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WstępW naturalnych warunkach drogi oddechowe narażone są na działanie różnych drobnoustrojów znajdujących się w środowisku. Do rozwoju zakażenia dochodzi poprzez zaburzenie równowagi między zdolnościami obronnymi a zjadliwością drobnoustrojów. Zakażenia układu oddechowego wywołane przez bakterie prowadzą do łagodnych i ciężkich zapaleń dróg oddechowych. Do grupy drobnoustrojów występujących jako czynnik etiologiczny bakteryjnych zakażeń układu oddechowego, oprócz licznie występujących pałeczek Gram (-), zalicza się drobnoustroje Gram (+), a wśród nich Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae i Streptococcus pyogenes. W ostatnich latach obserwowany jest wzrost oporności drobnoustrojów, izolowanych z zakażeń, na wiele antybiotyków. Celowa stała się zatem analiza chorobotwórczych gatunków drobnoustrojów Gram (+), a także profili ich oporności w ciągu 5 lat.Materiał i metodyOcenie poddano 3810 wyników badań bakteriologicznych plwociny i popłuczyn oskrzelowych, które pobrano od pacjentów hospitalizowanych w Klinice Chorób Płuc i Gruźlicy Samodzielnego Publicznego Szpitala Klinicznego Nr 3 w Zabrzu. Badania przeprowadzono w Laboratorium Mikrobiologicznym Katedry i Zakładu Mikrobiologii i Immunologii w Zabrzu Śląskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Katowicach.WynikiWyhodowano 1263 szczepy bakterii chorobotwórczych, w tym 445 szczepów pałeczek Gram (+), które stanowiły 35,2% ogólnej liczby bakterii patogennych. Patogenem dominującym w grupie bakterii Gram (+) uzyskanym z plwocin i popłuczyn oskrzelowych w ciągu 5 lat był S. aureus MSSA. Drobnoustroje Gram (+) w latach 2008–2012 wykazały najwyższy odsetek oporności w stosunku do tetracyklin, następnie do makrolidów, sulfonamidów, trimetoprymu i linkozamidów. Odsetek oporności w stosunku do chinolonów i aminoglikozydów kształtował się na podobnym poziomie. Alarmowe drobnoustroje Gram (+) wykazały najwyższy odsetek oporności w ciągu 5 lat w stosunku do makrolidów i linkozamidów.

Background The current public health problem is the increasing bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Microorganisms isolated from infections are more often non-susceptible to most available drugs. The microorganisms producing resistance mechanisms have been classified as so called alert pathogens. Methods We performed a total number of 3810 tests of bronchoalveolar lavage and sputum of patients hospitalized for respiratory diseases at the Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Tuberculosis at Public Clinical Hospital No 3 in Zabrze (Poland). The research was performed in the microbiological laboratory of the Department of Microbiology and Immunology in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. The analysis included Gram-positive and Gram-negative alert species strains. Results In the period of five years, 144 strains of alert microorganisms have been isolated. The percentage of Gramnegative alert pathogens producing ESBL and KPC increased. MRSA, Steptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes have been found to be the most often present among Gram-positive alert microorganisms. The lowest value of cultured alert pathogens (3.9%) was noted in 2008, whereas the highest (16.5%) in 2011. Gram-positive alert microorganisms showed resistance to macrolides and lincosamides, however, Gram-negative alert microorganisms showed the highest percentage of resistance to penicillins, penicillins with inhibitors and cephalosporins. Conclusions Our work has shown that over the period 2008–2012 an increased percentage of Gramnegative and Gram-positive alert microorganisms was observed.

Soft liner materials in oral cavity environments are easily colonized both by fungi and dental plaque. These factors are the cause of mucosal infections. The microorganism that most frequently colonizes soft liner materials is Candida albicans. Colonization occurs on the surface of materials and within materials. A solution to this problem might involve modification of soft liner materials with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). In this article, we present results showing the antifungal efficacy of silicone soft lining materials modified with AgNPs. The modification process was conducted by dissolving both material components (base and catalyst) in a colloidal solution of AgNPs and evaporating the solvent. Composites with various AgNP concentrations (10, 20, 40, 80, 120 and 200 ppm) were examined. The in vitro antifungal efficacy (AFE) of composite samples was 16.3% to 52.5%.

One of the methods of sewage sludge disposal, which is based on its fertilizing properties, is its use in nature, e.g. in farming (if all the permissible standards are met). However, the sludge used for soil fertilization might also contain heavy metals, pathogenic microorganisms, thus causing contamination in soil foundation and deterioration of the conditions for development of indigenous organisms. Particular threat is posed by the exi st ence of drug-resistant microorganisms in sewage sludge. This problem has not been researched in detail yet. The authors of the present study aimed to determine qualitative changes in drug-resistant microorganisms in sandy soil fertilized with selected sewage sludge. Sewage sludge after different types of drying process (natural and solar) was added to the degraded sandy soil. The effect of the methods of sewage sludge drying on concentration of drug-resistant microorganisms in soil fertilized with the sludge was analysed. The study demonstrated that sewage sludge dried naturally in drying beds pose threat to soil environment and, potentially, to people and animals which have contact with fertilized soils. In sandy soils fertilized with these types of sewage sludge, pathogenic forms which exhibit resistance to first-line antibiotics can be found.