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In recent years, the discovery of the Jurassic oil reservoirs in the Western Thrust Belt of the Ordos Basin reveals that the Jurassic formation in this area has huge oil and gas potential. The pre-Jurassic paleogeomorphology plays a vital role in the formation of the Jurassic oil reservoirs. In this paper, the impression method is applied to restore the pre-Jurassic paleogeomorphology of the Hongde area in the western Ordos Basin, using a large number of drilling, logging, well testing and the latest 3D seismic data. The pre-Jurassic paleogeomorphological units in the study area can be categorized into five groups, including ancient channel valley, ancient terrace, slope, interchannel mound, and low residual mound facies. The oil reservoirs are mainly distributed in highland areas such as slope belts and low residual mounds, the main areas where hydrocarbons accumulate. In addition, the branch ditches in the study area are developed to the southeast and merged into the Ganshan ancient channel. The sandstone in the confluence area of the branch gully is well sorted and connected under frequent scouring by the river. The sand bodies of good connectivity therefore form a drainage system for long-term hydrocarbon migration. The formation of the Jurassic reservoirs in the study area is mainly affected by sedimentary facies, deposition location, and hydrocarbon migration pathway (or fault) of pre-Jurassic paleomorphology. The results from this study can be useful for the prediction of the Jurassic sweet spots in the western margin of the Ordos Basin.

Deep-marine gravity-driven deposits represent one of the more investigated depositional systems owing to their potential interest as targets for exploration and carbon capture and storage activities, as well as an important record of the depositional history of a basin through time. Although the Halten Terrace (Norwegian Sea) is one of the main successful exploration areas, we still have poor understanding of the post-rift Cretaceous interval. Here, 3D seismic reflection and borehole data are integrated to investigate the stratigraphic distribution and sedimentological characteristics of the Cenomanian–Turonian intra Lange Sandstones in the Gimsan Basin and Grinda Graben. The Lange Fm records the deposition in a deep-marine environment of a 1000 m-thick shale unit punctuated by gravity-driven coarse-grained sandstone intervals that are tens of metres-thick and sourced from the Norwegian mainland. The presence of gravity-driven deposits and the deep-marine setting are supported by seismic interpretation, architectural elements and the facies analysis of cored material acquired within the studied stratigraphic interval. Borehole data indicate the presence of both turbidites and hybrid-event beds rich in mud content. The results of this study have implications for understanding the distribution and reservoir potentiality of the Late Cretaceous Lange Fm in the Halten Terrace.

This article examines the interpretation and implications of Ipswichian (Eemian) Stage temperate deposits discovered by the British Geological Survey east of the Lincoln Gap in eastern England. The fluvial deposits underlie the Southrey Terrace at Coronation Farm, Southrey and The Hermitage, Stainfield in the River Witham valley. Previously unpublished palynological analyses indicate that the temperate deposits compliment published pollen, mollusc and coleopteran assemblages from the same localities. The deposit at Southrey represents Ipswichian (=Eemian) substages Ip IIb and III, whilst that at Stainfield represents the Ip IIb Substage. The combined sequences are compared to those at neighbouring localities in the Witham and Bain-tributary valleys at Tattershall Castle and Tattershall Thorpe. The implications of the correlation of the interglacial deposits provide a re-evaluation of the River Trent-Witham terrace sequence, demonstrating that the Southrey Terrace deposits are not the equivalent of the Late Wolstonian (=Saalian) Balderton Member, but the Middle Devensian (=Weichselian) Substage Fulbeck Member, upstream of Lincoln. This implies that the River Trent was potentially aligned northwards towards the Humber before the Ipswichian Stage interglacial. The revised correlation indicates that glaciation of the region did not occur in the Middle Wolstonian (MIS 8) but during the Late Wolstonian (MIS 6) Substage.

A combined survey including infrared thermography (IRT) and field-laboratory tests were conducted to analyze the thermal responses and thermal properties of loess on a landslide-prone loess slope in the Heifangtai terrace in Northwest China aiming at preliminarily demonstrating the potential of IRT as a complementary technique to the investigation of irrigation-induced loess landslides. Multitemporal thermographic surveys corresponding to various solar radiation intensities during the afternoon were carried out on the landslide-prone loess slope. Accordingly, the spatiotemporal distribution of the thermal responses within the observed slope surface was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Meanwhile, field and laboratory investigations were also performed on the thermal properties of different landslide materials. The results indicate that loess, a landslide-prone deposit that usually has a relatively high water content, exhibits different thermal properties and anomalies, including a lower surface temperature and greater thermal inertia, compared to surrounding zones without landslides. The groundwater table and corresponding seepage line could also be obtained by determining the potential boundary between the thermal response distribution of landslide scarps and that of saturated deposits in the presence of landslides. The results of these investigations are expected to provide insight for future endeavors combining infrared thermography with other efficient survey methodologies (e.g., InSAR, which can monitor the active displacement of a loess slope) to evaluate the activity of this kind of excessive irrigation-induced loess landslide.

The Chada rock avalanche is a prehistoric high-elevation giant rock landslide located in the Boshula Mountains, Lhorong County, Southeast Tibet. It is composed of conglomerates with a volume of 6.62 × 106 m3 and has a height difference of 1450 m and a transport distance of 3155 m. The accumulational landform shows characteristics indicating rock avalanches. With a unique red conglomerate as the marker of landslide movement, we combined the results of geological surveys, aerial surveys, and engineering geological drilling to determine the entrainment and geomorphic features of the rock avalanche. The rock avalanche was divided into the main scarp, entrainment zone (residual deposit, mixed deposit, and impact fragmentation areas), transport zone (compressed, local landslide, and longitudinal ridge areas), and deposit zone. The sequence of deposits in the valley indicates that the rock avalanche formed before the first-stage terrace and after the second-stage terrace. Combined with 3D numerical simulation, four movement stages were obtained: (1) the rock mass was broken and disintegrated due to progressive failure, initiating high-speed sliding; (2) the sliding mass scraped the thick previous slope material and formed oblique ridges by forward extrusion and lateral friction; (3) the 4.95 × 106 m3 sliding mass was compressed and decelerated to form bending ridges, and the 1.67 × 106 m3 sliding mass continued to move through the channel; and (4) the sliding mass extended to form longitudinal ridges in the channel and hummocks in the valley. The rock avalanche accelerated three times and decelerated three times during its motion.

The interactions of CO2 with terrace, step, and defect or kink sites on Pt surfaces were investigated using temperature-programmed desorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and density function...

This paper presents a study on the failure strength criterion of terrace slope reinforcement materials, such as lean cemented sand and gravel (LCSG) material, under a triaxial stress state. Cement content and confining pressure were selected as major factors to investigate their influence on the peak stress of terrace slope reinforcement materials based on experimental results and data from the literature. The mechanical properties of the LCSG samples, with cement contents of 60, 80, and 90 kg/m3, and noncemented sand and gravel materials were tested under four confining pressure levels (namely, 300, 600, 1000, and 1500 kPa). The results show that the strength of LCSG material improves as the confining pressure increases. When the confining pressure exceeds 1200 kPa, the rate of increase of the strength for LCSG material and other cemented grained materials declines generally. The material strength displays a linear increase with the growth of the cement content. When the axial load rises up to a certain value, damage will occur at the particle cemented site near the shear plane, and the resistance stress generated by the cementation shows a trend of growth first and then attenuation, and concurrently, the friction between particles increases by degrees. Based on the identified strength characteristics of LCSG material under different cement contents and confining pressures, a new strength criterion that incorporates the frictional strengths and the cementing strengths is proposed for LCSG and other similar materials. The results of this work can provide an important theoretical basis for the stability calculation of terrace slopes and LCSG dams.

Rice production has increased almost doubled over the last decade in Bangladesh as a result of additional application of chemical fertilizers and high yielding varieties. Present experiment was undertaken for elucidating the combined effect of organic materials (OM) and nitrogen (N) fertilizer on yield contributing attributes and yield of transplanted aman ( T. aman) rice. Experiment was set in a factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Five types of OMs viz. RS (rice straw), VC (vermicompost), RHB (rice husk biochar), CD (cowdung) and PM (poultry manure) considering two ton carbon per hectare and three level of N viz. N0, N100 and N150 kg ha-1 were used in this experiment. Findings revealed that among the five OMs; cowdung significantly improved the studied parameters. Besides 150 kg ha-1 dose of N has pronounced effect on the grain yield of T. aman rice. In general OMs alone cannot contribute to the maximum yield and yield contributing parameters. Maximum plant height (98.5cm), no of tillers (20), no of effective tillers (18), no of grains (145.0 g), no of filled grains (138), no of unfilled grains (7.0) per panicle, length of panicle (27.5 cm), 1000-seed weight (23.65g), straw yield (8.97 t ha-1), grain yield (5.41 t ha-1) and biological yield (14.34 t ha-1) was attributed by the mixed application of PM and N150 dose of nitrogen. While maximum harvest index (45.09%) was found in the plot received RS in combination of N150 treatment and its minimum value was recorded also solely in RS treated plot. Findings suggest that the use of PM along with 150 kg ha-1 N can render superior crop growth and yield of T. aman rice.

The paper presents the results of the study of the small-amplitude discon¬tinuous disturbances of the possibly cryogenic (thermokarst) origin. The dislocations were found in the outcrops of Middle and Upper Pleistocene sediments of the Volyn-Podilska Upland, accumulated in periglacial or sub-periglacial conditions. The distur¬bances are represented mostly by the micro-normal faults and also by sheared fractures and are very similar to tectonic (seismogenic) discontinuities. The tectonotypic fractures in the near-surface deposits of the Pleistocene terraces of Western Bug and Styr (five sections within Volhynian Upland, four of them – in the valley of Bug), as well as in the cover of the Late Pleistocene sediments on the slope of the valley of Dniester (Galician Prydnisterya) are subjected to consideration, analysis and interpretation. In the last location the ruptures are represented mostly by the dis¬turbances identified as sheared fractures. In all others there are small-amplitude normal faults. One reverse fault, timed to an ice-wedge cast, was also revealed. Typical micro-normal faults of all sections are steep and have a number of other common features, which testifies to the same or almost identical mechanism of their formation. These features, in particular, are as follows: 1) insignificant (usually up to 2–2.5 m) length in cross-section and small (several centimeters) amplitude of displacement along the rupture plane; 2) gradual attenuation of the fractures up and down the section. All micro-normal faults are confined to sediments (thicknesses) that are partially or completely composed of sand. The formation of the micro-normal faults and other examined ruptures can be ex¬plained by the uneven compaction and the gravitational subsidence of the rocks, and in the section on the slope of the Dniester valley – also by their displacement down along the slope. It is probable that these processes occurred due to: 1) the degradation of the permafrost; 2) the dehydration of the sand deposits during a significant decrease in the groundwater levels; 3) the melting of the buried layers and lenses of snow, which were accumulated during the winter season in the thickness of sandy the niveo-aeolian deposits. In the outcrops of this terrace, they occur no less frequently than the confidently identified ice wedge pseudomorphs. Key words: small-amplitude disturbances; microfaults; thermokarst; Volyn-Podilska Upland.

As the extensional boundary between Langshan Mountains and the Hetao Basin, the vertical displacement of the Langshan Piedmont Fault (LPF) forms the typical basin and range landform and controls the uplift of the Langshan Mountains and the deposition of the Hetao Basin. Based on the 10Be concentrations for the quartz gravel samples collected from two different mountain-front terrace sequences, we can calculate that the exposure ages for T3, T2 and T1 terraces on the northern site of the LPF (Site 1) are ~136 ka, ~72 ka and ~29ka, and the exposure ages for T3, T2 and T1 terraces on the southern site of the LPF (Site 2) are ~96 ka, ~65 ka and ~45 ka, respectively. Furthermore, the vertical slip rates are ~0.33 mm/a since about late Pleistocene, ~0.21 mm/a since ~72 ka, ~0.17 mm/a since ~29 ka for the northern part of the LPF, and ~0.61 mm/a since about late Pleistocene, ~0.74 mm/a since ~65 ka, ~0.27 mm/a since ~45 ka for the southern part. The vertical slip for different part and different periods of the LPF shows different rates. In addition, the decrease of the vertical slip rates since late Pleistocene suggest that the activity of the LPF is becoming weak.

We show that long-recognized seismicity in the central Virginia seismic zone of the eastern North American intraplate setting arises primarily from tectonic processes predicted by new, full...

Herein, the structural effects on the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) were studied using the high-index planes of Pd in a 0.05 M KOH solution. The examined high-index planes comprised the (111) terraces (n(111) − (111), n(111) − (100) series) and the (100) terrace (n(100) − (111), n(100) − (110) series). The ORR activity increased with an increase in the terrace atomic rows, n, on the surfaces with the (111) terrace. On the surfaces of the (100) terrace, the activity was enhanced when the terrace width was increased 2 ≤ n ≤ 5; however, the activity reaches a plateau on the surfaces with 5 ≤ n. This result differs from that in a 0.1 M HClO4 solution, where the ORR activity is linearly enhanced with an increasing (100) terrace atom density. The ORR activities on the surfaces with the (111) terraces were higher than those with the (100) terraces at 5 ≤ n. The ORR is deactivated with increasing coverage of Pd oxides (θOH) on the surfaces with the same terrace structure, showing that Pd oxides are the blocking species of the ORR, as is the case with Pt electrodes. However, the values of θOH on the surfaces with the (111) terraces are as high as those with the (100) terraces at 5 ≤ n, despite the ORR activities on the surfaces with the (111) terrace being higher than those on the surfaces with (100) terraces.

The present investigation was carried out to study the characterization, fertility status and taxonomic classification of some soils of North-Eastern Ghat Agro-Climatic zone of Odisha. Hill slope (pedon 1) and stream terrace land (pedon 2) two representative pedons of the Nayagarh district located in different topographic positions were studied for their physico-chemical characteristics and taxonomic classification. Results show that in pedon 1, percentage of sand, silt and clay range between 78.4 to 86.4, 3.2 to 3.4 and 10.4 to 17.4 respectively and in pedon 2, sand, silt and clay percentages range between 72 to 84, 3.2 to 7.2 and 10.8 to 18.8 respectively in different horizons. In pedons 1 and 2, pH increases along with depth from 4.80 to 5.82 and 5.80 to 7.60 respectively. Organic carbon content in pedons 1 and 2, ranges from 3.4 to 5.1 and 1.6 to 6.3 g kg-1 respectively. Cation exchange capacity decreases in pedon 1 from 13.25 to 8.66 c mol (p+) kg-1 and in pedon 2, range 7.66 to 16.65 c mol (p+) kg-1. The exchangeable sodium percentage in pedon 1 and 2, ranges from 4.53 to 9.23, and 2.56 to 6.53 per cent in different horizons respectively. The base saturation percentage in pedon 1, range from 58.11 to 98.15 per cent and in pedon 2, from 59.54 to 97.91 percent. The Hill slope (pedon 1) and stream terrace land (pedon 2) have little or no evidence of development of pedogenic horizons except ochric epipedon, therefore these soil are classified under the order Entisols. These soils have A-C profile with no distinct horizonation. Pedon 1, are classified under sub order Orthents, great group Ustorthents and sub group Typic Ustorthents. In case of pedon 2 the soils are put under the sub order Aquents, great group Fluvaquents and sub group Aeric Fluvaquents.

Soil health needs to be improved for the sustenance of a productive agriculture and sound environment where alley cropping system might play a vital role. The study was composed of two factors viz. three alley widths of Gliricidia sepium (3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 m), and five nitrogen levels (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the recommended dose) along with pruned materials in a split-plot design with three replications. The soil chemical properties were examined in alleys of Gliricidia sepium tree over two consecutive seasons. Results displayed that pruned materials (PM) of G. sepium increased the soil pH, organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S), exchangeable calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) of soil in different alley widths compared to the control. However, alley width 3.0 m and 100% N along with PM displayed the maximum OC (0.94%), total N (0.21%), available P (16.26 ppm), exchangeable Ca (2.54 meq/100 g) and Mg (0.90 meq/100 g), while maximum exchangeable K and CEC were noted in alley width 4.5 m and 100% N along with PM. The above results explicated that the improvement of the soil chemical properties by using pruned materials of G. sepium in alleys can be a promising option for uplifting the soil health condition as well as sustainable agricultural practices.

This paper aims at developing a technique for observing the frost heaving process in soil nondestructively and microscopically using an industrial micro-focus X-ray CT scanner. For this purpose, a compact frost heaving apparatus that could freeze the soil in one dimension inside the X-ray CT scanner was developed. This experimental method made it possible to observe the process of ice lens formation in the soil and the shape of the ice lens in detail. In highly frost susceptible weathered volcanic ash, ice lenses like multiple cracks were observed to develop in the early stages of the experiment. When the freezing front was stagnant and the heat was balanced, thick and well-developed ice lenses could be observed. The shape of the ice lens observed in the weathered volcanic ash without gravel was relatively flat. In the terrace deposits containing gravel, ice lenses were observed to be formed from around the larger particles. Furthermore, the formed ice lenses were more uneven in shape than weathered volcanic ash. In the case of volcanic ash sand composed of coarse grains that do not have frost susceptibility, no frost heaving occurred and no ice lenses were observed. The gray levels of the frozen areas of the weathered volcanic ash and terrace deposits with frost susceptibility were found to decrease. This is thought to be because the precipitation of ice lenses in the soil pushed the soil particles apart and reduced their density relatively.

Hard concrete roofs cause excessive heat gain impacting thermal comfort in buildings. Terrace gardens promoting greening at higher levels of built structures are seen as one of the key mitigating strategies for modifying building microclimate and improving urban health. We have undertaken a research project to quantitatively assess the value of a terrace garden in a residential scale. A garden patch of about 15 m2 in area, a typical size available in most urban terraces is developed. Surface temperatures are measured over a period of 15 months between July 2018 to January 2020 using four thermocouple sensors, placed within and outside the garden bed, on and below the roof. We compare the thermal performance of the terrace garden across years, seasons, time of the day, presence or absence of garden bed and type and height of vegetation. The surface temperature data was found to correlate well with the ambient air temperature values. The results show that the terrace garden moderates and stabilises the ceiling temperatures and reduces it by about 2–3 °C in winter months and 5–7 °C in hot summers. The garden also provided nearly 400 g of fresh monthly vegetable harvest per m2 of garden. Further, the cooling impact of the terrace garden with natural, tall, wild vegetation is higher as compared to planted vegetation. The study demonstrates a sustainable approach to terrace garden design at residential scale through quantified dual benefits of temperature control within buildings and urban farming.

One of the areas of wood waste processing is their use in the production of wood-polymer composites (WPC). The relevance of wood-polymer products is due to the wide range of applications and qualities of this material. WPC does not rot, is not damaged by insects and fungi, does not contain harmful binders. Products from the duodenum do not crack, do not gouge, are waterproof, which makes them an excellent material for manufacturing a terrace board. However, the terrace board must have certain mechanical qualities, which will allow it to be used in fairly harsh conditions - under the action of humidity, UV radiation and under a certain load. This study aimed to determine the main physical and mechanical properties (density, strength at static bending, modulus of elasticity, water absorption, hardness, abrasion resistance, changes in linear dimensions with changing atmospheric environment) samples of terrace board manufacturing from duodenum with different fillers. Samples from a hollow terrace board, which were filled with polyethylene (PE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), were used for the study. Based on experimental studies, it was found that the density of both samples is quite high, close to the maximum; the difference is not significant, but when examining microslices under a microscope in samples with PE as a binder, a larger number of voids is observed, indicating the presence of excess moisture or lack of mineral fillers. It may also indicate the destruction of the polymer. It was determined that a number of other important indicators such as strength at static bending, modulus of elasticity, water absorption, abrasion resistance were the best in the samples with a filler of polyvinylchloride. The greatest difference was in the bending strength index and was 35%. It was also found that the hardness of both samples were equivalent. However, the modulus of elasticity of the sample with a filler with PE exceeded the performance of the sample with a filler with PVC by almost 2.5 times. Thus, based on the research, it is possible to identify a number of clear relationships that indicate that theuse of polyvinylchlorideas a binder significantly improves the physical and mechanical properties of the terrace board based on wood-polymer composite. The results of the research will solve the problem of improving the strength characteristics of wood-composite material to expand the range based on wood waste Keywords: density, hardness, modulus of elasticity, water absorption, abrasion resistance.

Integrating mathematics into local culture is a way to enhance students' interest in local wisdom. The concept of mathematics is explored to find out the existence of mathematics in society's culture which has not been seen so far. The Mathematical concept is used to explore the existence of mathematics in terrace culture on the Panyaweuyan terrace of Majalengka city. This study to describe the result of exploratory project-based learning of the Panyaweuyan terrace with this kind of exploratory research. The exploring of the relationship between the terrace culture of panyaweuyan and concept mathematics, especially in the concept of arithmetic sequences is analyzed and described through literature studies, observation, and interviews with 4 informants who are local farmers. The results that there is a relationship between the arithmetic sequence concept with the local culture of Panyaweuyan Majalengka city. The results of the study stated that each mound on each step on the Panyeweuyan terraces was formed through an arithmetic sequence formula. Farmers in Panyaweuyan terraces are naturally able to make terraces according to the arithmetic sequence formula without knowing the basics of mathematics. Therefore, the concept of mathematics is part of local culture which has an important role in preserving the nation's culture.

In this study, we present direct field measurements of modern lateral and vertical bedrock erosion during a 2-year study period, and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages of fluvial material capping a flat bedrock surface at Kings Creek located in northeast Kansas, USA. These data provide insight into rates and mechanisms of bedrock erosion and valley-widening in a heterogeneously layered limestone-shale landscape. Lateral bedrock erosion outpaced vertical incision during our 2-year study period. Modern erosion rates, measured at erosion pins in limestone and shale bedrock reveal that shale erosion rate is a function of wetting and drying cycles, while limestone erosion rate is controlled by discharge and fracture spacing. Variability in fracture spacing amongst field sites controls the size of limestone block collapse into the stream, which either allowed continued lateral erosion following rapid detachment and transport of limestone blocks, or inhibited lateral erosion due to limestone blocks that protected the valley wall from further erosion. The OSL ages of fluvial material sourced from the strath terrace were older than any material previously dated at our study site and indicate that Kings Creek was actively aggrading and incising throughout the late Pleistocene. Coupling field measurements and observations with ages of fluvial terraces can be useful to investigate the timing and processes linked to how bedrock rivers erode laterally over time to form wide bedrock valleys.

The 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami are one of the most catastrophic natural disasters that took place in Japan. The disaster caused widespread destruction to the estuarine and coastal...

Sliding liquefaction is considered to be the cause of high-speed and long-distance sliding of some homogeneous loess landslides in western China. However, there is still a lack of necessary experimental research and analysis on the effects of sliding liquefaction on these landslides. In this work, the effects of sliding liquefaction on irrigation-induced, high-speed and long-distance loess landslides on the South Jingyang Tableland area in China are studied by performing large-scale ring shear tests and using the sled mode. The results are as follows. (1) There are two kinds of long-runout sliding modes of loess landslides on the South Jingyang Tableland: sliding along the terrace surface and sliding within the saturated terrace alluvium, which is associated with sliding liquefaction. Both sliding modes can lead to long-runout sliding. (2) There are some differences in the inclination of the sliding surface between the two sliding modes. Based on the inclination of the sliding surface, the corresponding sliding mode can be distinguished. (3) Under the two sliding modes, the large shear mechanical properties of the two-layer soil composed of loess and alluvial sandy silt show significant differences. The friction between the loess and dry terrace alluvium increases with increasing normal stress and shear rate, while the friction between the loess and saturated terrace alluvium presents the opposite trend. The results show that the sliding distances under different sliding modes present opposite trends with the change in sliding speed. (4) Based on the test results from the ring shear tests and the morphological characteristics of the sliding surface, the sliding mode and sliding distance of a loess landslide can be identified and predicted.

Through archival research covering ministerial letters, parliamentary records and legal texts, this article reconstructs an unprecedented delimitation of royal property ownership that occurred near the end of the 450-year Hohenzollern dynasty in Berlin. The property owner was Wilhelm II, whose proposed terrace project alongside the Berliner Schloss raised issues regarding building line, pavement, street paving and the land beneath the street. A series of legal arguments between the Kaiser’s Oberhofmarschall and Prussian ministers of state resolved these matters, but not before this modest building project had produced concerns within Berlin’s city assembly and the Prussian House of Representatives about threats to ministerial accountability, a tenet of the Prussian Constitution.

The Wufo Basin at the margin of the northeastern Tibet Plateau connects the upstream reaches of the Yellow River with the lowland catchment downstream, and the fluvial terrace sequence in this basin provides crucial clues to understand the evolution history of the Yellow River drainage system in relation to the uplift and outgrowth of the Tibetan Plateau. Using field survey and analysis of Digital Elevation Model/Google Earth imagery, we found at least eight Yellow River terraces in this area. The overlying loess of the highest terrace was dated at 1.2 Ma based on paleomagnetic stratigraphy (two normal and two reversal polarities) and the loess-paleosol sequence (12 loess-paleosol cycles). This terrace shows the connections of drainage parts in and outside the Tibetan Plateau through its NE margin. In addition, we review the previously published data on the Yellow River terraces and ancient large lakes in the basins. Based on our new data and previous researches, we conclude that the modern Yellow River, with headwaters in the Tibet Plateau and debouching in the Bohai Sea, should date from at least 1.2 Ma. Ancient large lakes (such as the Hetao and Sanmen Lakes) developed as exorheic systems and flowed through the modern Yellow River at that time.

The utilization of steep lands by planting forestry and agricultural species can provide benefits from soil-water conservation and economic aspects. The combination of planting Neolamarckia cadamba-Phaseolus vulgaris and terrace systems can increase land use values, such as soil conservation, crop production, and farmers’ income. The aim of this study was to analyze silvicultural, hydro-orological, and economic aspects of a combination of forestry-agricultural crops (N. cadamba – P. vulgaris) and terrace systems on two slope classes. Two study plots were established on a steep gradient (25–40%) and a very steep gradient (>40%). The results showed an annual increase in the average diameter and height of N. cadamba of 1.78 cm and 1.84 m, respectively on the steep slope, and 1.68 cm and 1.53 m, respectively on the very steep slope. The surface run off and erosion rate were lower on the steep ground compared to the very steep ground. Erosion hazard indices and levels on the plots in the steep slope and very steep slope were categorized as low and very low; meanwhile the erosion hazard class was I. The profit of P. vulgaris cultivation was IDR 9,360,000.00 ha–1 per cropping season on steep slope and IDR 6,480,000.00 ha–1 per cropping season on very steep slope. The planting of P. vulgaris as an intercropping plant to fill empty land in between N. cadamba can increase the economic value obtained from selling P. vulgaris in the short term until the leaves of the N. cadamba plant are linked. The combination of planting N. cadamba–P. vulgaris and terrace system on steep slopes is therefore more profitable not only from the economic perspective, but also in lowering runoff and potential erosion rates than on very steep lands.

Relevance of research. In the area of ​​irrigated agriculture, one of the most difficult as to developing flooding processes is the area of ​​terrace drift within the ancient delta of the Lower Dnieper in Kherson region. The terrace area is located on a flat area within a large drainless bowl about 40 km long and up to 5-10 km wide. On the surface of the bowl there are large drainless depressions (Chornyanske, Novomayatske, Podokalynivske, Tarasivske) and many small ones. The purpose of the work is to establish the patterns of developing flooding processes and substantiate a system of reliable protection of the territory against that in difficult natural and water conditions. Methods and objects of research. The research was conducted at the research and production site located near Tarasivka village, Oleshkiv district, Kherson region. The results of the research were based on the data of reconnaissance surveys, long-term observations on the depths of the groundwater table (GWT), precipitation, space images, etc. In addition, it was assumed that the area is considered to be flooded if the depth of the GWT exceeds the critical limit, which for the study region is defined as 2 m. Research results and main conclusions. In modern conditions, part of the village and adjacent lands are subject to constant groundwater flooding and periodically surface water flooding. In the central part of the village, groundwater depths exceed the critically acceptable depth, which for the study region is defined as 2 m. The water and ecological situation in the village is significantly exacerbated in wet periods. Current development of flooding within the terrace requires the development and implementation of a more effective protection system. One of the important options for protecting the village territory is the construction of a horizontal drainage system, which is set up in the village and its surroundings. The depth of drainage is 3.0-3.2 m. The runoff is discharged into the North-Crimean Canal by means of a pressure pipeline. The surface drainage system should be represented by a network of trays and ditches arranged in the streets of the village and a collector, which provides self-flowing of excess water into an artificial reservoir - pond. Options for the reconstruction of the NCC, which provide for using the drainage capacity of the canal and the construction of a regional self-flowing reservoir, were addressed. The modernization of irrigation and drainage systems and implementation of the developed proposals will significantly increase the protection level of the ancient terrace of the Dnieper River against the harmful effects of water. The decision on a proposal is made on the basis of feasibility study.

Language is a humans tool for communicating. English is a language that is often used to communicate between countries, English language skills are needed because it is now an era of globalization. Then a way is needed to improve English skills by going through a learning terrace program. Learning terrace program is an English tutoring program for students. The purpose of this activity is to improve the English language skills that can be enjoyed by everyone, especially the lower economic community is needed place that can provide alternative problem solving, namely the existence of free English learning activities that are learning terrace program conducted with facilities that make use of the terrace of people's homes, but do not ignore the quality factors of the results and the process.

The sequence of sediment accumulation of the first and second terraces of the Tarbagataika River and changes in the stages of incision and filling, as well as sedimentation and soil formation over the last 14 kyr in the river valley were revealed. The dynamics of the sedimentation stages and of the phases of their stabilization and pedogenesis was determined by landscape-climatic changes in the study area. The period of geomorphologic formation of above-floodplain terraces was determined. The floodplain sedimentation regime was changed by the subaerial regime on the second terrace of the Tarbagataika River approximately 8 kyr BP. The accumulation of cover deposits on the first terrace began approximately 3.4 kyr BP. Deposits of the second terrace of the Tarbagataika River were formed during the Late Glacial and the Holocene during the last 14 kyr. They are composed of alluvial sediments that accumulated 14.0–8.0 kyr BP and of cover deposits, which accumulated 8.0–0 kyr BP. The first terrace of the Tarbagataika River of the Holocene age is composed of alluvial deposits, which were accumulated 7.0–3.4 kyr BP, and of deposits of the covering complex, which were formed over the last 3.4 kyr. The phases of intensification of erosion-accumulative processes related to increased water discharge were identified. The main stages of soil formation in the study area were determined. The data we obtained are in good agreement with the previously identified stages of pedogenesis in the Selenga middle mountains and adjacent regions of South-Eastern Siberia and Mongolia.

Considerable investment over the past year, both through private donations and the BSR, has seen a further increase in capacity and expertise with the addition of a laser scanner, Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) antennas and a robotic Total Station. The site was initially examined with a magnetometer survey using a Bartington Fluxgate Gradiometer, with data collected at a sample interval of 0.25 m and with parallel traverses at a distance of 0.5 m. Whilst the survey recorded a number of linear negative features on the upper terrace to the south of the pool, the lower terrace revealed a range of both positive and negative anomalies that appeared associated to the complex. See PDF] The composite image of the data interpretation of the major features recorded by both techniques illustrates the dense occupation of the lower terrace with structures recorded alongside the major Roman road (Fig. 2).

The Loess Plateau can be considered as a landslide-prone area in northwest China. The genera consensus about the interaction between landslide deposit and terrace sediments is not well studied; this paper summarised 40 loess landslides in the South Jingyang Platform, Shaanxi Province, China to help understand of this issue. Four of the loess landslides with high mobility have been analysed in detail. Three trenches T1, T2 and T3 dug after the loess landslides LD37, LD11 and LD38 highlighted the landslide-induced changes in geomorphology and internal geometry of geology, respectively. Furthermore, observation of upwards seepage flow on the profile of trench T3 is believed to be the trigger of the high speed, and long runout flowslides in the study area. A newly developed sandbox apparatus is used to reproduce the landslide kinematics due to a mass travelling over an inclined plane. The sandbox experiments show that the sediments are sheared and pushed upwards after the collision with the deposits. The deposits are then wrapped in a space between sediments, which tends to form the ‘sandwich’ structure. The distal sediments are thrust when the loess deposits’ kinetic energy consistently dissipates, developing the accumulated folded strata. These results reveal the deposits’ interactions with the sediments in the study area and provide key guideposts regarding prevention and mitigation of loess landslide hazards.

The understanding of how basin margin sediment wedge builds out causes shelf-edge migration with time is approached based on shelf-edge trajectory pattern analysis using a high-resolution mega-merge seismic data from the eastern Niger Delta, Nigeria. The study focuses on a seismic dip transect traversing the Greater Ughelli, Central Swamp, Coastal Swamp and the Shallow Offshore Depobelts of the Niger Delta. On the regional dip transects, shelf-edge sediments occur as clinoform-bearing wedges at and immediately updip of the shelf-slope break. The shelf edge is deeply buried (> 2–4 s, twt), around the Greater Ughelli and Central Swamps. But with changing structural style, sudden change of ascending shelf edge around the Central Swamp was observed. The huge listric growth fault in the Coastal Swamp; around Bonny area, once again cut the shelf edge into half, rotated it along the listric fault and buried it distally. Several depositional packages show low to moderate ascending shelf-edge trajectory with progradational to aggradational clinoform growth that is characterized by thin sand sheets across most of the shelf and upper slope, though few are also characterized by progradational clinoform growth with thick sand on the shelf, upper-tolower slope and basin floor. The deposition is usually on the Outer Shelf Terrace (OST) which is regressive in a flat and rising trajectory style. This study has demonstrated that accommodation and sediment flux are the dominant controls on how the study basin’s sediment wedge built out, whereby limited accommodation promotes sediments with significant shelf-edge advance and descending trajectories, while increasing accommodation promotes ascending trajectories and increased deposition on the outer shelf. The greater sediments on the Outer Shelf Terrace and the shelf margin than on the slope gives more hydrocarbon prospectivity search around the outer shelf and shelf margin.

Estimating and preventing loess collapsibility are important for the design and construction of the Xi’an North–Airport Intercity Railway. Laboratory tests and large-scale in situ immersion experiments were carried out to assess the collapsibility characteristics, seepage field, and deformation properties of loess at sites located on the third terrace of the Wei River (Bai Qi Zhai village) and the Xianyang loess tableland (Bu Li village). The calculated and measured in situ self-weight collapsibility are 363.0 mm and 3.0 mm for the Bai Qi Zhai village experimental site (the third terrace with loess covering permeable alluvium) and 306.0 mm and 318.5 mm for the Bu Li village experimental site (loess tableland), respectively. The presence of underlying highly permeable strata inhibits the in situ collapsibility characteristics of the loess at the third terrace site. Along the project route, the third terrace of the Wei River and the loess tableland can be assessed as non-self-weight and self-weight collapsible sites, respectively, for which relevant foundation treatment methods can be suggested to alleviate the collapse settlement of the foundation of the project.

Uplifted coastal terraces are present on Santa Catalina Island, but so poorly preserved that researchers have debated for more than a century whether they even exist. Morphometric analyses of LIDAR...

On 9 November 2016, a landslide in sensitive glaciomarine sediments occurred on a terrace of the Champlain River near the municipality of Saint-Luc-de-Vincennes, Quebec. The particularity of this event is that there are evidences that the movement started as a flowslide and then finished as a spread. The landslide morphology comprises horsts and grabens typical of spreads and also a large quantity of remolded material that flowed out of a pear-shaped crater with a narrow bottleneck, typical of flowslides. The geotechnical investigation of this landslide was performed by the Ministère des Transports du Québec (MTQ) in collaboration with Université Laval, and consisted of light detection and ranging (LiDAR) surveys, drone photography, several boreholes, piezocone tests with pore pressure measurements (CPTUs), field vane tests, and piezometric monitoring. They were used to characterize the landslide, to determine the location of the failure surface, and also to acquire information on the properties of the clay deposit. A combined analysis of the debris and volume calculations was done to reconstruct the different phases of flowing and spreading and their relative chronologies.

Fluidic self-assembly is a versatile on-chip integration method. In this scheme, a large number of semiconductor microchips are spontaneously deposited onto a host chip. The host chip typically comprises a Si substrate with an array of pockets at the designated microchip placement sites. In this study, we installed an SiO2 layer on the terrace region between the pockets of the host chip, to reduce the attraction with the Si microchips. By the SiO2-topped terrace scheme, we demonstrated a significant enhancement in the deposition selectivity of the Si microchips to the pocket sites, relative to the case of the conventional Si-only host chip. We theoretically explained the deposition selectivity enhancement in terms of the van der Waals interaction. Furthermore, our quantitative analysis implicated a potential applicability of the commonly used interlayer dielectrics, such as HfO2, silsesquioxanes, and allyl ethers, directly as the terrace component.

The synsedimentary faults and basin-marginal fans located in the central part of the deep-water area of the early Oligocene Qiongdongnan Basin have been investigated using seismic profiles, boreholes, and well-log data. Through the formations of the characterized paleogeomorphology, such as transverse anticlines, fault ditches, and step-fault belts, the synsedimentary faults are known to have controlled the development position, distribution direction, and extension scales of the basin-marginal fans. For example, at the pitching ends of two adjacent faults, transverse anticlines developed, which controlled the development positions and distributions of the fans. During the early Oligocene, the faults controlled the subsidence center, and fault ditches were formed at the roots of the faults. In the surrounding salient or low salient areas, which were exposed as provenance areas during early Oligocene, the fault ditches acted as the source channels and determined the flow paths of the clastics, where incised valley fills were obviously developed. The fault ditches which developed in the sedimentary basins were able to capture the drainage systems and influenced the distributions of the fans. The large boundary faults and the secondary faults generated two fault terraces and formed step-fault belts. The first fault terrace caused the clastics to be unloaded. As a result, fans were formed at the entrance to the basin. Then, the second fault terrace caused the fans to move forward, with the fans developing in a larger extension scale. The results obtained in this study will potentially be beneficial in the future prospecting activities for reservoirs and coal-measure source rocks in the basins located in the deep-water areas of the South China Sea.

Here are described the analyses of sediments from the lower slope of the Pelotas Basin in the southern Brazilian continental margin, southwestern Atlantic. The samples were obtained from the core SIS-249, collected adjacent to the Rio Grande Terrace (RGT) at a water depth of 2091 m, an area poorly known in terms of sedimentary characteristics compared to the oil and gas-rich basins to the north. The age model indicates that the sampled sediments were accumulated during the last glacial period, between 112.5 and 34.47 ka (MIS 5 to MIS 3). The fine (

Investigation of the 8–10 m high river terrace structure and composition was completed at the archaeological site in the lower Khoito-Aga river. Absolute age of the terrace was estimated using radiocarbon dates of alluvium and buried soils. The results were compared with regional studies of low terraces in the Zabaikalie. The terrace deposits formation stages during the second half of Late Pleistocene and Holocene were identified. The covering genetic complex sediments (2 m) include the Hobdori draw colluvial fan deposits, aeolian, aeolian– deluvial sands and sandy loams, soils. The Сhernozem soil (0.2 m) is recorded in the excavation top. According to archaeological data, it formed during the last ~4.5 kyr. At depths of 100–200 cm, an Early MIS 2 pedocomplex with two humic soil horizons (were dated ~23.4–21.3 kyr BP) was excavated. Soils formed during warm and moist climate stages when rates of exogenous processes were decreased. The completion of alluvium accumulation and terrace escarpment formation were dated ~30–29 kyr BP (MIS 3 and 2 boundary). Interlayed fine–grained and different–grained sands with grus, rubble, gravel alluvial (1.5 m) sediments separated by Late MIS 3 cultural horizons (0.15–0.25 m) with an age of ~ 32.5–31.7 kyr. Within archaeological site Sakhyurta–1 five cultural horizons (CH) were identified with 494 artifacts in total. The cultural horizons 1 and 2 associated with modern soil. The collection of artifacts corresponds to the archaeological sites of the Late Neolithic–Bronze age for Transbaikalia area (4.5–2 kyr BP). Cultural horizon 3 corresponds to the Early MIS 2 pedocomplex (23.4–21.3). СH 4 correlates with terrace alluvium top (31.7–30). СH 5 is associated with alluvial buried soil was dated ~32.5–31.7 kyr BP.

The thermal performance of three roofing models: tile, corrugated and earth terrace is numerically analyzed. The mathematical equations which govern the three roofing models are established by the electrical method of analogies. These equations are discretized by an implicit finite difference method and solved by the Gauss-Seidel algorithm. We analyze the influences of geometric parameters (Xlo, Xlarg, α and Ep) on the evolution of the temperatures of the different environments of our three roof models. In particular, we have shown that the effectiveness of a roof in reducing the temperature inside a room is linked to its physical properties. The results obtained that for the same geometric parameters, the earth roof terrace and the earth tile roof compared to the corrugated metal roof improve thermal comfort by lowering the interior temperature of 5&#186C and 4.6&#186C.

The Neolithic site Bondarikha ІІ was explored 70 years ago by D. Ya. Telegin. The materials of the site were not processed utilizing modern methods. The authors of the paper re-examined and analyzed the site’s materials using current methodologies. The Bondarikha II site is set along a natural boundary on what is now the south-eastern outskirts of the modern city of Izium, Kharkiv region. The location of the site is a section of an over-flooded terrace that stretches along the left bank of the River Siversky Donets, and a section of an older river bed named the Willow Pit. In the north, sections of the terrace were crossed by an unnamed stream, and its southern boundary defined by floodplains. The lowlands nearest the terrace are primarily comprised of wetlands. It is quite clear that the Willow Pit was once an active river and seasonally may have transformed into a lake during times of flooding. The site is located approximately 7 m above the current floodplain. The general site position is typical for the Neolithic sites of Donetsk Culture, with the vast majority of which are located on terraces above the floodplain lakes of Siversky Donets, with the habitational remains occupying the highest areas of terraces, or the periphery / edges of such terraces. The interpretation of Bondarikha material culture was quite simple. The presence of pencil-like blade cores, oblique truncated points of the Abuzova Balka and Donetsk types, a series of blades displaying abrupt retouch on edges, along with bilateral burins, scrapers on flakes, and ovate axes are attestation that the assemblage and complex are connected with the advanced stages of Donetsk Culture. The estimation of the site’s age is possible only by the principles of relative chronology. The Mariupolian origin of the trapeze projectiles allows us to establish the earliest age range of the complex within the beginning of the VI millennium BC. However, the utilization of trapeze projectiles with flat dorsal retouch that spread in the basin of Siversky Donets in the third quarter of VI millennium BC is not present. Accordingly, we can safely place the age of the site within the first half of VI millennium BC.

A well-recorded Mw 7.8 megathrust earthquake occurred on 27 October 2012 under the Queen Charlotte terrace off the west coast of Haida Gwaii, western Canada. In this study, we supplement limited earlier seismic refraction work on the offshore velocity structure off Haida Gwaii with data from ocean bottom seismometers (OBS) operating between 6 December 2012 and 5 January 2013. The OBS recorded a portion of the aftershock sequence, and an active-source seismic survey was conducted in January 2013 to acquire seismic refraction data in the region of the Haida Gwaii earthquake across the Queen Charlotte terrace. P-wave velocity analyses using first-arrival tomography showed relatively shallow (2.0–3.0 km below seafloor) high-velocity material with values up to 4.0 km/s beneath the terrace. At the one OBS station seaward of the deformation front on the abyssal plain, refraction velocities of ∼4.5 km/s indicated the top of the oceanic plate at ∼1–2 km below the seafloor. At several OBS stations, converted shear-wave velocities were determined within the sediment cover using reflected arrivals. The S-wave velocities ranged from 0.5 to 1.5 km/s, and the corresponding P/S velocity ratio was between 3.0 and 4.2. The new refraction data confirm earlier interpretations of high-velocity material in the shallow terrace that may indicate fractured oceanic crustal material lies significantly above the location where a subducted slab is thought to occur under the terrace. Transpressive deformation of the Pacific plate may explain these observations.

The characteristics of the vibrations induced by the passage of a high-speed train do not only depend on the train speed, axle load, and track irregularity but also depend on the properties of the foundation soil and the surrounding topography. Estimating the vibration characteristics in different terrains is therefore essential. This study investigates the characteristics of propagation and attenuation of the vibrations induced by high-speed trains in loess-terraced slopes. The influence of the soil mechanical properties on the propagation of vibrations is analyzed through a numerical simulation. Field experiments are conducted to measure the vibration induced by a high-speed train at a loess-terraced slope site in Qin’an, Gansu, China. The measured acceleration time history is analyzed in the time domain and frequency domain. The results show that, at the edge of each terrace level, the vibration in the Y direction is the strongest, followed by those in the X and Z directions. The peak ground acceleration values are amplified in all three directions at the fourth terrace level. A model describing the vehicle-roadbed-foundation-terraced slope system is established to study the influence of the elastic modulus of the soil on the vibration characteristics. A change in the elastic modulus of the foundation soil is found to have an evident influence on the horizontal and vertical vibrations in each terrace level. However, a change in the elastic modulus of the soil in a terrace only affects the vibration in that terrace and in the adjacent ones, whereas it has no effect on the vibrations in terraces located farther away. This study can provide some reference values for slope reinforcement along railways.

Gara and Mateen are 2 major anticlines in the northern part of the Iraqi Kurdistan Region, located in the vicinity of the town Amadiyah. Both anticlines are oriented in an almost east–west (E–W) trend with a steep southern limb. The length and width of the Gara and Mateen anticlines are 87 km and 63 km, and 11 km and 9.5 km, respectively. The 2 anticlines are separated by a wide and shallow syncline filled by the Tertiary rocks of the Pliocene–Pleistocene age. The oldest exposed rocks in the Gara and Mateen anticlines are from the Triassic age. The carapace of both anticlines is built up by the Bekhme and Qamchuqa formations. The geomorphological and structural features were studied through satellite images and geological maps. Based on these studies, it was found that both anticlines show clear geomorphological and structural features that indicate their lateral growth. Among those features are water and wind gaps, different shapes of valleys that indicate lateral growth, abandoned alluvial fans, whale-back shapes, en-echelon plunges, and multiple dome anticlines. Furthermore, the rate of upward movements was calculated using neotectonic data. In addition, the rate of river and stream incisions was calculated on the basis of the height of the river terrace levels.