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La preocupación por el cuerpo y los estereotipos asociados a la actividad física que transmiten las aplicaciones y el software digital es un fenómeno sustancial pero poco investigado. En el presente estudio, se muestra la validación del proceso de adaptación inicial de un instrumento de medida y de los ítems de la escala, denominado REICAF (Representación de Estereotipos sobre la Imagen Corporal y la Actividad Física), que analiza los estereotipos corporales y de actividad física asociados a las imágenes que aparecen en las Apps y software de carácter deportivo. Se utilizó una metodología descriptiva-transversal siguiendo el protocolo Delphi. La elaboración y validación del instrumento se llevó a cabo gracias a la revisión, tres rondas iterativas realizadas por un panel de seis expertos y al posterior pilotaje del instrumento. La consistencia interna y la confiabilidad de la herramienta reportaron valores muy altos (α=.926), mostrando valores de K≥.626 en todos los ítems. Este estudio concluye que la herramienta puede ser utilizada por docentes e investigadores y creadores de software para adquirir un juicio crítico sobre los estereotipos mencionados. Palabras clave: alfabetización visual, estereotipos de género, estereotipos corporales, formación docente, instrumentos de evaluación, técnica Delphi. Abstract. The concern for the body and the stereotypes associated with the physical activity transmitted by digital applications introduced by teachers to energize teaching is a substantial topic, although it has been little researched. This study shows the validation of the initial adaptation process of a measuring instrument and the items of the scale, called ‘REICAF’ (Stereotypes of Body Image and Physical Activity), to analyse the body and physical activity stereotypes associated with the images that appear in Physical Activity Apps and software. We used a descriptive-cross-sectional methodology through Delphi technique, with the participation of a panel of 6 experts (n=6). The elaboration and validation of the instrument was carried out after two rounds of the analysis by the panel of experts and the piloting of the questionnaire. The internal consistency and reliability of the tool reported very high values (α=.926), thus showing values of K≥.626 in all items. This study concludes that the tool can be used for teachers and researchers and software creators to acquire critical judgment about the mentioned stereotypes. Keywords: evaluation instruments, questionnaire, body stereotypes, gender stereotype, values, teacher training, Delphi technique.

El objetivo del trabajo que se presenta fue evaluar el efecto de un programa de intervención de Aprendizaje-Servicio de ejercicio físico concurrente “Pilates y juegos de socialización” sobre la Condición Física (Fuerza y Flexibilidad de los miembros superiores e inferiores, Agilidad y Capacidad Cardiorrespiratoria), Calidad de Vida relacionada con la salud (Función Física, Rol Físico, Dolor Corporal, Salud General, Vitalidad, Función Social, Rol Emocional, Salud Mental) y la felicidad subjetiva (midiendo cuatro ítems) de personas adultas-mayores. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 41 mujeres (Edadmedia=82,03), 21 de ellas pertenecían al grupo control (no activas) (Edadmedia=80,73; DT=7,96) y las otras 20 adultas-mayores formaban el grupo experimental (Edadmedia=83,30; DT=8,87) o grupo de activas, ya que llevaron a cabo el programa de ejercicio físico durante diez semanas con una frecuencia de 2 sesiones por semana. El estudio fue cuasi experimental. Los resultados reflejan que el programa de Aprendizaje-Servicio sobre ejercicio físico indujo mejoras significativas en el grupo experimental en los componentes de la condición física y en la salud mental. Sin embargo, no se observaron mejoras significativas en las variables que evaluaban la funcionalidad corporal, la felicidad percibida y la salud general. Por esta razón, se sugiere que futuras líneas de investigación podrían tener por objeto analizar qué métodos son los óptimos para favorecer mejoras significativas en las variables estudiadas en este trabajo, en poblaciones similares, debido a que el programa utilizado sobre Pilates y dinámicas de Socialización ha resultado insuficiente en este sentido. Abstract.The aim of this work was to assess the effect of a concurrent Service-Learning intervention program “Pilates and socializing games” on the Physical Condition (Force and Flexibility of the higher and lower limbs, Agility and Cardiorespiratory capacity), Health related Quality of Life (Physical Function, Physical Role, Body Pain, General Health, Vitality, Social Function, Emotional Role, Mental Health) and subjective happiness (measuring four items) of older adults. The sample was formed by a group of 41 women (mean age= 82.03). 21 of them belonged to the control group (not active) (mean age= 80.73, SD= 7.96) and the other 20 older-adults formed the experimental group (mean age= 83.30, SD= 8.87) or active group, since they carried out the physical exercise program during ten weeks with a frequency of 2 sessions per week. This study was quasi experimental. The results show that the Service Learning program of physical exercise induced significant improvements in the components of physical condition and in mental health. However, no significant improvements were observed in the variables that evaluated the body functionality, perceived happiness and general health. For this reason, future research could aim at investigating the optimal methods to favour significant improvements in similar populations in the studied variables in this work, due to the fact that the program used on Pilates, as well as the dynamic for socialization has proven insufficient results in this regard.

This study aimed to examine the acute changes in dynamic balance Postural Control experienced by children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) who undertook a 6-month extracurricular Service-Learning Physical Education (PE) program. The study used a quasi-experimental design with 23 participants divided into an experimental group and a control group. Limits of Stability protocol was used to measure the children’s postural control. The results showed that the experimental group achieved statistically significant improvements. To conclude, this study provides substantial input about how extracurricular PE activities aimed at developing the general motor proficiency of ASD children can improve their dynamic balance.

Endurance exercise induces notable acute hormonal responses on the gonadal and adrenal hormones. The purpose of this study was to assess the changes in salivary testosterone (Ts), salivary cortisol (Cs) and T/C ratio during long-distance triathlon. Ten well-trained male triathletes participated in the study and were assessed for hormonal changes at four time-points (pre-competition, post-swimming, post-cycling, and post-running phases). Ts decreased from pre-competition to post-swimming (from 93.37 pg/mL to 57.63 pg/mL; p

Active and democratic citizenship promotion has become a critical challenge for higher education, and civic engagement is a fundamental axis not only in education but also in fostering democratic systems. Consequently, teacher educators held a prominent role through their own teaching practices to generate contexts promoting critical thinking, skills and attitudes. The aim of this study was to analyze the learning related to the political dimension developed by pre-service teachers (n = 123) after participating in a Service-Learning program through physical education with children at risk or/and student with educational needs. This research followed a qualitative research approach and we based the analysis of reflective diaries on Gorham’s (2005) categories regarding political learning: Critical political thinking, Interest in politics, Deliberation and Political judgment. The findings show a development in learning such as civic attitudes, critical political thinking, awareness of social justice problems, increased civic compromise and responsibility. The Service-Learning program, therefore, may have been an adequate option to develop pre-service teachers’ learning related to a political perspective. Therefore, these findings let us understand how Service-Learning may foster equity and social justice among future teachers., Universitat Jaume I UJI-A2019-01 PREDOC/2016/5 03/UPB/20

Early pioneer species share life histories enabling them to colonize disturbed sites, but how much they differ demographically and how such differentiation determines pioneer species turnover during succession are still open questions. Here, we approached these issues by comparing the demography of dominant pioneer tree species during the secondary succession of tropical rainforest in Southeast Mexico. We assessed changes in population density, population structure, vital rates and intrinsic population growth rate (r) of the pioneer species Trema micrantha, Cecropia peltata and Trichospermum mexicanum during the first 35 years of succession. For this, we combined chronosequence and long-term (from 2000 to 2018) data from 14 abandoned cornfields with 0.5–35 years fallow age. Trema colonized and disappeared first during succession (31). All species exhibited hump-shaped successional trajectories of population density and biomass with Trema reaching a peak first, followed by Cecropia and later Trichospermum. Species exhibited a fast reduction in r with fallow age, with Trema reaching negative growth rates (r < 0) in the third, Cecropia in the fourth, and Trichospermum in the seventh year of succession. Recruitment, growth and mortality rates of seedlings and juveniles defined the period of population increase and the age of succession at which each species reached maximum density and biomass. The mortality rate in mature stages determined how long each species persisted during succession. An important variation in species replacement occurred among study sites. In some sites, one species was abundant and the others were almost absent, while it was the opposite in other sites. We inferred that priority inhibitory effects operated among species during the field colonization. Synthesis. Although Trema, Cecropia and Trichospermum are considered typical pioneer trees, these species differed importantly in their demographic attributes during succession. The speed at which r declined with age of succession indicated the moment at which each species reached its maximum density and species replacement sequence during succession. However, inter-specific priority inhibitory effects during field colonization may also be involved in the chance of colonization and replacement between species with similar regeneration strategies.

This study analyzes the strategy used by the best male runners who participated in one of the major city marathons (Frankfurt Marathon, 2008-2018), the all-time performances

During improvisation in movement, the creativity, emotional and perceptual responses depend on each individual. This study aims to analyse the individuals’ performance topics, feelings and response to a specific one-minute classical-style dance improvisation with the given constraint of “magic shoes”. The sample was formed by 65 students of the Teacher Training Master degree, who wrote down in a diary comments referring to sensations, emotions, attitudes, challenges and cognition after one minute of body expression improvising performance. The performance topics were specially addressed to the inability to perform physical activities that they overcame along their performance. Their diaries also reported their shyness and an open mind to discover new people once they changed their way of thinking, especially when getting closer to others, while other students referred to sensations such as passing from sadness to happiness, shyness to openness, and the attitude of overcoming an obstacle with the help of their classmates. When putting this into practice, it is suggested that task constraints may increase the movement possibilities during body expression, but also the deeper cognitive involvement of the students, such as the negotiations of their own boundaries. Resumen. Durante la improvisación en movimiento, las respuestas creativas, emocionales y perceptivas dependen de cada individuo. Este estudio tiene por objeto analizar en la muestra participante los temas de actuación, sentimientos y la respuesta a una improvisación de danza de estilo clástico durante un minuto, con la restricción dada de “zapatillas mágicas”. La muestra estuvo formada por 65 estudiantes del Máster de Formación en Profesorado, quienes anotaron en un diario comentarios referidos a sensaciones, emociones, actitudes, desafíos y cognición tras la realización de una improvisación de una actuación durante un minuto de expresión corporal. Los temas de desempeño fueron especialmente dirigidos a la incapacidad para realizar actividades físicas que superaron a lo largo de un desafío. Sus diarios también relataron su timidez, su cambio de mente para descubrir nuevas personas una vez cambiada su forma de pensar, especialmente al acercarse a los demás, mientras otros estudiantes se refirieron a sensaciones como el paso de la tristeza a la alegría, la timidez a la apertura de actitud, así como la superación de obstáculos con la ayuda de compañeros. Entre las implicaciones prácticas, sugerimos que las restricciones de la tarea pueden aumentar las posibilidades del movimiento durante las sesiones de expresión corporal, así como la participación más cognitiva del alumnado, así como la negociación de sus propios límites.

Patios divertidos fue un proyecto de Aprendizaje Servicio desarrollado con el fin de fomentar las relaciones interpersonales de un grupo de alumnado de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO). De este modo, estudiantado del ciclo superior en Técnico en Animación de Actividad Físicas y Deportivas (TAFAD) pudo aplicar contenidos curriculares trabajados a la vez que atendía una necesidad social. Este artículo tiene por objeto presentar dicha experiencia y analizar las visiones de los agentes implicados en referencia a los efectos generados sobre las dimensiones de socialización, amistad, utilidad, conflictos y aprendizaje. A través de un paradigma de investigación cualitativo de carácter descriptivo-exploratorio se analizaron las 13 entrevistas realizadas (1 docente, 6 a alumnado de ESO y 6 alumnado de TAFAD). Se concluye que el proyecto realizado ha cumplido con los objetivos: mejorar los procesos de socialización, integración e inclusión del alumnado de ESO, así como la formación integral del alumnado de TAFAD. Patios divertidos (“Engaging recesses”) was a Service-Learning project aimed at improving social relationships among a group of secondary school students (ESO). By means of this project, students of a higher-level training course in Sporting and Physical Activities (TAFAD in Spanish) were able to apply curricular contents while attending a social need. The objective of this paper is to present this experience and analyse the views of the participants regarding its effects on the following dimensions: socialisation, friendship, utility, conflicts and learning. We used a descriptive-exploratory qualitative approach in order to analyse 13 interviews (1 teacher, 6 ESO students and 6 TAFAD students). We conclude that the project has achieved its objectives: to improve ESO students’ socialisation, integration and inclusion, as well as promote the integral development of TAFAD students.

This study aims to analyse the Physical Activity(PA) levels of a group of children with ASD and explore certain socio-ecological variables that may be correlated with these levels. The participants of this cross-sectional study were 20 boys and 5girls with ASD, aged between 4 and 14 years. A socio-demographic questionnaire was designed expressly to obtain socio-demographic data, and PA levels were measured with a triaxial accelerometer (ActiGraph, wGT3X-BT).After performing a descriptive analysis, we analysed the relationship between the variables through Spearman correlations and performed the Kruskal Wallis test to compare the results of moderate, vigorous and very vigorous PA according to the following factors: age, gender, PA of their parents or tutors, curricular adaptations, medication, number of siblings, attention deficit, impulsiveness hyperactivity, inattentive-ness, inability to achieve success, movement difficulties, learning difficulties and fearfulness. Finally, we performed logarithmic 4th-order regression analysis for the practice of moderate-intensity activity according to the participants’ age. The findings show that variables in the individual domain (i.e. gender, age, co-morbidity/features of ASD and curricular adaptations) and family domain (i.e. presence of siblings and parents’ PA) may be related to the PA levels of ASD children. This investigation shows the importance of considering socio-demographic aspects in children with ASD in order to promote healthy and active lifestyles.

Las emociones, la inteligencia emocional y la competencia socioemocional son algunos de los contenidos transversales que podemos desarrollar desde la Educación Física escolar. El juego motor es una fuente de estímulos y vivencias que favorece el desarrollo de las estructuras físicas y cerebrales que el alumnado de Primaria utilizará en su presente y futuro. El objeto de este estudio fue analizar las estrategias utilizadas para la resolución de conflictos tras la puesta en práctica de un programa de intervención denominado “Siente Jugando”, haciendo uso de la metodología Aprendizaje Servicio. La muestra estuvo formada por 93 participantes de Educación Primaria Obligatoria (EPO), de edades comprendidas entre los 6-8 años (41% chicas, 59% chicos) (48% de primer curso y 52% de segundo) y 50 participantes universitarios del segundo curso de Educación Infantil, quienes pusieron en práctica juegos que habían elaborado previamente para desarrollar los contenidos socioemocionales. Cada grupo desarrollaba las 6 emociones básicas y las 5 variables de la competencia (reconocimiento de emociones, autoconcepto, resolución de conflictos, conducta prosocial-altruista y empatía) durante 16 sesiones de 45 minutos (2 sesiones por semana). En los resultados, observamos un aumento significativo en el número de estrategias directas (p≤.000) e indirectas (p≤.000) tras la intervención. Sin embargo, aunque no encontramos diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el número de estrategias agresivas, a efectos prácticos sí observamos una disminución en los mismos, que repercutió en un aumento de aquellas directas e indirectas. Emotions, emotional intelligence and socio-emotional competence are some of the transversal contents that we can develop in Primary Education, in the subject of Physical Education. The motor game is a source of stimuli and experiences that encourages the development of physical and cerebral structures that the primary learning students will use in their present and future. The purpose of this study was to analyze the strategies used for the resolution of conflicts after putting into practice an intervention program called “Feel while Playing”, through the use of Service Learning methodology. The sample was formed by 93 participants of Compulsory Primary Education, aged between 6-8 years (41% girls, 59% boys) (48% of first grade and 52% of second grade) and 50 college Second year of Early Childhood Education, who put into practice games that had been previously elaborated to develop socio-emotional contents. Each group developed the 6 basic emotions and the 5 competence variables (recognition of emotions, self-concept, conflict resolution, prosocial-altruistic behavior and empathy) during 16 sessions of 45 minutes (2 sessions per week). In the results, we observed a significant increase in the number of direct (p≤.000) and indirect (p≤.000) strategies after the intervention. However, despite the fact that we did not find statistically significant differences in the number of aggressive strategies, we observed a decrease in them, which resulted in increased direct and indirect ones.

Studies on football have gone from analysing technical and physiological aspects and assessing individual and collective behavioural elements to evaluating contextual variables that affect the development of the game. The objective of this study was to identify the strategic use of some technical variables to explain the defensive behaviour of the team or the players (as a group or individually) through the duels and recoveries that occur during the game. A team at the highest level of the first division of Spanish football (La Liga or Santander League) was studied throughout the 38 matches of the 2017/18 season. Principal component analysis was used to better identify the variables of the most important components that have the greatest influence on the two principal components. The results allow the defensive profile to be defined from a large number of official matches played by the same team. Variations in this game parameter depending on whether the match is played at home or away and the roles that are usually attributed to each player for each area of the field or each player’s technical characteristics are thus detected. Establishing performance profiles based on technical indicators using principal component analysis could be used to understand the individual and/or group performance of the team and thus manage the optimisation in competition of both the team itself and opponent teams.

This work proposes a neurocognitive training (NCT) programme that seeks to optimise the mechanisms of visual perception, the processing of information and decision making. Also, to evaluate the eff...

Wetland seedlings, in addition to dealing with the effects of flooding, must gain access to sunlight and avoid herbivore damage in order to establish. Understanding the effects of environmental factors on seedling growth and how plants modify their functional traits in response to them, is a challenge of wetland ecology. We evaluated the effects of different conditions of soil flooding (flooded and mesic), sunlight (closed and no canopy) and herbivory (presence and absence) on the survival, growth, and morphological traits of Annona glabra and Pachira aquatica seedlings, two dominant woody species of Neotropical swamps. We had eight experimental treatments with five replicates each. Our results showed that the survival of both species was high and was not affected by soil flooding, sunlight and herbivory. However, these factors affected plant growth rates. In general, the highest growth rates were observed in the treatment with high sunlight, mesic soil and herbivore exclusion. Both species displayed higher leaf biomass allocation under closed than under no canopy. Furthermore, under closed canopy conditions both species produced relatively more slender and taller stems, which may allow them to intercept light more efficiently. Also, both species showed low belowground biomass allocation in flooded soils, probably as a consequence of a high anoxic condition. Our results confirmed that soil flooding, sunlight and herbivory are important factors that influence the growth patterns of A. glabra and P. aquatica seedlings, but they do not affect seedling survival. This information may help resource managers to identify high-quality sites that deserve to be protected. Also, the knowledge on species responses to different environmental conditions may be useful in restoration programs for tropical swamp forests.

Este estudio se enmarca en un proyecto de I+D+i sobre la formación del profesorado de Español como lengua materna y extranjera en la didáctica de la argumentación informal implicada en el comentario de texto, el cual ha sido patrocinado por el Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad del Gobierno de España. El objetivo general de la presente investigación consiste en profundizar en las demandas de formación y de materiales didácticos por parte de este profesorado para el desarrollo de la argumentación informal en el comentario de texto. La investigación se centra en una metodología cualitativa de diseño interpretativo-fenomenológico para explorar los significados que explican las demandas aludidas, por medio del instrumento de la entrevista realizada a 34 docentes, que han sido seleccionados como informantes clave en atención a su perfil y experiencia profesional. El proceso de análisis se ha llevado a cabo mediante la reducción de la información obtenida en un mapa de significados, a través de un sistema inductivo de categorización y codificación de los datos realizado por el programa de análisis cualitativo Atlas.ti 7. Finalmente, el diálogo propiciado a través de las entrevistas ha revelado argumentos de gran interés sobre las demandas de formación y de materiales didácticos que este profesorado formula con razones causales y con la voluntad de autentificar su desarrollo profesional competente en didáctica de la argumentación informal en el comentario de textos. This study is part of an R+D+i project on the training of teachers of Spanish as a first and foreign language in the didactics of informal argumentation involved in text commentary, which was sponsored by the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness of the Government of Spain. The general aim of this research consists of delving into the demands of training and teaching materials for the development of informal argumentation when doing text commentary. The research adopts a qualitative methodology with an interpretative-phenomenological design in order to explore the meanings that explain the aforementioned demands. 34 teachers were selected, and later interviewed, as key informants according to their profile and professional experience. Data analysis was conducted by means of the reduction of the information obtained in a map of meanings, through an inductive system of data categorisation and codification carried out with the qualitative analysis program Atlas.ti 7. Finally, the dialogue fostered through the interviews revealed arguments of great interest regarding the demands of training and teaching materials, which these teachers formulate with causal reasons and with the will to authenticate their competent professional development in the didactics of informal argumentation in text commentary Cette étude est encadrée par un projet de I+D+i quant à la formation du professorat d’espagnol comme langue maternelle et étrangère en didactique de l’argumentation non-formelle impliquée dans le commentaire de texte. Cette étude a été soutenue par le Ministère de l’économie, de l’industrie et de la compétitivité du gouvernement espagnol. L’objectif principal de cette recherche consiste à approfondir les demandes en formation et en matériels didactiques de la part des professeurs, afin de développer l’argumentation non-formelle dans le commentaire de texte. Cette recherche se base sur une méthodologie qualitative de conception interprétativephénoménologique dans le but d’explorer les éléments qui expliquent les demandes mentionnées ; et ce, grâce à un entretien réalisé auprès de 34 enseignants, sélectionnés comme informateurs clé selon leur profil et leur expérience professionnelle. Le processus d’analyse a été réalisé après réduction de l’information obtenue sur une carte de sens via un système inductif de catégorisation et de codification des données, établi par le programme d’analyse qualitatif Atlas.ti 7. Finalement, le dialogue encouragé lors des entretiens a révélé des arguments de grand intérêt pour les demandes en formation et matériels didactiques. Cet ensemble de professeurs expose les motivations et la volonté de rendre authentique leur développement professionnel compétent en didactique de l’argumentation non-formelle dans le commentaire de textes.

As classrooms become more and more diverse, it is imperative to provide physical education teacher education (PETE) students with opportunities to develop competencies that promote quality education for all students. In this study, PETE students applied a physical education servicelearning (SL) program aimed at enhancing Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) children’s motor domain and general well-being—objectives that are connected to the third focus of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Traditionally, research on SL has focused on students’ outcomes, and there is a call to examine SL’s effects on service receivers, which is the gap this paper aspires to fill. The aim of this study was to measure the postural control of children with ASD who were involved in a 6-month SL program in comparison to ASD peers in a control group. A quasi-experimental design was used in which a total of 29 children with ASD participated. The results of the experimental group showed a significant improvement in the vestibular pathways, an improvement trend in the somatosensorial and visual pathways and improvements in the dynamic tests. This study provides valuable feedback about how SL programs can benefit ASD children to improve their postural control, thus contributing to the third SDG concerned with well-being promotion.

A high rate of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have impaired psychomotor development. To date, these children have had few opportunities to participate in extracurricular Physical Education programs. However, nowadays a number of intervention programs are arising with the aim of improving their motor performance. The objectives of this study were (1) to analyze the effects on motor performance of an extracurricular Physical Education program implemented in children with ASD, and (2) to examine whether certain sociodemographic variables and learning-related difficulties are associated with motor performance. a quasi-experimental design was used with 31 participants (experimental group: n = 17; 13 boys, 4 girls) (control group: n = 14; 12 boys, 2 girls) with ASD between 4 and 16 years old. On the one hand, the level of motor performance was evaluated with the Movement Evaluation Battery for Children-2nd edition (MABC-2). On the other hand, the parents provided sociodemographic information about the participants through a questionnaire. after carrying out the intervention program, the experimental group obtained statistically significant better results in the variables of manual dexterity and balance. Furthermore, the correlation analysis of sociodemographic variables and learning-related difficulties suggests that age, type of diagnosis, need for educational support, and traits such as impulsivity and hyperactivity are factors related to the motor domain of the population with ASD. The findings highlight significant improvements, showing the need to address these difficulties to stimulate and encourage the development of children with ASD from an early age. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

Introduction: The current holistic demands of the curriculum for the students’ Secondary education require further methodologies that do not only focus on the simple acquisition of physical and motor skills. The implementation of contemporary models such as the non-linear pedagogy understand the teaching-learning process as a complex and nonlinear system, in which students, group-classroom, environment and teachers interact between each other, therefore negotiating the barriers of the acquisition of motor skills. Objective: The aim of this study was to design, implement and observe the motor response to a volleyball Didactic Unit based on non-linear pedagogy principles, such as the modification of the rules, size of the game area or material used. Methods: 66 students participated in this experience (age= 14.8 ± 0.3 years old). All of them performed a self-assessment of this practice and we also collected some observations. We encouraged the students’ participation through the variability, the use of uncertainty activities, learning exploration, creativity and decision-making. Results: We observed the expected students’ motor response to the modification of constraints without giving specific instructions addressed to what they should perform. There was a high significant correlation between the knowledge of the game and the self-perception competence of the pass (r=0.366, p=0.004), the reception (r=0.266, p=0.040), serve (r=0.376, p=0.003), colocation of the body (r=0.413, p=0.001), and attack and block (r=0.267, p=0.038). . Conclusions: Through the implementation of non-linear pedagogy, we observed that the students improved their autonomy and decision making. We also observed multiple interactions among the students in order to optimize their response to the constrictions applied. Resumen. Introducción: La demanda actual desde una perspectiva holística del curriculum hacia el alumnado de Secundaria, requiere de la implementación de metodologías que no sólo tengan en cuenta la simple adquisición de habilidades motrices. La implementación de modelos contemporáneos tales como la pedagogía no-lineal entienden el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje como un Sistema complejo y no lineal, en el que alumnado, el grupo-clase, el entorno y profesorado interactúa entre sí, negociando las barreras de la adquisición de habilidades motrices. Objetivo: El objeto de este estudio fue diseñar, implementar y observar la respuesta motriz del alumnado de Secundaria a una Unidad Didáctica de voleibol impartida a través de la pedagogía no lineal, empleando la modificación de las normas, el tamaño del área de juego, o el material empleado. Metodología: 66 estudiantes participaron en esta experiencia (edad= 14.8 ± 0.3 años). Todo este alumnado llevó a cabo una auto-evaluación de su práctica, al mismo tiempo que el profesorado tomamos notas de las observaciones. Fomentamos la participación del alumnado a través de la variabilidad, la introducción de tareas dirigidas hacia la incertidumbre, la exploración del aprendizaje, creatividad y toma de decisiones. Resultados: Observamos las esperadas respuestas motrices por parte del alumnado, en respuesta a la modificación de las constricciones, aún sin haber instrucciones específicas dirigidas hacia lo que debían ejecutar. Encontramos una alta correlación significativa entre el conocimiento del juego y la auto-percepción de la competencia del pase (r=0.366, p=0.004), la recepción (r=0.266, p=0.040), el saque (r=0.376, p=0.003), la colocación del cuerpo (r=0.413, p=0.001), y el remate y bloqueo (r=0.267, p=0.038). Conclusiones: A través de la implementación de la pedagogía no lineal, observamos que el alumnado aumentó su autonomía y toma de decisiones. También observamos interacciones múltiples entre el alumnado, con el objeto de optimizar su respuesta a las constricciones aplicadas.

Background: active lifestyles and Physical Activity (PA) are closely related to health. Healthy habits such as being physically active should be consolidated during childhood. Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) present fewer opportunities to be involved in PA. For this reason, we conducted a Service-Learning (SL) program to enhance the possibility of participating ASD children enjoying PA sessions. The aim of this study was to analyze and describe the evolution in terms of the frequency and intensity of PA performed by ASD children who participated in the SL program. Methods: we used a quasi-experimental design. The sample was formed by 26 children with ASD (Experimental group: n = 16, 4 girls, 12 boys) (Control group: n = 10, 1 girl, 9 boys) with ASD level 1. Results: after the intervention program, moderate PA during the week increased significantly (Pre-Median: 92.04, Range: 35.71&ndash, 126.47 min, Post-Median: 212.67, Range: 99.75, 271.04 min) (p &le, 0.001). When comparing both groups, the tendency to do PA in the Experimental group remained more stable. Also, the improvements in moderate intensities were higher in the Experimental group after the intervention. Conclusion: a six-month SL program improved the moderate PA routines of ASD children. However, longer programs and longitudinal studies are required.

The aim of this study is to analyse frontal and lateral displacements, as well as free segment actions in a sample of 10 athletes (7 in national categories and 3 at an international level) in order...

The interactions of a Spanish football team of the Second A (10 official games) are analyzed, evaluating possible behavioral patterns that appear in a regular way in high level football. Observational methodology was used, by Polar Coordinates Analysis, to discover and evaluate the relationships generated between a considered focal behavior and the different conditioned categories, describing behavioral masses among the players. The matches were observed and recorded with an ad hoc observation instrument. The relations of dual character between the players taken as (focal behaviors) right midfielder and forward and the other players (conditioned conducts) were analyzed. The results show differences in the relationship established based on the outcome of the match. Matches that end with a favorable result, the right midfielder takes center stage, as a node of intermediation between the right centre back, left center back, left midfielder, and second striker. In these, the forward is clear receiver in the actions of completion. With the result of the unfavorable match, the connection networks change, generating a network of reciprocal interaction wider and different between the aforementioned player, right midfielder and the rest of the components, with special relation in the players that occupy the right back, left back, right centre back, right winger, left winger, second striker and forward. In these games the striker acquires a role of greater collaboration in the creation in offensive phases, participating as a node in the game network with intermediation functions. The interactions of a Spanish football team of the Second A (10 official games) are analyzed, evaluating possible behavioral patterns that appear in a regular way in high level football. Observational methodology was used, by Polar Coordinates Analysis, to discover and evaluate the relationships generated between a considered focal behavior and the different conditioned categories, describing behavioral masses among the players. The matches were observed and recorded with an ad hoc observation instrument. The relations of dual character between the players taken as (focal behaviors) right midfielder and forward and the other players (conditioned conducts) were analyzed. The results show differences in the relationship established based on the outcome of the match. Matches that end with a favorable result, the right midfielder takes center stage, as a node of intermediation between the right centre back, left center back, left midfielder, and second striker. In these, the forward is clear receiver in the actions of completion. With the result of the unfavorable match, the connection networks change, generating a network of reciprocal interaction wider and different between the aforementioned player, right midfielder and the rest of the components, with special relation in the players that occupy the right back, left back, right centre back, right winger, left winger, second striker and forward. In these games the striker acquires a role of greater collaboration in the creation in offensive phases, participating as a node in the game network with intermediation functions.

Although most vascular epiphytes are generalist, some exhibit host preferences. The latter may vary spatiotemporally driven by variation in environmental conditions. However, to our knowledge no previous studies have evaluated this variation. The aim of this study was to analyze variation in host preferences and population structures in the endangered bromeliad Tillandsia carlos-hankii in two pine-oak forests which differ in environmental conditions, tree composition and community structure. Our questions were: i) does Tillandsia carlos-hankii prefer certain host species over others?; ii) does this preference vary between sites?; iii) how does population structure vary between hosts species and sites? The two sites chosen were an east-facing (INE) and a west-facing slope (CNW). The tree community was sampled within an area of 0.1 ha at each site. Preferred host species were identified using two criteria: a) the degree of colonization; and b) the probability of colonization. In addition, population size-structure on each colonized tree was evaluated to compare between sites and host species. The results showed that almost every tree in the community was colonized by this bromeliad. At both sites Quercus rugosa was a preferred host species, while Q. laurina and Mirsyne juergensenii were preferred at INE but limiting at CNW. In turn, Pinus teocote was limiting at both sites. The percentage of small trees that were colonized depended on species identity. Population structures differed between sites and host species. Thus, both host preferences and local population behavior vary spatially given the differential conditions associated with the two sites.

Objective: Changes in pacing rhythm are translated into functional and metabolic changes that can be significantly reflected in the final results of an athlete. Method: Ten male subjects, with moderate performance level (age: 25.2 ± 2.2 years; VO2max: 56.9 ± 5.7 ml kgâ1 minâ1), performed four 5-min races with different pacing strategies: constant-pace (CP), record-pace (RP), kicker-pace (KP), incremental-pace (IP). Results: The cardio-respiratory response did not show statistically significant. There were statistically significant differences (p â¤Â 0.05) in the energetic efficiency among the protocols CP vs. RP, CP vs. KP and RP vs. IP. When results were analyzed by partials (1-min duration phases), significant differences were observed in the energetic efficiency during the 3rd-min among CP vs. KP, RP vs. KP and KP vs. IP. These significant differences were extended to the 4th-min when comparing CP vs. IP, CP vs. KP, KP vs. RP and KP vs. IP. In the last minute of the test, there were significant differences among CP vs. KP. No significant differences were found in any of the variables assessing anaerobic metabolism (accumulated oxygen deficit, oxygen debt, oxygen uptake kinetics and blood lactate) between both protocols. Conclusions: Results suggest that the main functional systems response are significantly affected by the pacing strategy used by middle-level subjects during middle-distance running. Resumen: Objetivo: Los cambios en el ritmo de carrera se traducen en cambios funcionales y metabólicos que pueden reflejarse significativamente en los resultados finales de un atleta. Método: Diez sujetos varones, con un nivel medio (edad: 25.2 ± 2.2 años; VO2max: 56.9 ± 5.7 mlkgâ1minâ1), llevaron a cabo carreras de 5 minutos con diferentes estrategias: ritmo constante (RC), ritmo récord (RR), ritmo kicker (RK) y ritmo incremental (RI). Resultados: La respuesta cardiorespiratoria no mostró diferencia estadísticamente significativa. Hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas (pâ¤0.05) en la eficiencia energética entre los protocolos CP vs. RP, CP vs. KP and RP vs. IP. Cuando los resultados se analizaron por parciales (fases de un minuto de duración), se observaron diferencias significativas en le eficiencia energética durante el tercer minuto entre RC vs. RK, RR vs. RK y RK vs. RI. Estas diferencias significativas se extendieron al cuarto minuto cuando se compararon RC vs. RI, RC vs. RK, RK vs. RR y RK vs. RI. En el último minuto del test, hubo diferencias significativas entre RC vs. RK.No se encontraron diferencias significativas en ninguna de las variables que valoran el metabolismo anaeróbico (déficit de oxígeno, deuda de oxígeno, cinética del consumo de oxígeno y lactato en sangre) entre ambos protocolos. Conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren que la respuesta de los principales sistemas funcionales se ve afectada significativamente por la estrategia de carrera empleada por un grupo de sujetos de nivel intermedio durante una carrera de media distancia. Resumo: Objetivo: Alterações no ritmo de corrida se traduzem em mudanças funcionais e metabólicas que podem ser refletidas de forma significativa nos resultados finais de um atleta. Método: Dez indivíduos do sexo masculino, com nível de desempenho moderado (idade: 25.2 ± 2.2 anos; VO2máx: 56.92 ± 5.7 ml · kg-1 · min-1), realizaram quatro corridas de 5 minutos com diferentes estratégias de corrida: velocidade constante, velocidade recorde, velocidade kicher e velocidade incrementada. Resultados: A resposta cardiorrespiratória não demostrou estatisticamente significativa. Houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas (pâ¤0.05) na eficiência energética entre os protocolos CP vs. RP, CP vs. KP and RP vs. IP, quando os resultados foram analisados por parciais (1 min de duração). Foram observadas diferenças significativas na eficiência energética durante o 3°-min entre CP vs. KP, RP vs. KP e KP vs. IP. Estas diferenças significativas foram estendidas para o 4°-min na comparação CP vs. IP, CP vs. KP, CP vs. KP, KP vs. RP e KP vs. IP. No último minuto do teste, houve diferenças significativas entre CP vs. KP. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas em nenhuma das variáveis que avaliam o metabolismo anaeróbico (déficit de oxigênio acumulado, débito de oxigênio, cinética do consumo de oxigênio e lactato no sangue) entre ambos os protocolos. Conclusões: Os resultados sugerem que as principais respostas dos sistemas funcionais são afetadas significativamente pela estratégia de corrida usado por indivíduos de nível médio durante a meia-corrida de longa distância. Keywords: Resistance test, Metabolic response, Cardio-respiratory response, Mechanic response, Students, Palabras clave: Test de resistencia, Respuesta metabólica, Respuesta cardiorespiratoria, Respuesta mecánica, Estudiantes, Palavras-chave: Teste de resistência, Resposta metabólica, Resposta cardiorrespiratória, Resposta mecânica, Estudantes

Background: Reproductive traits are features of a species’ biology that may determine its rarity, as they affect its genetic diversity and structure, as well as its population dynamics. Study species: The rare and threatened species Furcraea parmentieri , whose distribution is limited to the Trans-Mexican volcanic belt. Questions: How is the reproductive phenology of F. parmentieri ? Does flower morphology vary between individuals? Does it produce nectar? Which animals visit its flowers? Is it self-compatible? Do the seeds originated via different pollination treatments show differences in their germinability? Study sites and dates: We studied the F. parmentieri from 2007 to 2008, at El Xitle volcano (altitude: 2800 – 3100 m; pine-oak forest), in the south of Mexico City. Methods: Reproductive phenology was recorded through fortnightly visits to the study site. Flowers were collected, flower visitors were recorded and nectar production was measured. An experiment was done which included four treatments: autonomous pollination, geitonogamy, cross pollination, and a control. We measured seed set, fruit set and seed germination in each treatment. Results: Inflorescences started in January and flowering finished in May. Fruit maturation took from May to November. Nectar production was negligible. Flowers were visited by hawkmoths and hummingbirds. Fruit set was very low (ca. 5 %) and we observed self-incompatibility. Conclusions: Fucraeae parmentieri presents a low fruit set due to pollinator limitation. However the population seems to be thriving. The main threat faced by this species is the high land-use change rate along its distribution range, as well as climate change.

Furcraea parmentieri (Roezl ex Ortgies) Garcia-Mend. is a long-lived, semelparous threatened species with a restricted geographic distribution. We studied the demography of this species in southwest of Mexico City using periodic matrices. We followed the fate of 404 individuals (in 2006–2007) and performed seed germination and seedling establishment experiments in the field (in 2007–2008) to estimate survival, growth and reproduction probabilities of individuals in eight size categories, according to plant height. Population structure was characterized by a high number of saplings, as well as medium and large plants. We built three annual matrices that described the demography in different phases of the population cycle: regular years (RG) characterized by low fecundity and low adult mortality; mast-seeding years (MS) with low seedling emergence and high adult mortality (related to semelparity); and post mast-seeding years (PS) with a high emergence of seedlings and bulbils. Periodic matrices were built simulating three scenarios, which consisted of mast-seeding events occurring every 5, 10, or 15 years. Finite population growth rates (λ) were 1.03 (RG year), 0.99 (MS year), and 1.25 (PS year). The long term population growth rate values projected over a 90 year period (estimated on an annual basis) were higher as the frequency of mast-seeding events increased. We estimated that individuals reproduce at an age of 60–90 years and that most new recruits originate via sexual reproduction. Although the population has a potential for growth, its persistence may be threatened due to land use change.

A total of 852 adolescents between 12 and 17 years of age were evaluated (M = 14.86, SD = 1.67), randomly selected among a population of secondary school and Baccalaureate students. We applied an &ldquo, ad hoc&rdquo, questionnaire on sociodemographic data and the Self-Report of Reasons for the Practice of Physical Exercise (AMPEF) and Self-Report of Barriers to the Practice of Physical Exercise (ABPEF) questionnaires. The results obtained show a prevalence of competition, social recognition, and challenge as motivational factors, and fatigue or laziness as barriers to physical exercise among adolescents. With respect to gender, boys show a greater presence of motivations towards doing physical exercise, while girls show more barriers. In conclusion, the motivational factors and barriers interact and support each other for a better predisposition towards physical exercise.

Background Numerous studies have reported a gradual decline in the practice of physical exercise with age, confirming high dropout rates in the adolescent period. The aim of this study was to investigate the motivation or barriers that lead to greater or lesser adherence to physical exercise among children and adolescents. Methods In this study, 1,081 individuals volunteered to participate [239 children (age: 10.89 ± .66 years) and 842 adolescents (age: 14.9 ± 1.75 years)]. For this purpose, we used the Self-Report on Motivation for Exercising (AMPEF) and Self-Report on Barriers to Exercising (ABPEF) questionnaires. Results The most significant motivational factors in the practice of physical exercise (in both children and adolescents) are competition, social recognition and challenge (t = -16.02, p < .001), prevention and positive health (t = 5.24, p < .001) and affiliation, fun and well-being (t = -19.54, p < .001), while the barriers focus on fatigue and laziness (t = -13.20, p < .001) and body image and physical-social anxiety (t = -5.71, p < .001). It is also observed that adolescents showed significantly higher motivation than children and greater presence of barriers in the practice of physical exercise. Conclusions The age is a determining variable to include in preventive and intervention programs for the practice of physical exercise.

Team sports are frequently studied by researchers. There is presumption that scoring in basketball is a random process and that can be described using the Poisson Model. Basketball is a collaboration-opposition sport, where the non-linear local interactions among players are reflected in the evolution of the score that ultimately determines the winner. In the NBA, the outcomes of close games are often decided in the last minute, where fouls play a main role. We examined 6130 NBA games in order to analyze the time intervals between baskets and scoring dynamics. Most numbers of baskets ( n ) over a time interval ( Δ T ) follow a Poisson distribution, but some (e.g., Δ T = 10 s, n > 3 ) behave as a Power Law. The Poisson distribution includes most baskets in any game, in most game situations, but in close games in the last minute, the numbers of events are distributed following a Power Law. The number of events can be adjusted by a mixture of two distributions. In close games, both teams try to maintain their advantage solely in order to reach the last minute: a completely different game. For this reason, we propose to use the Poisson model as a reference. The complex dynamics will emerge from the limits of this model.

BACKGROUND: Cluster training is being increasingly used to develop muscular power. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of short inter-repetition rest (IRR) periods on the capacity to maintain maximal levels of power output. METHODS:In afirst session, 16 active-duty soldiers performed a progressive loading test toestablish the load linked tomaximal power (optimal load, OL), and the half squat 1-repetition maximum. In Session 2, six individual sets of repetitions performed to failure (or a maximum of 20 repetitions) were conducted using the loads OL, low (LL, 15% below OL), and high (HL, 15% above OL) as quickly as possible. For each load, participants performed one set without rest between repetitions (CR, continuous repetition protocol), and another set with 6 s of rest between repetitions (IRR protocol). RESULTS: The number of repetitions participants performed before exceeding a power loss threshold of 15% were higher in the IRR versus the CR protocol by 218% (11 vs. 35), 86% (7 vs. 13), and 175% (4 vs. 11) for LL, OL, and HL, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A 6 s interval between repetitions is sufficient to induce partial recovery in participants, and could therefore improve muscle power output.

We studied the demography of two populations of Agave angustifolia , one in a preserved tropical dry forest (Xochicalco), and the other one in a pastureland area used for cattle grazing (Tembembe), to test whether populations are likely to thrive on the deteriorated habitats left after cattle ranching. Seed germination and seedling survival experiments were carried out in different natural microsites (i.e. under tree canopies and in open microsites). We built Lefkovitch matrices and carried out prospective (elasticity) and retrospective (Life Table Response Experiments) analyses for both populations. Numerical simulations were performed to project the effect of inflorescences harvest and seedling introduction. Seedling survival and seed germination were highest in Tembembe. Population growth rate was slightly higher in Tembembe (lambda =1.268) than in Xochicalco (lambda =1.208). Prospective and retrospective analyses showed that stasis and growth contributed most to population growth rate and that the differences between the two populations were accounted for a lower fecundity and stasis in Xochicalco compared to Tembembe. Simulations of inflorescence harvest showed that lambda dropped below unity only when all inflorescences were eliminated. The simulated introduction of seedlings produced a substantial rise in lambda. As the lambda values reflect thriving populations at both sites, we suggest that this species could be successfully used in restoration programs.

Este artículo presenta una revisión crítica de la literatura sobre las relaciones entre la educación lingüístico-literaria y la tecnología. El objetivo de la revisión es elucidar las experiencias de investigación relevantes sobre este tema, basándose en la hipótesis demostrada en las conclusiones de que la escritura académica, debido a su complejidad actual, debe ser trabajada necesariamente con el sustento estratégico de las nuevas tecnologías de la Sociedad del Conocimiento. Como prueba se emplea una metodología de Análisis Crítico del Discurso (ACD) para la indagación de diversas investigaciones científicas centradas en el estudio de distintas herramientas de producción digital de textos académicos útiles para el acceso y la comunicación sobre el saber científico. En suma, este análisis teórico aporta al profesorado y al alumnado universitario conocimiento actualizado de aquellos soportes digitales que han demostrado su eficacia desde un punto de vista epistémico y didáctico para contribuir al desarrollo de la competencia en escritura académica en Educación Superior. This article presents a critical review of the literature on the relationship between linguistic- literary education and technology. The aim of the foresaid review is to elucidate the relevant research experiences on this subject, based on the demonstrated hypothesis in the conclusions that academic writing, due to its current complexity, must necessarily be worked with the strategic sustenance of the new technologies of the Knowledge Society. As proof, a methodology of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is used for the investigation of diverse scientific researches focused on the study of different digital production tools of academic texts which are useful for the access to and communication about scientific knowledge. To sum up, this theoretical analysis provides lecturers and university students with up-to-date knowledge of those digital media that have been proven to be effective from an epistemic and didactic point of view to contribute to the development of the academic writing competence in Higher Education.

This study explores Spanish secondary-school language and literature teachers’ perceptions of their habits when teaching the development of informal argumentation in textual commentary. Using a qualitative methodology with an interpretive-phenomenological design to shed light on this aim, the teachers were interviewed about this question. Then, hermeneutic units were created from the reported data using a cyclical process of segmentation, codification, and conceptualization. These were analysed using the Atlas. ti program to establish comprehensive maps of the studied reality. The results of this research show that: teachers choose a variety of texts for preparing argumentative commentaries, favouring literary and journalistic ones with less interest in multimedia sources; negotiating text choice with students is problematic due to the low quality of the resources students provide; there is a tendency towards written commentary with limited oral interaction, despite teachers’ awareness of the learning benefits that speech offers in the composition, revision and evaluation process through students’ flexibility and well-founded cooperation in the learning processes. There is a strong preference for written feedback as this provides an individualised record of errors for further analysis and discursive evaluation follows guidelines and rubrics from handbooks, promoting self-evaluation and student co-evaluation with a variety of instruments. In conclusion, comparing these habits with the competence-based educational approach reveals the academicist survival of the philological canon in text selection and the cliché of commentary as an individual written practice that is more reconstructive than constructive, which hinders the democratic interest in promoting students’ critical thinking, media literacy in the classroom, and oral practices in the process of teaching informal argumentation in text commentary. Este estudio explora la percepción del profesorado de Lengua Castellana y Literatura de Educación Secundaria acerca de sus costumbres didácticas para el desarrollo de la argumentación informal en el comentario de texto. Desde una metodología cualitativa de diseño interpretativo-fenomenológico para esclarecer tal objetivo, se les ha entrevistado sobre dicha dimensión y por un procedimiento cíclico de segmentación, codificación y conceptualización, se han creado unidades hermenéuticas de los datos reportados que han sido analizados con el programa Atlas.ti a fin de establecer mapas de significado comprehensivos de la realidad estudiada. Los resultados de la investigación muestran la elección docente de textos multimodales para realizar comentarios argumentativos, con preferencia por los literarios y los periodísticos e interés menor por los multimedia; la negociación problemática con el alumnado sobre la selección textual debido a la escasa calidad de los materiales que aportan y la tendencia hacia el comentario escrito con poca interacción oral aun sabiendo el provecho formativo que la oralidad reporta al proceso de redacción, revisión y evaluación del texto en agilidad y cooperación argumentada de los aprendizajes. Predomina la corrección escrita por dejar constancia individualizada de errores para la reflexión ulterior y, su evaluación discursiva sigue guías y rúbricas de manuales alentando la autoevaluación y la coevaluación discente con instrumentos variados. En conclusión, el contraste de tales costumbres con el enfoque educativo competencial revela la pervivencia academicista del canon filológico en la selección textual y del tópico del comentario como práctica escrita individual más reconstructiva que constructiva, lo cual merma la voluntad democratizadora de empoderar al alumnado en su pensamiento crítico, la promoción de su alfabetización mediática en el aula y las prácticas orales en el proceso didáctico de la argumentación informal en el comentario de texto.