60 000 cattles in a year was observed during the first outbreak and the disease is now endemic through-out parts of Indonesia. Early diagnosis constitutes a preventive method of further disease outbreaks. The Jembrana disease can be diagnosed by the clinical symptoms but more reliable diagnostic tools are available, based on either antigen (immunodiagnosis) or viral genome (molecular diagnosis). In this review, we summarize about immunodiagnostic tools of Jembrana disease which has been developed so far.

The etiological agent of Jembrana disease is a virus which was accordingly named Jembrana Disease Virus (JDV). JDV was a member of the family of Retroviridae, of the subfamily of lentiviruses. As a member of the lentivirus, JDV has general property to integrate their genome into the chromosomal DNA of the host-cells. It is one of their common properties which is not shared by simple retroviruses such as murine leukimia virus or avian sarcoma virus. Lentiviruses are highly species-specific and share the property of replicating in dividing and non-dividing terminally differentiated cells. JDV-based gene transfer vector which had been developed is appeared to possess a broad tropism and a unique capacity of mediating efficient gene transfer. This review summarize JDV-based viral vector system that has been developed. The main principles and components of JDV viral gene transfer system and its implication in the future research will be discussed.

Jembrana disease virus is a viral pathogen that causes Jembrana disease in Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) with high mortality rate. Infection of Jembrana Disease Virus (JDV) on Bali cattle have caused substantial economic losses for farmers in Indonesia and Australia. In order to control the spread, development of a sensitive detection method is important. In this study, we used three different detection methods based on genomic approach, i.e., reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), reverse transcriptase-loop mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) and dot-blot hybridization to detect JDV. Utilization of pGEX-TM, a recombinant plasmid containing env-tm gene as a positive control showed that RT-LAMP is the most sensitive method compares the two others. It could detect template concentration as low as 10-6 ng µL-1 or equivalent to 1.52A—102 plasmid copy number, 100 and 10000 more sensitive than RT-PCR and dot-blot hybridization, respectively.

1Departement of Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Jalan sekip unit II, Yogyakarta, 55281 Indonesia. 2Centre of Biotechnology Study, Gadjah Mada University, Jalan teknika utara, Yogyakarta, 55281 Indonesia. 3Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University, Jalan Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta, 57126 Indonesia. 4Departement of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Jalan sekip unit II, Yogyakarta, 55281 Indonesia. 5Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Jalan sekip unit II, Yogyakarta, 55281 Indonesia.

Toxoplasmosis, arising from infection by Toxoplasma gondii, is one of the most common parasitic diseases in humans and other warm-blooded animals. In humans, infections are usually asymptomatic but severe disease can occur in immunocompromized individuals and newborns. Due to the importance of the disease and in order to take suitable measures, an early diagnosis of the disease is essential, particularly for pregnant women and in industry of domestic animals. The genome of T. gondii contains repeat sequences B1 and R522 which constitute ideal targets for genome-based detection methods. The 522 base pairs repeat sequences R522 are the most promising due to the high copy number, evaluated to be 200 to 300 units within the genome. We developed a simple dot-blot hybridization based on R522 sequences. The method is simple and does not require sophisticated devices. The test of the method, using cloned R522 as target, showed that the parasite detection method was sensitive and proved to be promising for use in routine health controls as well as for the survey of Toxoplasma infections. Key words: DIG-probe, dot blot hybridization, repeat sequences, R522, Toxoplasma gondii

Primary prevention of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection among high risk-community of HIV transmission is very essential. The goal of the study was as preliminary study to quantify Immunoglobulin-G (IgG) anti-T. gondi protein concentration in peripheral blood samples among male CSW in Surakarta, Indonesia. In cross sectional study, peripheral blood samples of thirty male CSW in Surakarta were collected, and determined for IgG anti-T. gondii using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Then we conducted three statistical modeling approach using simple linear regression model, to predict the IgG protein concentration (Y) from each IgG index measurement (X). IgG index measurement was determined by dividing samples optical density (O.D) and cut-off calibrator O.D (O.D was measured in spectrophotometer). The models were Y1 = 21.3*X1 – 4.3 (for the range between 0.2 to 1.7 of IgG index), Y2 = 85.0*X2 – 112.5 (between 1.7 to 2.5 of IgG index), and Y3 = 666.7*X3 – 1566.7 (for more than 2.5 of IgG index). Pearson correlation analysis was used to measure relationship between IgG antibodies concentration and age (p Keywords: Immunoglobulin-G concentration, Toxoplasma gondii, Male commercial sex worker, Indonesia, Linear regression