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Syndromes of bone disease and deformities consequent to disorders of nutrition, bone and mineral metabolism constitute a serious national health problem. The studies on this subject are scanty. Data on nutritional bone disease are described and discussed. We had surveyed 337.68 million population residing in 0.39 million villages in 22 States of India during the period 1963 to 2005. Of the 4,11,744 patients identified with the disorders of bone and mineral metabolism, 2,13,760 (52%) had nutritional bone disease, 1,77,200 (43%) had endemic skeletal fluorosis and 20,784 (5%) had metabolic bone disease and in 41 patients (0.19%) the bone disease was rare, mixed or unidentified. Vitamin D deficiency osteomalacia and rickets caused by inadequate exposure to sunlight (290-315 nm), dietary calcium deficiency (<300 mg/day) and fluoride interaction syndromes, calcium deficiency induced osteoporosis and calcium and vitamin D deficiency induced osteoporosis in the elderly, were the commonest disorders responsible for bone disease and deformities, besides caused by endemic skeletal fluorosis as a single entity in endemic fluorosis villages. Calcium deficiency per se dose not cause rickets, as revealed in our long-term follow up study on 47,500 calcium deficient children. Only mothers with severely depleted bone mineral and vitamin D stores gave birth to their babies with congenital rickets. Vitamin D deficiency rickets in children and osteomalacia in the mothers are the commonest disorders prevalent in the rural population of India. These disorders and the syndromes of calcium deficiency and fluoride interactions are largely responsible for the morbidity and mortality in the young and promising individuals, with economic consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article "Nutritional Bone Disease in Indian Population," by S. P. S. Teotia and M. Teotia in the March 2008 issue.

Polyethylene Terephthalate, a widely recognized thermoplastic, is used in numerous sectors including packaging, textiles, electronics, construction, and medical due to its lightweight, cost-efficiency, transparency, flexibility, quick drying, durability and excellent gas/moisture barrier properties. However, its non-biodegradable nature poses significant environmental concerns, necessitating effective recycling and reuse methods. Over the past decades, scientists have focused on both mechanical and chemical recycling methods for PET waste to produce new molecules with potential applications. This review provides a comprehensive account of utilizing PET waste as a feedstock for synthesizing new molecules through various recycling techniques. An up-to-date and comparative overview of different chemical recycling techniques, including ammonolysis, aminolysis, glycolysis, alcoholysis, and hydrolysis in terms of reactants, reaction conditions, products, and yields are outlined. Applications of depolymerized end products like terephthalamide, NN'-bisallyl-terephthalamide, terephthalic dihydrazide, NN'-diphenyl-terephthalamide, dimethyl-terephthalate, dimethyl terephthalate, bis-hydroxyethyl-terephthalate (BHET), bis-hydroxy ethylene terephthalamide (BHETA), terephthalic acid etc. are succinctly presented. These products found potential industrial applications including thermostabilizers, surfactants, hardeners, peptisers, photoinitiators, crosslinkers, plasticizers, adsorbents, sealants, catalysts, etc. Additionally, the conversion of these depolymerized end products into other useful compounds like terephthalonitrile, para-xylylenediamine, 1,4-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane, lanthanum complexes, acrylates, BHET and BHETA derivatives, oxadiazole derivatives, 2,2'-(1,4-phenylene)-bis(2-oxazoline), 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, dyes, dioctyl terephthalate, butylene-adipate-co-terephthalate, terephthaloyl dichloride etc. has also been detailed along with their potential applications., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Syndromes of bone disease and deformities consequent to disorders of nutrition, bone and mineral metabolism constitute a serious national health problem. The studies on this subject are scanty. Data on nutritional bone disease are described and discussed. We had surveyed 337.68 million population residing in 0.39 million villages in 22 States of India during the period 1963 to 2005. Of the 4,11,744 patients identified with the disorders of bone and mineral metabolism, 2,13,760 (52%) had nutritional bone disease, 1,77,200 (43%) had endemic skeletal fluorosis and 20,784 (5%) had metabolic bone disease and in 41 patients (0.19%) the bone disease was rare, mixed or unidentified. Vitamin D deficiency osteomalacia and rickets caused by inadequate exposure to sunlight (290-315 nm), dietary calcium deficiency (<300 mg/day) and fluoride interaction syndromes, calcium deficiency induced osteoporosis and calcium and vitamin D deficiency induced osteoporosis in the elderly, were the commonest disorders responsible for bone disease and deformities, besides caused by endemic skeletal fluorosis as a single entity in endemic fluorosis villages. Calcium deficiency per se dose not cause rickets, as revealed in our long-term follow up study on 47,500 calcium deficient children. Only mothers with severely depleted bone mineral and vitamin D stores gave birth to their babies with congenital rickets. Vitamin D deficiency rickets in children and osteomalacia in the mothers are the commonest disorders prevalent in the rural population of India. These disorders and the syndromes of calcium deficiency and fluoride interactions are largely responsible for the morbidity and mortality in the young and promising individuals, with economic consequences.

We describe four children with idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis. All patients were initially seen between the ages of 10 and 13 years and spontaneously recovered following puberty. We review 27 similar cases reported in the literature. Theories on the cause of idiopathic osteoporosis in children are critically discussed. It may be that milder forms remain undiagnosed because of the self-limited course and the pain being confused with a variety of rheumatic disorders. It would be worth observing these cases to determine if they are otherwise prone to development of osteoporosis during pregnancy or in later life.