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In 2015, a range of congenital anomalies resulting from mother-to-child transmission of the zika virus emerged. Later called congenital zika syndrome (CZS), the condition includes microcephaly. Since then, around 4,000 children have been affected in 27 countries, with Brazil accounting for the largest proportion of cases. Family caregivers have also been affected. This study analyzes the literature on caregivers of children with CZS and how the disease has affected their everyday lives. We conducted an integrative review using the PubMed, Virtual Health Library, and Embase databases. Thirty-one articles were identified for analysis after screening. The findings were grouped into four categories: a) social impacts - changes in family relationships, life projects, and social life; b) subjective impacts - feelings of resilience, loneliness, grief, overburdening, fear, uncertainty, and spirituality and religion; c) economic and material impacts - loss of income, increased household expenses, change of residence, and unemployment; and d) health impacts - service unpreparedness, selflessness, self-care, changes in nutritional and sleep patterns, and mental health problems, including stress, anxiety and depression.

Resumo Analisou-se, a partir das dimensões disponibilidade-acomodação e adequação, o acesso das Pessoas com Deficiência (PcD) aos serviços de atenção especializada. Trata-se de estudo de caso de abordagem qualitativa com triangulação de fontes a partir de pesquisa documental, dados dos Sistemas de Informações em Saúde e entrevistas semiestruturadas com gestores, profissionais de saúde e PcD. Observou-se a ampliação de serviços de reabilitação no Recife, embora não tenha sido possível analisar a capacidade de produção de tais serviços. Os achados apontam para a existência de barreiras arquitetônicas e urbanísticas e insuficiência de recursos nos serviços estudados. Ademais, há um longo tempo de espera para atenção especializada e um difícil acesso às tecnologias assistivas. Pôde-se observar ainda que os profissionais têm baixa qualificação para atender às necessidades das PcD e não se tem instituído um processo de educação permanente para os trabalhadores dos diversos níveis de complexidade. Conclui-se que a instituição da Politica Municipal de Atenção Integral à Saúde da PcD não foi suficiente para garantir o acesso aos serviços de saúde com continuidade do cuidado, considerando a permanência da fragmentação da rede de atenção, ferindo, assim, o direito à saúde deste segmento.

Resumo Em 2015, um espectro de anomalias congênitas, incluindo microcefalia, acometeu recém-nascidos como resultado da transmissão vertical pelo vírus zika, posteriormente denominada síndrome congênita do zika (SCZ). Desde então, cerca de 4 mil crianças foram afetadas em 27 países, sendo o Brasil o mais atingido. Cuidadores familiares também têm sido impactados. Esse estudo analisa publicações científicas que investigam as maneiras como a doença afetou as dinâmicas de vida de cuidadores familiares de crianças com SCZ. Realizou-se uma revisão integrativa de literatura consultando as bases de dados PubMed, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde e Embase. Após as etapas de triagem, foram identificados 31 artigos. Os principais resultados foram agrupados em quatro categorias: a) impactos sociais que evidenciaram mudanças nas relações familiares, nos projetos de vida e no convívio social; b) impactos subjetivos - sentimentos de resiliência, solidão, luto, sobrecarga, medo, incerteza e relação com a espiritualidade; c) impactos econômicos e materiais - perda de renda, aumento de despesas, mudança de moradia e desemprego e d) impactos na saúde - despreparo dos serviços, renúncia do cuidado de si, modificações dos padrões nutricionais e de sono, repercussão para a saúde mental e níveis de estresse, ansiedade e depressão.

The purpose of this article is to analyse the circumstances in which the National Health Policy for Persons with Disabilities (PNSPCD) came into place in 2002 and the factors supporting or impeding its implementation from 2002 to 2018. The analysis was based on the Comprehensive Policy Analysis Model proposed by Walt and Gilson and focussed on understanding the context, process, content and actors involved in the formulation and implementation of the Policy. Data were obtained from two sources: document analysis of the key relevant documents and seven key informant interviews. Content analysis was undertaken using the Condensation of Meanings technique. The research demonstrates that the development and implementation of PNSPCD is marked by advances and retreats, determined, above all, by national and international macro-political decisions. The policy was formulated during Fernando Henrique’s governments, under pressure from social movements and the international agenda and constituted a breakthrough for the rights of persons with disabilities. However, progress on implementation only took place under subsequent centre-left governments with the establishment of a care network for people with disabilities and a defined specific budget. These developments resulted from the mobilization of social movements, the ratification of the United Nations Convention on the rights of people with disabilities and the adherence of these governments to the human rights agenda. The coming to power of ultra-right governments triggered fiscal austerity, a setback in the implementation of the care network and a weakening in the content of various social policies related to the care of people with disabilities. During this era, the political approach changed, with the attempt to evade the role of the State, and the perspective of guaranteeing social rights. Undoubtedly, the neoliberal offensive on social policies, especially the Unified Health System, is the main obstacle to the effective implementation of the PNPCD in Brazil.

Antecedentes: A pesar de que la fluoración del agua de abastecimiento público sea reconocida como una excelente medida preventiva para el control de la caries dental, se sabe que el estado de Pernambuco no realiza monitoreo sistemático de los niveles de fluoruro en sus aguas. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio es describir y analizar los niveles de fluoruro (F) en las fuentes de agua y suministro público de agua en municipios del primer macrorregión de salud de Pernambuco, con 50.000 habitantes o más. Métodos: Este es un estudio descriptivo que combina información del Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística y el Sistema Nacional de Información de Saneamiento con datos de Compañía Pernambucana de Saneamiento, el proyecto VIGIFLUOR y el Sistema de Información de Vigilancia de la Calidad del Agua para el consumo Humano. Resultados: El análisis de los datos indicó la presencia de F natural en contenidos insignificantes o mínimos en la mayoría de los municipios estudiados. Además, se encontraron tres niveles de máximo beneficio para la prevención de caries, pero esta concentración no llega a la población vía abastecimiento público. Conclusión: Los resultados demuestran que los niveles F de la red pública de abastecimiento de los trece municipios analizados no contribuyen a la protección de la población. Este enfoque destaca la necesidad de que el suministro de agua a los municipios de la 1ª macrorregión de salud sea fluorado artificialmente; y también puede ser bueno, para asegurar a la población el acceso a agua tratada y fluorada de calidad, que se establezca un mecanismo de vigilancia a través de programas de heterocontrol.

RESUMO Objetivou-se analisar a atenção especializada em saúde mental da cidade do Recife e seu processo de regulação assistencial. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, realizado por meio de análise documental, observação, entrevistas semiestruturadas e diário de campo. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram gestores e profissionais da Rede de Atenção Psicossocial e da regulação em saúde do Recife. Trabalhou-se com análise de conteúdo do tipo temática, a partir da técnica de condensação de significados. Apesar do histórico de alinhamento com a Reforma Psiquiátrica Brasileira e dos avanços nos processos de desinstitucionalização, a cobertura dos Centros de Atenção Psicossocial/tipo III é insuficiente e há fragilidades de comunicação entre os componentes da rede. Além disso, os ambulatórios de saúde mental atuam em complementaridade ao modelo manicomial. A regulação assistencial é incipiente na saúde mental e centrada no fluxo de marcação de consulta especializada, sem dispositivos de conversação entre os profissionais. Portanto, a atenção na saúde mental com suporte logístico da regulação assistencial se configura como um desafio para a gestão municipal. Por último, ressalta-se que as fragilidades na organização da rede na cidade do Recife podem, ainda, ser agravadas pela agenda antirreformista que vem instituindo mudanças na Política Nacional de Saúde Mental no Brasil. ABSTRACT The objective was to analyze the specialized mental health care in the city of Recife and its assistance regulation process. It is a qualitative study, carried out through document analysis, observation, semi-structured interviews and field diary. The research subjects were managers and professionals from the Psychosocial Care Network and health regulation in Recife. Thematic content analysis was performed, based on the condensation of meanings technique. Despite the history of alignment with the Brazilian Psychiatric Reform and the advances in deinstitutionalization processes, the coverage of the Psychosocial Care Centers/type III is insufficient and there are weaknesses in communication between the components of the network. In addition, mental health clinics are complementary to the asylum model. Assistance regulation is incipient in mental health and centered on the flow of scheduling specialized consultations, without devices for conversation between professionals. Therefore, mental health care, with logistical support for assistance regulation, is a challenge for municipal management. Finally, it is emphasized that the weaknesses in the organization of the network in the city of Recife may, still, be aggravated by the anti-reform agenda that has been instituting changes in the National Mental Health Policy in Brazil.

Resumo Partindo de uma pesquisa mais ampla sobre as vivências de mulheres negras na assistência ao período gestacional e parto, este artigo aborda alguns aspectos do racismo na rotina de atenção à mulher negra durante este ciclo. Trata-se de uma pesquisa empírica de abordagem qualitativa com mulheres e mães que se autodeclaram negras e antirracistas. Nas narrativas, os pontos apresentados envolviam, na sua maioria, estereótipos associados ao corpo negro construídos sob um imaginário social racista. Nas relações interpessoais, discursos permeados por estereótipos racistas desumanizam a mulher negra, gerando barreiras na sua saúde reprodutiva. Abstract Starting from a broader research on the experiences of black women in assisting the gestational period and childbirth, this article addresses some aspects of racism in the routine of care for black women during this cycle. This is an empirical research with a qualitative approach with women and mothers who declare themselves black and anti-racist. In the narratives, the points presented involved, for the most part, stereotypes associated with the black body constructed under a racist social imaginary. In interpersonal relationships, speeches permeated by racist stereotypes dehumanize black women, creating barriers in their reproductive health.

Resumo Objetivou-se compreender e analisar as vivências de mulheres negras acerca dos cuidados na gestação, no parto e no pós-parto. Trata-se de uma pesquisa empírica, de abordagem qualitativa. Foram entrevistadas mulheres que se autodeclaram negras ou pretas e que passaram pelos serviços públicos de saúde nos municípios de Pernambuco. As narrativas foram coletadas por meio de entrevista semiestruturada. Foi utilizada a técnica de análise de conteúdo. As narrativas discorrem sobre os temas da violência obstétrica e do racismo institucional. A interseção de eixos de opressão, como raça, classe e gênero, são determinantes nas intervenções e práticas abusivas na atenção que envolve o parto. Conclui-se que o racismo estrutural dificulta e nega o acesso das mulheres negras aos seus direitos reprodutivos. Abstract The objective was to understand and analyze the experiences of Afro-Brazilian women regarding pregnancy, delivery and postpartum care. It involves empirical research, with a qualitative approach. Women were interviewed who declared themselves black or colored and were attended in the public health services in the municipalities of the State of Pernambuco. The narratives were collected through semi-structured interviews. The Content Analysis technique was used. The narratives addressed the issues of obstetric violence and institutional racism. The intersection of levels of oppression such as race, class and gender are determinant in interventions and abusive practices in the helathcare that involves childbirth. The conclusion drawn is that structural racism hinders and denies access to black women to their reproductive rights.

Resumo A Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) é considerada imprescindível para a efetividade dos sistemas de saúde. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade da assistência prestada na APS em um município de Pernambuco. Realizou-se um estudo exploratório através da escuta a 525 usuários utilizando questionários estruturados. A avaliação da qualidade considerou as dimensões: acessibilidade, assistência clínica, relação profissional-usuário, atividades comunitárias e estrutura. Os resultados apontam para um contexto de perpetuação das vulnerabilidades sociais e o desafio em alcançar um atendimento equitativo e universal. Os principais aspectos de insatisfação foram: dificuldade de acesso a consultas e exames especializados, tempo de espera para atendimento e possibilidade de apresentar reclamações. Por outro lado, os entrevistados apresentaram-se satisfeitos com o atendimento médico e de enfermagem, principalmente quanto ao respeito, privacidade, escuta e confidencialidade. Verificou-se que apesar dos profissionais de saúde se empenharem na prestação de um atendimento humanizado, foi evidente a fragmentação do cuidado na rede estudada, o que dificulta o seguimento adequado e oportuno ao paciente, refletindo negativamente na qualidade da assistência prestada. Abstract Primary health care is an essential component of effective health systems. The aim of this study aim was to evaluate the quality of primary care in a city in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. We conducted an exploratory study with 525 service users using structured questionnaires. The quality of primary care was assessed across five dimensions: accessibility, clinical care, professional-user relations, community activities and structure. The findings point to the perpetuation of social vulnerabilities and challenges in achieving equitable universal care. Dissatisfaction rates were highest in the following categories: access to specialist appointments and exams, appointment wait time, and opportunity to make complaints. However, respondents were satisfied with medical and nursing care, particularly in relation to respect, privacy, listening and confidentiality. The findings show that, although health professionals were committed to providing humanized care, fragmentation of care is evident, hampering the provision of adequate and timely follow-up and negatively affecting the quality of care.

BackgroundThe aim of this paper is to estimate the economic burden of children with congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS) in Brazil over 5–10 years.MethodsWe conducted a modelling study based on data collected in a case–control study in Brazil, including children with CZS (cases) and typically developing children (controls), born in 2015 and 2016. In total, 484 participants were recruited in two sites, Recife and Rio de Janeiro. Social and economic information was collected in a survey from the carers of cases and controls, and detailed healthcare utilisation was recorded for each child in the Rio de Janeiro cohort prospectively in a database. We used this information to estimate the cost per child with severe, moderate and no CZS and incremental cost per child with severe and moderate versus no CZS from a disaggregated societal perspective. These estimates were incorporated into an economic burden model to estimate the incremental burden of the CZS epidemic in Brazil over 5 years and 10 years.FindingsThe societal cost per child with severe CZS was US$50 523 to 10 years of age (born in 2015 and 2016), substantially higher than the costs for moderate CZS (US$29 283) and without CZS (US$12 331). The incremental economic burden of severe versus no CZS in Brazil over 10 years was US$69.4 million from the household and US$129.0 million from the government perspective. For moderate CZS, these figures amounted to US$204.1 million and US$86.6 million. Over 10 years, 97% of the total societal economic cost of severe CZS is borne by the government, but only 46% for moderate CZS.InterpretationThe economic burden of CZS is high at the household, provider and government levels. The compensatory government payments helped to alleviate some of the additional costs incurred by families with a child qualifying for the disability benefits, and could be scaled to include the children with moderate CZS.

The congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) epidemic in Brazil turned the spotlight on many other factors beyond illness, such as poverty, gender, and inequalities in health care. Women were the emblematic subjects in this study, not only because Zika virus is a vertical transmission disease, but also because women&mdash, in Brazil and elsewhere&mdash, typically represent the primary carers of children. This is a qualitative analytic study using semi-structured interviews with 23 female family carers of children with CZS in Brazil. Through the concept of biographical disruption, we analysed some of the social impacts experienced by women involved in caring for affected children. We identified that the arrival of a child with disabilities resulted in biographical disruption similar to that experienced by people with chronic illnesses. Social support networks were configured through an alliance between women from different generations, revealing solidarity networks, but also highlighting the absence of the state in tackling these social vulnerabilities. Tracing the pathways of these biographical narratives enables us to understand how women have acted to defend the value of their disabled children in a society structured on the model of body normativity and inequality. These results may provide clues to a more inclusive society, which confronts systems of gender oppression and the sexual division of labour focused on women.

Primary health care is an essential component of effective health systems. The aim of this study aim was to evaluate the quality of primary care in a city in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. We conducted an exploratory study with 525 service users using structured questionnaires. The quality of primary care was assessed across five dimensions: accessibility, clinical care, professional-user relations, community activities and structure. The findings point to the perpetuation of social vulnerabilities and challenges in achieving equitable universal care. Dissatisfaction rates were highest in the following categories: access to specialist appointments and exams, appointment wait time, and opportunity to make complaints. However, respondents were satisfied with medical and nursing care, particularly in relation to respect, privacy, listening and confidentiality. The findings show that, although health professionals were committed to providing humanized care, fragmentation of care is evident, hampering the provision of adequate and timely follow-up and negatively affecting the quality of care.A Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) é considerada imprescindível para a efetividade dos sistemas de saúde. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade da assistência prestada na APS em um município de Pernambuco. Realizou-se um estudo exploratório através da escuta a 525 usuários utilizando questionários estruturados. A avaliação da qualidade considerou as dimensões: acessibilidade, assistência clínica, relação profissional-usuário, atividades comunitárias e estrutura. Os resultados apontam para um contexto de perpetuação das vulnerabilidades sociais e o desafio em alcançar um atendimento equitativo e universal. Os principais aspectos de insatisfação foram: dificuldade de acesso a consultas e exames especializados, tempo de espera para atendimento e possibilidade de apresentar reclamações. Por outro lado, os entrevistados apresentaram-se satisfeitos com o atendimento médico e de enfermagem, principalmente quanto ao respeito, privacidade, escuta e confidencialidade. Verificou-se que apesar dos profissionais de saúde se empenharem na prestação de um atendimento humanizado, foi evidente a fragmentação do cuidado na rede estudada, o que dificulta o seguimento adequado e oportuno ao paciente, refletindo negativamente na qualidade da assistência prestada.

RESUMO Avaliou-se a qualidade da atenção aos pacientes com diabetes nas equipes do Programa Mais Médicos. Tratou-se de um estudo quantitativo, transversal, realizado em Goiana, Pernambuco, entre novembro de 2016 e agosto de 2017. Utilizaram-se entrevistas estruturadas a partir do Primary Care Assessment Tool. Foram entrevistados 41 profissionais de Equipes de Saúde da Família ligadas ao Programa Mais Médicos e 437 usuários com Diabetes Mellitus acompanhados por essas equipes. Os achados demonstram que a presença regular dos médicos pode ter ocasionado bons resultados quanto à longitudinalidade (usuários: 7,1; profissionais: 8,2) e à utilização dos serviços (usuários: 8,5). A qualidade do componente sistema de informações (usuários: 7,6; profissionais: 9,2) indica preenchimento e disponibilidade de informações sobre pacientes. Deficiência estrutural do município pode ter contribuído para o baixo desempenho da acessibilidade (usuários: 3,6; profissionais: 3,9). Resultados insatisfatórios para orientação familiar (4,6) e comunitária (2,88), segundo usuários, reforçam a necessidade de fortalecimento desses atributos, peculiares à Estratégia Saúde da Família. Ademais, por tratar-se de um programa, existe a possibilidade de sua descontinuidade, sobretudo no cenário da Emenda Constitucional nº 95, de 2016, podendo comprometer o acesso e a continuidade dos cuidados, especialmente aos usuários com doenças crônicas que utilizam frequentemente o sistema de saúde. ABSTRACT The research evaluated the quality of care for patients with diabetes, cared for by the teams of the More Doctors Program. A quantitative, cross-sectional study was carried out in Goiana, Pernambuco, between November 2016 and August 2017. Structured interviews were used from the Primary Care Assessment Tool. 41 professionals from Family Health Teams linked to the More Doctors Program and 437 users with Diabetes Mellitus monitored by those teams were interviewed. The findings evidence that regularity in doctors’ attendance may have lead to good results regarding longitudinality (users: 7,1; professionals: 8,2) and use of services (users: 8,5). Quality regarding the information system component (users: 7,6; professionals: 9,2) indicates that data about patients were complete and available. Structural deficiencies in the municipality may have contributed to the low performance of accessibility (users: 3,6; professionals: 3,9). Poor results for family (4,6) and community (2,88) counselling, according to users, reinforce the need to strengthen these attributes, specific to the Family Health Strategy. Additionally, as it is a program, there is the possibility of its discontinuity, due to the context created by Constitutional Amendment nº 95, 2016, which may compromise access and continuity of care, especially for users with chronic diseases who frequently use the health care system.

This article investigates how hope and trust played out for two groups at the forefront of the Zika epidemic: caregivers of children with congenital Zika syndrome and healthcare workers. We conducted 76 in-depth interviews with members of both groups to examine hope and trust in clinical settings, as well as trust in public institutions, in the health system and in the government of Brazil. During and after the Zika epidemic, hope and trust were important to manage uncertainty and risk, given the lack of scientific evidence about the neurological consequences of Zika virus infection. The capacity of healthcare workers and caregivers to trust and to co-create hope seems to have allowed relationships to develop that cushioned social impacts, reinforced adherence to therapeutics and enabled information flow. Hope facilitated parents to trust healthcare workers and interventions. Hope and trust appeared to be central in the establishment of support networks for caregivers. At the same time, mistrust in the government and state institutions may have allowed rumours and alternative explanations about Zika to spread. It may also have strengthened activism in mother’s associations, which seemed to have both positive and negative implications for healthcare service delivery. The findings also point to distrust in international health actors and global health agenda, which can impact community engagement in future outbreak responses in Brazil and other countries in Latin America.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um levantamento dos principais problemas e conflitos socioambientais existentes no litoral de Goiana-PE com o intuito de contribuir com novas informacoes para os gestores do municipio, mas tambem podendo auxiliar a populacao litorânea na mediacao dos conflitos e problemas socioambientais existentes. A abordagem metodologica seguiu o vies do planejamento estrategico participativo. Adotaram-se os seguintes procedimentos: visitas de campo, coleta de dados primarios e secundarios, realizacao de oficina e seminario de validacao dos resultados, com a participacao da populacao. Como principais resultados verificou-se que o litoral de Goiana possui mais problemas que conflitos socioambientais, embora estes nao estejam ausentes. Os maiores problemas e conflitos referem-se a precariedade do saneamento ambiental, a expansao urbana, a poluicao dos recursos hidricos e a degradacao dos ambientes naturais, como o mangue e a mata atlântica. Concluimos que muitos dos problemas diagnosticados sao causas para possiveis futuros conflitos e os conflitos existentes sao mediados pelo poder publico, que acaba decidindo com base nos seus interesses. A populacao pobre e a que mais sofre com os problemas existentes, absorvendo o onus da degradacao ambiental no litoral, entretanto ainda nao ha um enfrentamento organizado dessas comunidades para superar os problemas e mediar os conflitos. A B S T R A C T The aim of this paper was to perform a survey of the main socio-environmental problems and conflicts in the coast of Goiana-PE in order to contribute with new information for municipal public policies, but also to help the beach population in the mediation of existing conflicts and socio-environmental problems. The methodological approach followed the bias of participatory strategic planning. It was adopted the following procedures: field visits, collection of primary and secondary data, workshops and seminars with the participation of the population, and validation of the results. One of the main discoveries was that Guiana’s coastline has more problems than socio-environmental conflicts, although these are not absent. The main problems and conflicts are related to precarious environmental sanitation, urban sprawl, pollution of water resources and degradation of natural environments, such as the mangrove and Atlantic forest. We concluded that many of the diagnosed problems are causes for possible future conflicts, and the existing conflicts are mediated by the local government, which ends up deciding based on their own interests. The poor population is the one who suffers the most with the existing problems, absorbing the burden of environmental degradation on the coast; but there isn’t any organized confrontation group of these communities to overcome problems and mediate conflicts yet. Keywords: socio-environmental conflicts, coast, local population, Goiana. /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}

Background Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in pregnancy can cause microcephaly and a wide spectrum of severe adverse outcomes, collectively called “Congenital Zika Syndrome” (CZS). Parenting a child with disabilities can have adverse mental health impacts, but these associations have not been fully explored in the context of CZS in Brazil. Methodology/Principal findings A cross-sectional study was undertaken in Recife and Rio de Janeiro, including 163 caregivers of a child with CZS (cases) and 324 caregivers with an unaffected child (comparison subjects), identified from existing studies. The primary caregiver, almost always the mother, was interviewed using a structured questionnaire to collect information on: depression, anxiety, and stress (Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale—DASS-21), social support (Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Scale—MOS-SSS), and socio-demographic data. Data was collected May 2017-January 2018. Ethical standards were adhered to throughout the research. A high proportion of mothers reported experiencing severe or extremely severe levels of depression (18%), anxiety (27%) and stress (36%). Mothers of children with CZS were more likely to experience symptoms of depression, anxiety andstress, compared to mothers of comparison children. These associations were more apparent among mothers living in Rio de Janeiro. These differences were reduced after adjustment for socio-economic status and social support. Among mothers of children with CZS, low social support was linked to higher levels of depression, anxiety and stress, but there was no association with socio-economic status. Conclusions/Significance Depression, anxiety and stress were very common among mothers of young children in Brazil, regardless of whether they were parenting a child with disabilities. Mothers of children with CZS may be particularly vulnerable to poor mental health, and this association may be buffered through better social support., Author summary The 2015 Zika epidemic in Brazil gained international attention with the birth of thousands of babies with severe adverse outcomes, collectively called “Congenital Zika Syndrome” (CZS). Parenting a child with disabilities can be extremely stressful, and in other settings is linked to depression, anxiety and other mental health conditions. However, these associations have not been fully explored in the context of CZS in Brazil. We conducted a cross-sectional study in Rio de Janeiro and Recife, two cities in Brazil. We identified 163 caregivers (mostly the mother) of a child with CZS, and 324 caregivers of children of similar ages, but without obvious disabilities. The caregivers were asked a series of questions to gauge whether they were experiencing depression, anxiety or stress. We found that a high proportion of the mothers reported experiencing severe or extremely severe levels of depression (18%), anxiety (27%) and stress (36%). Levels of depression and anxiety were even higher for mothers of children with CZS compared to mothers of unaffected children, especially for those mothers with low social support and those living in Rio de Janeiro.

Global concern broke out in late 2015 as thousands of children in Brazil were born with microcephaly, which was quickly linked to congenital infection with Zika virus (ZIKV). ZIKV is now known to cause a wider spectrum of severe adverse outcomes—congenital Zika syndrome (CZS)—and also milder impairments. This study aimed to explore the social and economic impacts of CZS in Brazil. Data was collected through mixed methods across two settings: Recife City and Jaboatão dos Guararapes in Pernambuco State (the epicentre of the epidemic), and the city of Rio de Janeiro (where reports of ZIKV infection and CZS were less frequent). Data was collected May 2017-January 2018. Ethical standards were adhered to throughout the research. In-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with: mothers and other carers of children with CZS (approximately 30 per setting), pregnant women (10-12 per setting), men and women of child-bearing age (16-20 per setting), and health professionals (10-12 per setting). Thematic analysis was undertaken independently by researchers from at least two research settings, and these were shared for feedback. A case-control study was undertaken to quantitatively explore social and economic differences between caregivers of a child with CZS (cases) and caregivers with an unaffected child (controls). We aimed to recruit 100 cases and 100 controls per setting, from existing studies. The primary caregiver, usually the mother, was interviewed using a structured questionnaire to collect information on: depression, anxiety, stress, social support, family quality of life, health care and social service use, and costs incurred by families. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to compare outcomes for cases and controls. Costs incurred as a result of CZS were estimated from the perspective of the health system, families and society. Modelling was undertaken to estimate the total economic burden of CZS from those three perspectives.

The objective was to understand and analyze the experiences of Afro-Brazilian women regarding pregnancy, delivery and postpartum care. It involves empirical research, with a qualitative approach. Women were interviewed who declared themselves black or colored and were attended in the public health services in the municipalities of the State of Pernambuco. The narratives were collected through semi-structured interviews. The Content Analysis technique was used. The narratives addressed the issues of obstetric violence and institutional racism. The intersection of levels of oppression such as race, class and gender are determinant in interventions and abusive practices in the helathcare that involves childbirth. The conclusion drawn is that structural racism hinders and denies access to black women to their reproductive rights.Objetivou-se compreender e analisar as vivências de mulheres negras acerca dos cuidados na gestação, no parto e no pós-parto. Trata-se de uma pesquisa empírica, de abordagem qualitativa. Foram entrevistadas mulheres que se autodeclaram negras ou pretas e que passaram pelos serviços públicos de saúde nos municípios de Pernambuco. As narrativas foram coletadas por meio de entrevista semiestruturada. Foi utilizada a técnica de análise de conteúdo. As narrativas discorrem sobre os temas da violência obstétrica e do racismo institucional. A interseção de eixos de opressão, como raça, classe e gênero, são determinantes nas intervenções e práticas abusivas na atenção que envolve o parto. Conclui-se que o racismo estrutural dificulta e nega o acesso das mulheres negras aos seus direitos reprodutivos.

Background: Children with congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) have a wide range of additional healthcare needs. This study aimed to estimate the direct costs of CZS from the health provider and family perspectives, and the indirect costs for families, in two Brazilian states: Rio de Janeiro and Pernambuco. Methods: A case-control study was undertaken between May 2017-January 2018 recruiting 174 cases with severe CZS, 41 with mild/moderate CZS and 269 children with no CZS, across the two sites, from existing studies. The primary caregiver was interviewed using a structured questionnaire to collect information on healthcare use and costs incurred during the previous 12 months. In Rio de Janeiro, health care utilization data was also extracted from electronic medical records. We estimated direct and indirect costs incurred as a result of CZS from the perspective of the health system and families. Results: Children with CZS accessed more healthcare facilities and reported longer travel and waiting times than children unaffected by CZS. Total costs from the health provider perspective of outpatient visits, were highest for children with severe CZS (U$1,411) followed by children with mild/moderate CZS (U$264) and children without CZS (U$107). This pattern was apparent for direct costs incurred by families, while median indirect costs were low. Families of children with CZS reported high levels of catastrophic expenditures; Expenses incurred by families to meet their child’s needs as a proportion of household income was 30% (IQR=14%-67%, p Conclusions: Families of children affected by CZS in Brazil may need additional public health resources and social benefits to protect them from incurring catastrophic expenses while meeting the needs of their children.

Social science generates evidence necessary to control epidemics. It can help to craft appropriate public health responses, develop solutions to the epidemic impacts and improve understanding of why the epidemic occurred. Yet, there are practical constraints in undertaking this international research in a way that produces quality, ethical and appropriate data, and that values all voices and experiences, especially those of local researchers and research participants. In this paper, we reflected on the experience of undertaking social science research during the 2015/2016 Zika epidemic in Brazil. This experience was considered from the perspective of this paper’s authors: three Brazilian academics, two UK academics and two mothers of children affected by congenital Zika syndrome. This group came together through the conduct of the Social and Economic Impact of Zika study, a mixed-methods social science study. The key findings highlight practical issues in the achievement of three goals: the conduct of high-quality social science in emergencies and efforts towards the decolonisation of global health in terms of levelling the power between Brazilian and UK researchers and optimising the role of patients within research. From our perspective, the information collected through social science was valuable, providing detailed insight into the programmatic needs of mothers and their affected children (eg, economic and social support and mental health services). Social science was considered a low priority within the Zika epidemic despite its potential importance. There were logistical challenges in conducting social science research, foremost of which are the difficulties in developing a trusting and balanced power relationship between the UK and Brazilian researchers in a short time frame. When these issues were overcome, each partner brought unique qualities, making the research stronger. The mothers of affected children expressed dissatisfaction with research, as they were involved in many studies which were not coordinated, and from which they did not see a benefit. In conclusion, the importance of social science in epidemics must continue to be promoted by funders. Funders can also set in place mechanisms to help equalise the power dynamics between foreign and local researchers, researchers and participants, both to promote justice and to create best quality data.

Horizonte 2020, o Programa-Quadro de Pesquisa e Inovacao da Uniao Europeia, sob o acordo de subvencao da Rede Latino-Americana de Prontidao para Zika (ZikaPLAN) n. 734584 do Departamento para o Desenvolvimento Internacional do Reino Unido (DFID) e Wellcome Trust (206016 / Z / 16 / A). Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa (CNPq) e Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ); financiamento da produtividade em pesquisa para os alunos MCN Moreira e MEL Moreira.

Avaliou-se o acesso e a qualidade das ações e serviços das Equipes de Saúde Bucal participantes do Programa Nacional para Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica em Pernambuco no ano de 2012. Trata-se de um estudo transversal e descritivo em que se utilizou a base de dados do referido Programa. Foi constatada disponibilidade de equipamentos e insumos odontológicos garantindo a realização de procedimentos clínico-cirúrgicos, com exceção dos referentes à prótese dentária. Dificuldades para marcação de consulta ainda são relatadas pelos usuários e ainda há indefinição dos fluxos de referência e contrarreferência para os serviços especializados. Access and quality of services and actions by oral health teams participating in the National Program for Improving Access and Quality of Primary Care in Pernambuco in 2012 were evaluated. This is a cross-sectional and descriptive study in which is used the database of the referred program. The availability of equipment and dental supplies were confirmed, ensuring the achievement of clinical and surgical procedures, except for those concerning to dentures. Difficulties for scheduling a consultation are still reported by users, and there is still uncertainty of reference flows and counter-reference to specialized services.

Analisou-se a acessibilidade aos serviços de saúde de Atenção Básica em Pernambuco e os aspectos que favorecem ou dificultam a entrada e a permanência do usuário no sistema de saúde. Trata-se de estudo descritivo de corte transversal com base nos dados do PMAQ-AB. Observou-se a expansão da Atenção Básica com acessibilidade geográfica. Porém, as unidades ainda apresentam dificuldades na acessibilidade sócio-organizacional: barreiras arquitetônicas para acesso a pessoas com deficiência e idosos; o acolhimento não impactou a reorganização das ações programadas; as centrais de regulação são insuficientes para garantir o acesso; incipiente resolutividade no apoio diagnóstico e nos procedimentos/cirurgias.. We analyzed the accessibility to health services in primary care in the State of Pernambuco and aspects that favor or hinder the entry and permanence of users in the health system. It is a descriptive cross-sectional study based on PMAQ-AB data. There was an expansion of the primary care with geographical accessibility, although units still face some difficulties as for socio-organizational accessibility: architectural barriers to access for disabled and elderly people; the way of receiving people did not impact the reorganization of scheduled actions; regulation centers are insufficient to ensure access; inefficient in the support to diagnoses and procedures/surgeries.

A análise de políticas de saúde vem se consolidando no Brasil, embora com um conjunto de diferentes abordagens metodológicas. A partir do modelo elaborado por Walt e Gilson em 1994, analisou-se o Programa de Saúde Ambiental (PSA) do Recife, como política que se fundamenta nos princípios do SUS da Promoção da Saúde e Agenda 21. Buscou-se compreender: o contexto durante a elaboração e implementação do PSA; o processo de elaboração; quais atores influenciaram a agenda e o conteúdo propositivo do PSA. Realizou-se estudo qualitativo de caso, com entrevistas semiestruturadas de atores chaves. Os achados destacam: na esfera do contexto, a influência da eleição municipal, as características sociosanitárias do Recife, a escolha do Secretário de Saúde e da equipe de gestores, a adesão dos técnicos e o incremento financeiro. Quanto ao processo, destacou-se a captação da oportunidade pelos gestores. Em relação aos atores destacaram-se: gestores; técnicos setoriais; atores extrassetoriais com construção de viabilidade. O conteúdo do PSA guarda coerência com os princípios do SUS e da Promoção da Saúde. A implementação foi influenciada pela epidemia de dengue (2002), e por fatores culturais institucionais que exerceram pressão na ordem de implementação das ações previstas. The analysis of health policies has improved in Brazil despite a plethora of different methodological approaches. Based on the model developed by Walt and Gilson in 1994, the Environmental Health Program (EHP) of Recife as a policy based on the Health Promotion principles of the Unified Health System (SUS) and Agenda 21 was analyzed. An attempt was made to understand the context during the development and implementation of the EHP, the drafting process and which actors influenced the EHP agenda content and proposal. A qualitative case study was conducted, with semi-structured interviews with key actors. In terms of context, the findings include the influence of the municipal election, the socio-sanitary characteristics of Recife, the choice of the Secretary of Health and the management teams, acceptance by the technicians and the funding increase. In terms of the process, the acceptance of the managers must be stressed. Regarding the actors, the managers, sector technicians, non-sectorial actors with viability studies stood out. The content of the EHP coincided with the SUS and Health Promotion principles. Implementation was influenced by the dengue fever epidemic (2002), and cultural institutional factors that put pressure on the order of implementation of the planned actions.