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Background: Lung tumors in dogs, significantly primary paragangliomas, are rare and have not been reported. This report describes a dog with a lung tumor diagnosed as a primary paraganglioma. Case Description: A 12-year-old spayed French bulldog presented with a left-sided pulmonary mass. The dog was in good general condition and had no clinical symptoms. Computed tomography (CT) revealed a pulmonary mass near the bifurcation of the posterior lobe bronchus of the left lung. The mass showed a strong contrast enhancement effect that was subsequently attenuated. The dog underwent Surgery to remove the mass from the left lung. Abnormal hypertension was observed during surgery, and hypertensive crisis was suspected. Based on the histopathology and preoperative and postoperative urinary metanephrine and normetanephrine levels, the dog was diagnosed with primary paraganglioma of the lung. Although the CT scan showed findings suggestive of the development of a neuroendocrine tumor, it was difficult to suspect the development of a paraganglioma. Conclusion: The possibility of catecholamine-producing tumors should be considered when we encounter a lung tumor with no clinical symptoms and a neuroendocrine tumor like contrast enhancement pattern on CT scan. [Open Vet J 2024; 14(10.000): 2714-2720]

Rapid bone regeneration is crucial for restoring alveolar bone and oral functions following periodontal diseases. However, the development of effective biomedical materials for this purpose remains insufficient. While bone autografts can enhance bone regeneration, they are invasive to healthy areas. Specifically, for alveolar bone regeneration, the implanted material must possess adequate mechanical strength. Moreover, local administration is preferred for older adults, who are a primary target population, to maintain their quality of life. We developed a silica-substituted carbonate apatite (CO3Ap–silica) block as newly bone substitute with a bone growth factor, featuring the major inorganic component of mature bone to enhance bone regeneration. CO3Ap–silica block stimulated the bone remodeling process at the implantation site and demonstrated significantly better bone regeneration compared to currently used carbonate apatite substitutes. Therefore, this new material is expected to advance technologies for restoring occlusal function after periodontal disease.

Abstract A 5‐year‐old, castrated, male domestic short‐haired cat presented with neurological deficits in the pelvic limbs, back pain and dysuria. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a mass lesion caudal to the L4 vertebrae. In addition, suspected haemorrhage was observed at the cranial aspect of the mass. There was no evidence to support the presence of extravertebral intrusion or vertebral body, osteolysis. Dorsal laminectomy and durotomy were performed to debulk the intraspinal mass. Histopathological and immunohistochemical assessment revealed a primitive neuroectodermal tumour (PNET). To our knowledge, this is the first report to describe the clinical and pathological features and imaging diagnosis of intraspinal PNET without extraspinal invasion in a cat.

Abstract Canine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (PAC) resembles human lung tumors in never-smokers, but it is rarer than human pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Therefore, research on canine PAC is challenging. In the present study, we successfully established various novel canine PAC cell lines from a single lesion in a dog, including two parent cell lines and fourteen cloned cell lines, and characterized their cellular properties in vitro. Several of these cell lines showed epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like and/or cancer stem cell (CSCs)-like phenotypes. We additionally assessed the sensitivity of the cells to vinorelbine in vitro. Three clonal lines, two of which showed EMT- and CSC-like phenotypes, were resistant to vinorelbine. Furthermore, we evaluated the expression and activation status of EGFR, HER2, and Ras signaling factors. The findings indicated that the cell lines we established preserved the expression and activation of these factors to varying extents. These novel canine PAC cell lines can be utilized in future research for understanding the pathogenesis and development of treatments for canine PAC.

Abstract A 3‐year‐old neutered male golden retriever administered zonisamide for the treatment of seizures showed lethargy and had normal anion gap metabolic acidosis with hypokalaemia, hyperchloremia, and alkaline urine. The serum zonisamide concentration was close to the upper limit, which raised a suspicion of adverse effects of zonisamide. This is the first report showing that the fractional excretion of bicarbonate after compensation for the plasma bicarbonate concentration by a sodium bicarbonate infusion was approximately 5%, indicating distal renal tubular acidosis (RTA). The serum zonisamide concentration decreased, and adverse effects were abated by reducing the zonisamide dosage. Diagnostic therapy with bicarbonate served as a means of compensating for bicarbonate deficiency and contributed to the clinical diagnosis of the condition in zonisamide‐associated RTA in dogs.

Curing produces a characteristic pink color during meat processing through the production of nitrosyl myoglobin (NOMb), which requires nitric oxide (NO). Nitrites and nitrates in coloring agents are crucial NO sources; however, a reducing agent is necessary to facilitate their chemical conversion to NO. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the reducing properties of whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) on the reddening of cured meat products. Cured and cooked sausage models were treated with WPH, which enhanced the reddening of the meat color and increased the a* value in the models compared with that of the controls. Additionally, ethanol-extracted WPH induced Fe3⁺ reduction, lowered oxidation–reduction potential, and decreased nitrite (NO2−) levels. Moreover, ethanol-extracted WPH promoted the formation of NOMb in myoglobin solution. This effect was also observed when ethanol-extracted WPH treated with maleimide was used, implying that certain peptides rather than the thiol group of WPH are involved in promoting NOMb formation. Furthermore, the peptides that decreased NO2− levels were isolated from ethanol-extracted WPH, identified, and synthesized. These synthesized peptides, particularly the FFVAPFPEVFGK peptide, showed NO2−-reducing activity. Hence, WPH may promote the coloration of cured meat products through the reducing potential of the peptides contained within.

Abstract A 15‐year old, female miniature dachshund was presented for a 5‐year history of progressive dyspnoea. A laryngeal mass was detected on cervical radiographs. Surgery was performed 5 days later to reduce the volume of the mass and to obtain biopsy samples; the dyspnoea improved. Based on the histopathological findings, the mass was diagnosed as inflammatory polyp. This case of inflammatory polyp in the larynx suggests that it should be listed in the differential diagnoses for laryngeal masses in dogs and that surgical treatment may be curative.

Background: In humans, visualization of the thoracic duct by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been attempted, and recent advances have enabled clinicians to visualize the thoracic duct configuration in a less invasive manner. Moreover, MRI does not require contrast media and it enables visualization of morphological details of the thoracic structures. In veterinary practice, the thoracic duct has not been visualized three-dimensionally in MRI. Aim: This study aimed to assess the performance of our magnetic resonance thoracic ductography (MRTD) technique to visualize the thoracic duct and the surrounding 3D anatomical structures by combining MRTD and vascular contrast-enhanced thoracic computed tomography (CT) images in dogs. Methods: Five adult male beagle dogs (11.4-12.8 kg) were included in this study. Sagittal and transverse T2-weighted images were scanned in MRI. Scanning in MRTD used a single-shot fast spin echo sequence with a respiratory gate. CT was performed after the intravenous injection of contrast medium. All MRTD and CT images were merged using a workstation. Results: The thoracic ducts were identified in MRTD images of all dogs, and the surrounding anatomical structures were located with the aid of contrast-enhanced thoracic CT. In all dogs, the thoracic ducts coursed along the right-dorsal side of the aorta, cranially from the L2 level. Thereafter, these bent to the left side at the aortic arch and curved at the left external jugular vein angle. A comparison of the number of thoracic ducts at each vertebra between transverse T2WI and MRTD did not reveal any significant differences for all vertebrae. Conclusion: The results from our study suggest that MRTD using the single-shot fast spin echo sequence could be a useful tool for visualization of the thoracic duct. Furthermore, the image merged from MRTD and vascular-enhanced images provided detailed anatomical annotation of the thorax. The MRTD protocol described in this study is safe and easily adaptable, without the need for contrast medium injection into the lymph system. In addition, the images fused from MRTD and vascular contrast-enhanced CT image of the thorax could provide detailed anatomical annotations for preoperative planning.

This study aimed to determine the characteristics and reference values of each vertebra in the cervicothoracic region by performing diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) scans and analyzing DTI parameters in normal Beagle dogs. In five adult Beagles under anesthetic maintenance, DTI was performed using a 1.5-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. Axial DTI was performed using three overlapping slabs to cover the cervical and thoracic spinal cords. After post-processing, DTI parameters were calculated along the entire spinal cord. Among DTI parameters, fractional anisotropy, relative anisotropy, and axonal diffusivity significantly decreased in the caudal direction. However, the apparent diffusion coefficient, radial diffusivity, and mean diffusivity values were not significantly correlated with vertebral levels. We provide evidence for the existence of segment-dependent DTI parameters in the canine cervical spinal cord. Therefore, comparisons of DTI parameters between lesions at different vertebral levels should be avoided unless normative data are available. Furthermore, the DTI data obtained in this study may contribute to the development of a clinical reference for spinal cord evaluation in dogs using DTI parameters.

Background: Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a rare congenital cardiac disease, and there have been no reports about treatment of ASD in midget breed dogs. Case Description: A 7-month-old female toy poodle weighing 1.4 kg presented with cardiac enlargement. Echocardiography revealed a secundum type ASD, right ventricular and atrial enlargement, and pulmonary hypertension. Blood flow through the ASD exhibited left-to-right shunting. The dog underwent ASD closure via a hybrid approach, in conjunction with catheter techniques and thoracotomy. Ten months after treatment, cardiac enlargement and pulmonary hypertension were improved. Conclusion: Even in midget dog breeds ASD can be corrected via a hybrid approach.

Prevention of hypothermia induced by anesthesia and enhanced by low environmental temperatures is difficult in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations in dogs as forced warming devices, including magnetic materials, are not acceptable for use in the MRI room. A hot water bottle (HWB) can be carried into an MRI examination room and can contribute to the prevention or attenuation of hypothermia. Here, we retrospectively investigated the effects of HWB on body temperature during MRI examinations in dogs under general anesthesia (GA). From anesthesia records of the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Okayama University of Science, validated data of 100 dogs that underwent an MRI examination under GA were obtained and divided into the following two groups: one group received HWB, while the other did not. Decrease in rectal temperature 15 min after intubation was significantly smaller in the group using HWB than in the group without HWB. In conclusion, the use of hot water bottles might be one of the methods to attenuate hypothermia in the early period but should not be expected for complete prevention of hypothermia, and it was not recommendable necessarily for body temperature management during MRI examinations in dogs under general anesthesia.

Distress affects animal welfare and scientific data validity. There is a lack of reports on the effects of multimodal analgesic approaches in mice. In this study, under the hypothesis that a multimodal analgesic protocol using buprenorphine with meloxicam has analgesic effects, we evaluated the effects of a multimodal analgesic protocol using buprenorphine with meloxicam on the well-being of mice during analgesic administration by changing the dosage of meloxicam. A total of 42 Slc:ICR male mice were categorized into nonsurgical and surgical groups (7 mice per group) and treated with an anesthetic (isoflurane) and analgesics (buprenorphine ± meloxicam). Analgesics were administered for 48 h after treatment. Buprenorphine (subcutaneous; 0.1 mg/kg/8 h) and meloxicam (subcutaneous; 0, 2.5, or 5 mg/kg/24 h) were administered twice. Body weight, food intake, nest consolidation score, and latency to burrow were evaluated. A significant decrease in food intake was observed 24 h after treatment, while a significant increase was observed 48 h post-treatment in all groups. Body weight showed a decreasing trend but was not significantly reduced. Furthermore, stomach, duodenum, and jejunum tissues showed no morphological abnormalities. Significant differences in burrow diving scores and the latency to burrow were observed between some groups, but these were not regarded as a consequence of the surgery and/or the meloxicam dose. When buprenorphine and meloxicam were combined, administering up to 5 mg/kg/day of meloxicam for 48 h to male mice after abdominal surgery had no significant negative effects on any tested parameters. In conclusion, a multimodal analgesic protocol of buprenorphine with meloxicam is among the options for increasing well-being in mice following abdominal surgery.

The anesthetic or analgesic agent of choice, route and frequency of anesthetic or analgesic administration, and stressors induce distress during the perioperative period. We evaluated a multimodal analgesic protocol using buprenorphine and meloxicam on the well-being of mice. Twenty-four Slc:ICR male mice were divided into control, anesthesia + analgesia, and surgery + anesthesia + analgesia groups. Tap water (orally: PO) and water for injection (subcutaneous: SC) were administered to the control group. Buprenorphine was administered twice (SC, 0.1 mg/kg/8 h) and meloxicam was administered thrice (PO, 5 mg/kg/24 h) to the anesthesia + analgesia and surgery + anesthesia + analgesia groups. The mice were subjected to laparotomy and assessed for several parameters. Even in absence of surgical pain, the anesthesia + analgesia group presented the same negative effects as the surgery + anesthesia + analgesia group. This multimodal analgesic protocol for mice was expected to have an analgesic effect on pain associated with laparotomy but was not sufficient to prevent food intake and weight decrease. This does not negate the need to administer analgesics, but suggests the need to focus on and care not only about the approach to relieve pain associated with surgery, but also other types of distresses to minimize negative side effects that may interfere with postoperative recovery in mice.

In humans, peri-anesthesia anxiety reportedly increases the anesthetic requirements for anesthesia induction. However, no studies have been conducted on cats regarding the effects of anxiety on anesthesia induction or anesthetic-mediated physiological changes. Therefore, we intended to investigate the effect of pre-anesthesia anxiety in healthy cats on the propofol dose required for anesthesia induction, and its impact on behavioral and physiological evaluations. The cats were placed in either a calm (CAL) or tense (ANX) environment. We performed physiological and behavioral evaluations before and after each environmental acclimatization period. Anesthesia was induced using propofol. We recorded the total dose of propofol administered for each clinical sign observed during anesthesia induction. The post-acclimatization behavioral evaluation score was significantly higher in the ANX group than the pre-acclimatization score. However, there was no significant difference in the propofol dose required for each clinical sign in the ANX or CAL groups. There were also no significant differences in the physiological evaluations between the ANX and CAL groups. Therefore, pre-anesthesia anxiety felt by cats did not affect propofol-mediated anesthesia induction.

A 1-year-old female Akita dog was referred for intermittent regurgitation. Computed tomographic angiography (CTA) showed an aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA), resulting in constriction of the esophagus. After surgical ligation of the ARSA, CTA showed that the ARSA was not enhanced by contrast medium, and that sufficient collateral circulation of the right forelimb was supplied through the vertebral artery. Furthermore, the right and left vertebral arteries merged into the basilar artery at the level of the atlas, and no abnormal expansion of the ventral spinal artery was observed. Overall, we demonstrated the importance of post-surgical CTA for identification of surgical complications, including the formation of abnormal vessel alterations.

A three-year-old male Pug presented with a three-year history of urolithiasis and repeated urethral obstruction. Biochemical analysis, ultrasonography, and retrograde urethrocystography revealed probable portosystemic shunt and incomplete urethral obstruction due to uric acid ammonium calculi. Enhanced computed tomography (CT) revealed portosystemic shunt and proliferation of the osseous tissue of the os penis, which was surgically removed. Histopathologically, the excised osseous tissue comprised bland lamellar bone without atypia or inflammation. Hyperplasia of the os penis was diagnosed based on the image findings and histopathology. The dysuria improved postoperatively. This is the first report of dysuria associated with non-neoplastic bone hyperplasia of the os penis in a dog. Careful evaluation of the os penis by CT is needed for accurate diagnosis in case of repeated penile urethral obstruction.

It has been reported that α2-adrenoceptor agonists such as medetomidine decrease tear flow in many species, including rats. Few studies have investigated the involvement of α2-adrenoceptor in decreased tear flow; the issue has not been illustrated sufficiently. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of different doses of atipamezole on the reversal of medetomidine-induced tear-flow decrease to reveal the specific involvement of α2-adrenoceptor. Treatment with 400, 800, or 1600 µg/kg atipamezole (or saline as the control) was intramuscularly administered to rats 15 min following intramuscular administration of 200 µg/kg medetomidine. After medetomidine administration, tear flow was measured using a phenol red thread test (PRTT). PRTT values decreased significantly after 200 µg/kg medetomidine administration. The PRTT values after 800 (optimal dose to reverse) and 1600 µg/kg atipamezole administration reached baseline, but never exceeded it significantly. Treatment with 400 µg/kg atipamezole also reversed the decrease in PRTT value but the PRTT remained lower than baseline. The optimal dose and the higher dose of atipamezole fully reversed the medetomidine-induced decrease in tear flow to the baseline level in rats, while the lower dose of atipamezole partially recovered tear flow.

A 9-year-old male intact domestic cat weighing 4.6 kg was referred for tachypnea. A large mass was visible in computed tomography (CT) scans of the thoracic cavity. A histopathological evaluation of the mass was consistent with thymoma. The cat was treated with 2 × 8 Gy intensity modulated radiation therapy and sulfoquinovosyl acyl propanediol (SQAP). Post radiation therapy (RT), the tumor structure appeared cystic in the CT, and the tumor volume decreased by approximately 80% after aspiration than that before aspiration. The tumor was removed surgically. RT treatment with SQAP made it possible to treat the thymoma with a low total radiation dose.

This prospective crossover study compared the effects of intramuscular administration of medetomidine for sedation on parameters of the abdominal vascular system, measured by enhancement computed tomography (CT), to those of propofol-induced sevoflurane maintenance anesthesia, as a control, in five clinically healthy adult male beagle dogs (11.4–12.8 kg). Each animal underwent both protocols at a 1-week interval. The enhancement (HU) and time to peak enhancement on CT were measured for the aorta (AO), caudal vena cava (CVC), portal vein (PV), and hepatic parenchyma (HP). The contrast effects in the AO, PV, and HP were significantly delayed under medetomidine sedation compared to the control anesthesia protocol. Particularly, the contrast effect in the PV and HP was significantly delayed under sedation, appearing approximately 1 min after contrast medium injection. This delay likely reflects the peripheral vasoconstrictive effect of medetomidine. We noted a generally early high contrast enhancement of the CVC under medetomidine sedation, likely contributed by the induced bradycardia. Therefore, findings obtained on contrast enhancement CT under medetomidine sedation may be different from those obtained under propofol-induced sevoflurane maintenance anesthesia. These differences are important to consider when using the findings to inform diagnosis.

Medetomidine has been reported to decrease tear flow significantly in dogs, cats, and pigs when used as a sedative or analgesic; however, there are no such reports when it comes to rats. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of medetomidine on tear flow in rats. Medetomidine in doses of 50, 100, or 200 µg/kg or a physiological saline solution as the control, were administered intramuscularly to male Slc:Wistar/ST rats. After the administration of medetomidine, tear flow in both eyes was measured using a phenol red thread tear test. The area under the curve (AUC) of phenol red thread test values from baseline to 8 h was calculated. Data were plotted against the dose of medetomidine and simple linear regression analysis was performed. The effect of the drug on phenol red thread test values was considered dose-related when linear analysis yielded a significant relationship. In all medetomidine-treated groups, tear flow decreased significantly in both eyes after administration, while no significant changes were observed in either eye in the control group. The AUC values from baseline to 8 h after administration in groups treated with 100 and 200 µg/kg of medetomidine were significantly lower in both the left and right eyes compared to the control group. The linear regression of the AUC values was significant for both eyes. Our results indicated that the intramuscular administration of medetomidine in rats decreased tear flow significantly in a dose-dependent manner.

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Little is known about the pathological roles of sebaceous glands in canine skin diseases, as most examinations have been conducted with cultured human sebaceous epithelial cell lines. To our knowledge, there is no available canine sebaceous epithelial cell line. The purpose of this study was to establish a canine sebaceous epithelial cell line and characterize it. An eyelid mass in a dog was surgically resected for treatment, and it was histologically diagnosed as sebaceous epithelioma. Collected tissue was conducted for culture, and the growing epithelial-like cells were passaged. The cells showed continuous proliferation for over 6 months. After 40 passages, the cells were named CMG-1. Lipid droplets in the cytoplasm of CMG-1 cells were confirmed by Oil Red O staining. As reported in studies with human sebaceous epithelial cell lines, lipogenesis in CMG-1 cells was promoted by linoleic acid, whereas transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) suppressed it. Additionally, real-time PCR revealed that the expression levels of chemokines and cytokines, including CC chemokine ligand (CCL)-2, CCL-20, CXCL-10, Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, and IL-8, were significantly increased in CMG-1 cells following treatment with lipopolysaccharide. In conclusion, we successfully established a new canine sebaceous epithelial cell line. Our data indicated that lipogenesis and inflammatory responses were quantitatively evaluable in this cell line. CMG-1 cells could be useful for the pathological analysis of sebaceous gland diseases in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This prospective crossover study compared the effects of intramuscular administration of medetomidine for sedation on parameters of the abdominal vascular system, measured by enhancement computed tomography (CT), to those of propofol-induced sevoflurane maintenance anesthesia, as a control, in five clinically healthy adult male beagle dogs (11.4-12.8 kg). Each animal underwent both protocols at a 1-week interval. The enhancement (HU) and time to peak enhancement on CT were measured for the aorta (AO), caudal vena cava (CVC), portal vein (PV), and hepatic parenchyma (HP). The contrast effects in the AO, PV, and HP were significantly delayed under medetomidine sedation compared to the control anesthesia protocol. Particularly, the contrast effect in the PV and HP was significantly delayed under sedation, appearing approximately 1 min after contrast medium injection. This delay likely reflects the peripheral vasoconstrictive effect of medetomidine. We noted a generally early high contrast enhancement of the CVC under medetomidine sedation, likely contributed by the induced bradycardia. Therefore, findings obtained on contrast enhancement CT under medetomidine sedation may be different from those obtained under propofol-induced sevoflurane maintenance anesthesia. These differences are important to consider when using the findings to inform diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An 11-year-old male Miniature Dachshund was referred for acute neurological deficits in the pelvic limbs. T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging revealed that the spinal cord at the L1-2 intervertebral disc space was heterogeneously hyperintense in the sagittal plane and was mildly compressed from the ventral side by a small hypointense mass in the transverse plane. However, the lesion showed mass enhancement and severe spinal cord compression on post-contrast T1-weighted imaging. On three-dimensional myelography, a “golf tee sign” was observed around the mass. Therefore, we diagnosed an intradural extramedullary lesion. The mass was surgically removed and histologically diagnosed as a hemangiosarcoma. The “golf tee sign” observed on magnetic resonance myelography may be useful for distinguishing intradural extramedullary masses from intramedullary masses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]