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We have developed a general model to predict CO2 equilibrium solubility in aqueous tertiary amine solutions by relating the equilibrium constant (K1) to all relevant parameters in a logical function form. Testing our model, we measured CO2 equilibrium solubility data for N‐methylmorpholine (NMM) and N‐ethylmorpholine (NEM) across various conditions. Comparison with six existing models reveals our general model's superior predictive performance not only for NMM and NEM but also for an additional 10 tertiary amine solutions from literature, indicating its universality. Comprehensively considering the CO2 equilibrium solubility, amine dissociation constant (pKa) and the CO2 absorption heat, it is found that NMM and NEM may be promising desorption promoters enabling to reduce the energy cost. In short, it is expected the general model can be applied to more other tertiary amine systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions from ship exhausts pose serious health and environmental concerns. Herein, the SO2 absorption and desorption characteristics of tertiary amines with different functional groups were explored under simulated ship exhaust gas conditions. Tertiary amines with electron‐donating groups had superior absorption performance to those with electron‐withdrawing groups, and highly polar absorbents exhibited enhanced SO2 absorption loading. Dimethylaniline (DMA) showed excellent desorption performance, outperforming other absorbents (amino acids, ionic liquids, and deep eutectic solvents) in terms of cyclic capacity. Thus, tertiary amines, especially DMA, can be potentially used for the prevention of SO2 emissions from ship exhausts and other desulfurization applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a strategy for the formal C−N cross‐coupling of tertiary amines via the in situ generation and displacement of N‐acyl ammonium species. Specifically, treatment of diverse tertiary amines with TFAA or chloroformates in the presence of NaI leads to the efficient generation of alkyl iodides, which can be engaged directly in Ni‐catalyzed cross‐couplings. The protocol is applicable to acyclic and cyclic systems, including highly hindered variants. Applications to the late‐stage modification of complex heterocycles are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porous polymer beads with grafted poly(tertiary amine) were prepared by grafting triethylenetetramine to porous crosslinked poly(methyl acrylate) beads via ester amidation reaction, followed by Eschweiler–Clarke methylation reaction using formaldehyde and formic acid to converting the primary and secondary amine groups to tertiary amines in the beads. The tertiary amine groups in the beads were protonated with hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid or hydriodic acid, and the protonated tertiary amine group-containing beads showed high catalytic activity and high selectivity for the formation of propylene carbonate through cycloaddition of propylene oxide with CO2, while free tertiary amine group-containing beads exhibited almost no catalytic activity. The recyclability of the catalyst was studied, and slight loss of the activity was observed after five runs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly regioselective C−H alkylation reactions of tertiary anilines and tertiary alkyl amines with simple alkenes have been achieved by the use of imidazolin‐2‐iminato scandium alkyl complexes. This protocol provided an efficient and atom‐economical route to structurally diverse tertiary amine derivatives. The basic ligand, a coordinating THF in the catalyst and the substitution of alkene substrates were found to switch the regioselectivity of the C−H alkylation reactions of tertiary anilines presumably due to the generation of different types of catalytically active species or the formation of relatively stable intermediates. On the basis of the deuterium labeling experiments and KIE experiments, possible catalytical cycles were provided to understand the reaction mechanism as well as the regioselectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-aqueous absorbents (NAAs) have attracted increasing attention for CO 2 capture because of their great energy-saving potential. Primary diamines which can provide high CO 2 absorption loading are promising candidates for formulating NAAs but suffer disadvantages in regenerability. In this study, a promising strategy that using tertiary amines (TAs) as proton-transfer mediators was proposed to enhance the regenerability of an aminoethylethanolamine (AEEA, diamine)/dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (A/D) NAA. Surprisingly, some employed TAs such as N,N -diethylaminoethanol (DEEA), N,N,N',N'',N'' -pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA), 3-dimethylamino-1-propanol (3DMA1P), and N,N -dimethylethanolamine (DMEA) enhanced not only the regenerability of the A/D NAA but also the CO 2 absorption performance. Specifically, the CO 2 absorption loading and cyclic loading were increased by about 12.7% and 15.5%–22.7%, respectively. The TA-enhanced CO 2 capture mechanism was comprehensively explored via nuclear magnetic resonance technique and quantum chemical calculations. During CO 2 absorption, the TA acted as an ultimate proton acceptor for AEEA-zwitterion and enabled more AEEA to form carbamate species (AEEACOO−) to store CO 2 , thus enhancing CO 2 absorption. For CO 2 desorption, the TA first provided protons directly to AEEACOO− as a proton donor; moreover, it functioned as a proton carrier and facilitated the low-energy step-wise proton transfer from protonated AEEA to AEEACOO−. Consequently, the presence of TA made it easier for AEEACOO− to obtain protons to decompose, resulting in enhanced CO 2 desorption. In a word, introducing the TA as a proton-transfer mediator into the A/D NAA enhanced both the CO 2 absorption performance and the regenerability, which was an efficient way to "kill two birds with one stone". [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document provides a series of chemical data for various compounds, including their yields, physical properties, and spectroscopic data. The compounds described include N-(m-tolyl)benzamide, N-(p-tolyl)benzamide, N-(4-bromophenyl)-N,3-dimethylbenzamide, N-(4-bromophenyl)-N-methylfuran-2-carboxamide, N-methyl-N-(m-tolyl)furan-2-carboxamide, N-methyl-N-(m-tolyl)thiophene-2-carboxamide, N-(4-bromophenyl)-N-methylthiophene-2-carboxamide, N,N-diethylbenzamide, N-ethyl-N-phenylbenzamide, and (3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)(phenyl)methanone. The data provided can be used by researchers studying these compounds for various purposes. [Extracted from the article]

In this work, the kinetics study on the reaction between CO2 and tertiary amine catalyzed by zinc(II)‐1,4,8,11‐tetraazacyclotetradecane complexes (CM) and zinc(II)‐1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane complexes (CN) was carried out in a stopped‐flow device. The effects of the catalyst concentration, type of tertiary amines, and temperature on the reaction rate (ν) and catalytic activity (φ) were studied. It was found that the catalyst concentration, tertiary amine with higher pKa, and temperature had positive effects on ν. ν in N‐methyl diethanolamine solution with 10.0 mol m−3 CM and CN were 16.62 and 26.05 folds than the uncatalyzed ν at 298 K, respectively. φ increased with increasing catalyst concentration, decreasing temperature and tertiary amine's pKa. In addition, the kinetics behavior of tertiary amine‐CM/CN‐CO2 systems conformed to the Michaelis–Menten model. The activation energies in catalytic systems were 4%–15% lower than that in the non‐catalytic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nucleophilic substitution of α‐bromocarboxamide with amines have been demonstrated to synthesize sterically congested C−N bonds. Electrochemical reductive coupling is an efficient route to access hindered amino acid derivatives possessing a quaternary carbon center with excellent yields under mild reaction conditions. Cyclic voltammetry analyses indicated the cathodic reduction of α‐bromocarboxamides in the presence of amines as nucleophiles. The control experiment using the N‐methyl derivative of α‐bromocarboxamide suggested that the aziridinone is the most probable intermediate in this method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Seed vigor is largely a product of sound seed development, maturation processes, genetics, and storage conditions. It is a crucial factor impacting plant growth and crop yield and is negatively affected by unfavorable environmental conditions, which can include drought and heat as well as cold wet conditions. The latter leads to slow germination and increased seedling susceptibility to pathogens. Prior research has shown that a class of plant growth regulators called substituted tertiary amines (STAs) can enhance seed germination, seedling growth, and crop productivity. However, inconsistent benefits have limited STA adoption on a commercial scale Methods: We developed a novel seed treatment protocol to evaluate the efficacy of 2-(N-methyl benzyl aminoethyl)-3-methyl butanoate (BMVE), which has shown promise as a crop seed treatment in field trials. Transcriptomic analysis of rice seedlings 24 h after BMVE treatment was done to identify the molecular basis for the improved seedling growth. The impact of BMVE on seed development was also evaluated by spraying rice panicles shortly after flower fertilization and subsequently monitoring the impact on seed traits. Results: BMVE treatment of seeds 24 h after imbibition consistently improved wheat and rice seedling shoot and root growth in lab conditions. Treated wheat seedlings grown to maturity in a greenhouse also resulted in higher biomass than controls, though only under drought conditions. Treated seedlings had increased levels of transcripts involved in reactive oxygen species scavenging and auxin and gibberellic acid signaling. Conversely, several genes associated with increased reactive oxygen species/ROS load, abiotic stress responses, and germination hindering processes were reduced. BMVE spray increased both fresh and mature seed weights relative to the control for plants exposed to 96 h of heat stress. BMVE treatment during seed development also benefited germination and seedling growth in the next generation, under both ambient and heat stress conditions. Discussion: The optimized experimental conditions we developed provide convincing evidence that BMVE does indeed have efficacy in plant growth enhancement. The results advance our understanding of how STAs work at the molecular level and provide insights for their practical application to improve crop growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The asymmetric oxirane ring‐opening reaction leading to the formation of regioisomeric chlorohydrin esters was studied in the reaction series "acetic acid–epichlorohydrin–tetrahydrofuran (nitrobenzene)–trialkylamine" by kinetic methods and FT‐IR spectroscopy. The effect of solvent polarity and the structure of tertiary amines on the regioselectivity and reaction rate were studied. Tertiary amines with comparable basicity but different nucleophilicity and spatial structure were chosen as catalysts. It was shown that in solvents of different polarity, the components of the initial reaction system are present both as hydrogen‐bonded complexes and as individual substances. The reaction orders with respect to acid and amine in solvents of different polarity were established. Correlations between the reaction rate and the parameters of nucleophilicity and structure of amines as well as the polarity of the solvent were established. The regioselectivity of the reaction was studied by 1H NMR spectroscopy using the ratio of regioisomeric reaction products. It was shown that the regioselectivity and rate of catalytic acetolysis of epichlorohydrin are effectively controlled by the structure of tertiary amines and the polarity of the solvent. The scheme of reaction regio‐flows was detailed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Near‐infrared (NIR) fluorophores with pH‐responsive properties suggest merits in biological analyses. This work establishes a general and effective method to obtain pH‐responsive NIR emissive gold nanoclusters by introducing aliphatic tertiary amine (TA) groups into the ligands. Computational study suggests that the pH‐responsive NIR emission is associated with electronic structure change upon protonation and deprotonation of TA groups. Photo‐induced electron transfer between deprotonated TA groups and the surface Au‐S motifs of gold nanoclusters can disrupt the radiative transitions and thereby decrease the photoluminescence intensity in basic environments (pH=7–11). By contrast, protonated TA groups curb the electron transfer and restore the photoluminescence intensity in acidic environments (pH=4–7). The pH‐responsive NIR‐emitting gold nanoclusters serve as a specific and sensitive probe for the lysosomes in the cells, offering non‐invasive emissions without interferences from intracellular autofluorescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Nucleophilic substitution of α‐bromocarboxamide with amines have been demonstrated to synthesize sterically congested C−N bonds. Electrochemical reductive coupling is an efficient route to access hindered amino acid derivatives possessing a quaternary carbon center with excellent yields under mild reaction conditions. Cyclic voltammetry analyses indicated the cathodic reduction of α‐bromocarboxamides in the presence of amines as nucleophiles. The control experiment using the N‐methyl derivative of α‐bromocarboxamide suggested that the aziridinone is the most probable intermediate in this method.

IntroductionSeed vigor is largely a product of sound seed development, maturation processes, genetics, and storage conditions. It is a crucial factor impacting plant growth and crop yield and is negatively affected by unfavorable environmental conditions, which can include drought and heat as well as cold wet conditions. The latter leads to slow germination and increased seedling susceptibility to pathogens. Prior research has shown that a class of plant growth regulators called substituted tertiary amines (STAs) can enhance seed germination, seedling growth, and crop productivity. However, inconsistent benefits have limited STA adoption on a commercial scaleMethodsWe developed a novel seed treatment protocol to evaluate the efficacy of 2-(N-methyl benzyl aminoethyl)-3-methyl butanoate (BMVE), which has shown promise as a crop seed treatment in field trials. Transcriptomic analysis of rice seedlings 24 h after BMVE treatment was done to identify the molecular basis for the improved seedling growth. The impact of BMVE on seed development was also evaluated by spraying rice panicles shortly after flower fertilization and subsequently monitoring the impact on seed traits.ResultsBMVE treatment of seeds 24 h after imbibition consistently improved wheat and rice seedling shoot and root growth in lab conditions. Treated wheat seedlings grown to maturity in a greenhouse also resulted in higher biomass than controls, though only under drought conditions. Treated seedlings had increased levels of transcripts involved in reactive oxygen species scavenging and auxin and gibberellic acid signaling. Conversely, several genes associated with increased reactive oxygen species/ROS load, abiotic stress responses, and germination hindering processes were reduced. BMVE spray increased both fresh and mature seed weights relative to the control for plants exposed to 96 h of heat stress. BMVE treatment during seed development also benefited germination and seedling growth in the next generation, under both ambient and heat stress conditions.DiscussionThe optimized experimental conditions we developed provide convincing evidence that BMVE does indeed have efficacy in plant growth enhancement. The results advance our understanding of how STAs work at the molecular level and provide insights for their practical application to improve crop growth.

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Sarcophrynium brachyatachys, commonly known as Yoruba soft cane or the praying plant, is traditionally used for packaging food items. Only a few natives recognize the usefulness of the leaves for the treatment of cough and bronchitis in herbal medicine. This study was designed to isolate and characterize a bioactive component. Successful percolation was carried out with 96 percent ethanol to get the crude extract. Afterwards, fractionation was carried out using chloroform and distilled water in a ratio of 1:1. The chloroform fraction was further fractionated with methanol and n-hexane. Column chromatography was carried out on the methanol portion of the extract with organic solvents of different polarities to isolate a pure compound, which was ascertained by thin layer chromatography. The isolated component was characterized based on FT-IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectra, DEPT-135, HSQC, COSY and mass spectrometry. FTIR spectrum revealed a weakly intense peak at 3100 cm-1, which is typical of aromatic C-H. The 1HNMR spectrum of showed the chemical shift of six member ring aromatic protons as doublets at 7.23 ppm (1H, d), 7.27 ppm (1H, d), and 7.32 ppm (1H, d). The methine tertiary amine proton signal was observed at 3.26 ppm. In the 13CNMR spectrum, the tertiary methine amine carbon was observed at 62.62 ppm, while the tertiary methyl amine carbon resonated at 56.87 ppm. The isolated compound was identified as a tertiary substituted amine with the name 5-(2-(secbutyl) phenoxy)-N-(1-ethoxypropyl)-6-(2-isobuthyl-2,3-dimetylcyclopropoxy)-N-methyldec-1-en-2-amine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder mainly characterized by movement dysfunction. Earlier, it was found that (1R,2R,6S)-3-methyl-6-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohex-3-ene-1,2-diol (Prottremin) demonstrated antiparkinsonian activity in vivo on different animal models of PD. The paper presents synthesis of new Prottremin derivative, (1R,2R,6S)-2(4-(4-isopropylbenzyl)piperazin-1-yl)-3-methyl-6-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohex-3-enol. The derivative was obtained by epoxide ring opening reaction with 1-(4-isopropylbenzyl)piperazine. The product yield was 48% after purification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research provides new insights on the application of weak‐base (WB) anion exchange resins (AERs) for groundwater treatment of six perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) with different properties. Continuous‐flow column adsorption and regeneration experiments involving WB, polyacrylic, and WB, polystyrene resins were conducted considering salt‐only regeneration solutions and two representative strong‐base (SB)‐AERs of analogous polymer composition and a third solution of methanol/salt used as baseline for comparison. The WB, polyacrylic resin was regenerated using salt‐only solutions of NaOH due to deprotonation of the tertiary amine functional group at alkaline pH. However, organic cosolvent was required to weaken the hydrophobic interactions between PFAAs and the nonpolar WB, polystyrene resin. Removal was predominantly influenced by polymer composition with free‐base WB‐AERs exhibiting similar selectivity and higher capacity as SB resin counterparts. This work highlights WB‐AER selection based on PFAA‐selective removal and more sustainable regeneration strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a rubber-composite-nanoparticle-modified epoxy powder composite coating with low curing temperature and high toughness was successfully fabricated. The effects of N,N-dimethylhexadecylamine (DMA) carboxy-terminated nitrile rubber (CNBR) composite nanoparticles on the microstructure, curing behavior, and mechanical properties of epoxy-powder coating were systematically investigated. SEM and TEM analysis revealed a uniform dispersion of DMA-CNBR in the epoxy-powder coating, with average diameter of 100 nm. The curing temperature of the epoxy-composite coatings had reduced almost 19.1% with the addition of 1phr DMA-4CNBR into the coating. Impact strength tests confirmed that DMA-CNBR-modified epoxy-composite coatings showed significant improvements compared with the neat EP coating, which was potentially attributed to the nanoscale dispersion of DMA-CNBR particles in epoxy coatings and their role in triggering microcracks. Other mechanical properties, including adhesion and cupping values, were improved in the same manner. In addition, thermal and surface properties were also studied. The prepared epoxy composite powder coating with the combination of low curing temperature and high toughness broadened the application range of the epoxy coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three structurally related gelators, each containing octadecyl chains, an α-diketo group at the 9,10 positions, and each with a different N-amide group—isobutyl (DIBA), isopentyl (DIPA) or N-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl) (DMEA)—have been synthesized. Their neat structures as well as the thermal mechanical, and photophysical properties in their gel states with various liquids have been investigated. The gelator networks of DIBA and DIPA in octane, hexylbenzene and silicone oil consist of bundles of fibers. These gels are partially thixotropic and mechanically, thermally (to above their melting or silicone oil gelation temperatures), and photophysically stable. They are mechanically and thermally stronger than the gels formed with DMEA, the gelator with a tertiary amine group. The lone pair of electrons of the tertiary amine group leads to an intra-molecular or inter-molecular charge-transfer interaction, depending on whether the sample is a solution, sol, or gel. Neat, solid DMEA does not undergo the charge-transfer process because its amino and diketo groups are separated spatially by a large distance in the crystalline state and cannot diffuse into proximity. However, the solution of DIPA upon the addition of triethylamine becomes unstable over time at room temperature in the dark or (more rapidly) when irradiated, which initiates the aforementioned charge-transfer processes. The eventual reaction of the gelators in the presence of a tertiary amine group is ascribed to electron transfer from the lone-pair on nitrogen to an α-diketo group, followed by proton transfer to an oxygen atom on the anion radical of the α-diketo group from a methyl or methylene group attached to the nitrogen atom of the cation radical. Finally, the formation of an α-diketyl radical leads to irreversible electronic and structural changes that are observed over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stoichiometry of ozone and hypochlorous acid reactions with lignin and hexenuronic acid (HexA) was measured in bleaching experiments of Eucalyptus sp. kraft pulp. The progress of the reactions was followed by UV Resonance Raman spectroscopy that can quantify lignin and HexA based on the Raman scattering intensities of the carbon–carbon double bond in HexA and the aromatic ring in lignin. Here, one mol of ozone converted 0.16 mol of lignin (C9 monomer units) and 0.28 mol of HexA, whereas 1 mol of hypochlorous acid converted 0.09 mol of lignin and 0.23 mol of HexA. The use of a tertiary amine catalyst with the hypochlorous acid treatments did not affect these stoichiometries. The stoichiometric ratios showed that ozone was more efficient in oxidizing lignin than hypochlorous acid, while both electrophiles reacted with HexA to a similar extent. HexA reaction by hypochlorous acid was concluded to involve initial electrophilic chlorination of the carbon–carbon double bond, contributing to significant organochlorine (OX) formation in the pulp. Evidence on this was the linear correlation between the initial HexA content and OX (0.59 mol OX per mol HexA) and the high OX content in the xylan extracted from the bleached pulp. The 2D NMR HSQC and TOCSY spectra of the isolated xylans showed the disappearance of HexA signals after the treatment with hypochlorous acid and the appearance of a new spin system, yet to be fully identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the kinetics of CO2 absorption into tertiary amine methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) was studied intensively using both experimental and theoretical approaches. The experimental work measured the kinetics of CO2(aq) react with MDEA over a range of concentrations including dilute (0.5–10.0 mM) and concentrated (0.5–2.5 M) solutions via stopped‐flow spectrophotometric at 25.0°C. The resulting kinetic data has been theoretically evaluated using three chemical reaction mechanism variants including the complete base catalysis mechanism, the simplified base catalysis mechanism, and the parallel CO2 hydration mechanism. Results showed that the simplified base catalysis mechanism in the absence of the kinetic pathways for CO2 via hydroxide and water is insufficient to predict the measured kinetic data while the complete base catalysis mechanism and parallel hydration mechanisms can accurately predict the kinetics of CO2 absorption into MDEA solutions. In particular, the experimental data of reversibility of the hydration reactions at low pH was in poor agreement with the simplified model predicted results. Given the simplicity of the parallel hydration mechanism with no requirement for determination of rate constants of the base catalysis reaction unlike the complete base catalysis mechanism, the parallel hydration mechanism can be considered the simplest and preferred mechanism describing the reaction between tertiary amine MDEA and CO2. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biphasic solvents with primary/secondary amines as the primary absorbent involve a high heat of reaction and low desorption efficiency, limiting their development. A tertiary amine-based biphasic solvent composed of diethylethanolamine (DEEA), 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP), ethyl acetoacetate (EAA), and H 2 O (referred to as DEEA/AMP/EAA/H 2 O) was proposed, which exhibited superior low-temperature desorption performance and ultra-low regeneration energy. EAA was revealed to facilitate the low-temperature desorption by reducing the activation energy from 6.8 to 2.3 kcal/mol. When regenerated only by heating to 353.15 K, the CO 2 -rich phase showed a significant desorption efficiency of 88.2 %; the desorption capacity and desorption rate were even 2.23 times and 6.84 times higher than 30 wt% MEA at 393.15 K. Moreover, the desorption heat dominated by the deprotonation of tertiary amine was as low as 0.92 GJ/t CO 2 ; and low-temperature regeneration brought extremely low latent heat below 0.062 GJ/t CO 2. Thus, the total regeneration energy was as low as 1.16 GJ/t CO 2. In addition, EAA could trigger the phase separation and increase the absorption rate constant from 3.87 E−4 to 1.36 E−3 s−1, even higher than 30 wt% MEA. The addition of AMP further increased the CO 2 loading (4.34 mol/L) and CO 2 distribution (97.43 %) of the CO 2 -rich phase. [Display omitted] • This study proposed a tertiary amine diethylethanolamine-based biphasic solvent. • It's the first biphasic solvent with desired low temperature desorption performance. • The latent heat was 5 % of MEA, with a total regeneration energy of 1.16 GJ/t CO 2. • Ethyl acetoacetate reduce the energy barrier and enable low temperature desorption. • It showed greater desorption capacity and rate at 353 K than those of MEA at 393 K. Synopsis: A novel DEEA/AMP/EAA/H 2 O biphasic solvent was developed with excellent low-temperature desorption performance and extremely low regeneration energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The amine oxide membrane pore size was found to be reversibly tunable. • The "trade-off" effect of the membrane was interestingly eliminated by the introduction of side amine oxide. • These membranes showed good anti-fouling properties and stability after multi-acid/alkali cycle treatment. Creating advanced polymer membranes with adjustable pores for various separation methods has been challenging because of the lack of new materials with adaptable and reversible chemical structures. In this study, we designed membranes using polyarylene ether sulfone/amide tertiary amine (PAES/ATA) copolymerized with polyarylene ether sulfone and polyamide tertiary amine. These membranes incorporated amine oxide units into their molecular chains by oxidizing the TA unit in the PAES/ATA copolymer chain. Applying the oxidation process improved antifouling properties, with the oxidized membrane showing a permeance recovery rate (Frr) of 95.48 % and a total fouling ratio (R t) of 9.35 %. These units also functioned as switches, altering their charge in different pH environments, thereby allowing pore size adjustment in the membranes. Notably, with the formation of amine oxide, these membranes exhibited properties distinct from the traditional "trade-off" effect, which is a persistent challenge in membrane technology development. The permeance and rejection rate of these membranes demonstrated the "simultaneous rise phenomenon" following a facile oxidation treatment to form amine oxide. This study presents a novel approach to develop membranes with new functional and tunable filtration capabilities, potentially applicable in various separation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing functional membranes with switchable pores for the separation of contaminants with different sizes has been challenging due to the lack of novel materials with adaptable and adjustable structures. Polymers containing the tertiary amine (TA) unit can be transformed via oxidation into amine oxide (AO) structure that can modulate the membrane pore size. In this study, new monomers containing pH-responsive TA units and diacyl chloride containing reducible thioether (-S-) groups were used to yield pore-size-adjustable membrane resin polyarylene sulfide sulfone amide/amide tertiary amine (PASSA/ATA) at room temperature. By varying the polymerization ratio of the reaction solution, membranes could be prepared directly through non-solvent induce phase separation (NIPS) method without extra treatment. By oxidizing the TA units to AO through acid condition (H 2 O 2 /H 2 SO 4 /CH 3 COOH), the PASSA/ATA membrane can be switched from ultrafiltration to loose-nanofiltration with the rejection of RO16 and rhodamine B increased from 18.4% to 34.3 % (pristine membrane) to 91.7 % and 98.5 %. The permeance and rejection rate of the oxidized membrane were found to recover to the initial state after alkali-treatment. The mechanism of the switchable pore size was elucidated by dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations. Interestingly, the oxidized PASSA/ATA membrane showed good organic solvent resistance and in nanofiltration performance, as it was capable of retaining about 95 % of Congo red in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) with permeance of about 10 L m−2 h−1 bar−1. This work presents a facile and low-carbon approach to develop novel membranes with multiple filtration capabilities, potentially applicable in various separation processes. Switchable polyaryl sulfide sulfone amide membrane containing tertiary amine unit: oxidation and reversible acid-base treatment. [Display omitted] • PASSA/ATA membranes were fabricated with a facile and low-carbon route. • The membrane pore size could be reversibly adjusted from ultrafiltration to nano-filtration with different pH value. • The membranes were found to have good organic solvent resistance and nanofiltration performance after facile one-step oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder mainly characterized by movement dysfunction. Earlier, it was found that (1R,2R,6S)-3-methyl-6-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohex-3-ene-1,2-diol (Prottremin) demonstrated antiparkinsonian activity in vivo on different animal models of PD. The paper presents synthesis of new Prottremin derivative, (1R,2R,6S)-2(4-(4-isopropylbenzyl)piperazin-1-yl)-3-methyl-6-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohex-3-enol. The derivative was obtained by epoxide ring opening reaction with 1-(4-isopropylbenzyl)piperazine. The product yield was 48% after purification.

The underlying chemistry of weak-base (WB) anion exchange resins (AERs) for contaminant removal from water is not well documented in the literature. To address this, batch adsorption experiments were conducted at pH 4, 7, and 10 using two representative WB-AERs (polyacrylic IRA67 and polystyrene IRA96) and two representative strong-base (SB) AERs (polyacrylic IRA458 and polystyrene A520E), of differing polymer composition, for the removal of nitrate, sulfate, 3-phenylpropionic acid (3-PPA) as surrogate for natural organic matter, and six perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs). Under acidic (pH 4) and neutral (pH 7) conditions, the selectivity of AERs for each contaminant was predominantly influenced by polymer composition followed by the size of the resin functional group. This result reflected the WB-AERs being fully protonated and functioning identical to SB-AERs. Isotherm model parameters revealed WB-AER had higher capacity than SB-AER with analogous polymer composition and porosity regardless of resin selectivity for each contaminant. Under basic conditions (≥ pH 10), contaminant removal by WB-AERs declined due to deprotonation of the tertiary amine functional groups. Removal of PFAAs by the more hydrophobic polystyrene WB-AER (IRA96) remained approximately constant with changing pH, which was possibly due to electrostatic interactions with remaining protonated amine functional groups on the resin.

Polymers are highly promising materials for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas. Hence in this work, we prepared phyllosilicate supported mesoporous polymer via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerisation, which is the one among the controlled radical polymerisation. The mesoporous material anchored on dodecanethiol trithiocarbonate acts as a chain transfer agent (CTA) for the polymerisation of chloromethyl styrene and further conversion to quaternary ammonium compound which is effective to trap CO2 using tertiary amine. The synthesised porous phyllosilicate/polymer nanocomposites have been characterised by using various analytical tools. The CO2 sorption experiments were carried out by passing CO2 onto the synthesised porous phyllosilicate/polymer nanocomposites. The sorption kinetics was monitored by X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectra in the presence of carbonate were obtained by reaction of quaternary ammonium hydroxide and CO2. The phyllosilicate anchored macromolecular CTA (macro-CTA) and the surface-initiated polymer nanocomposites encompassed apparent surface areas of 94.5 and 26.8 m2 g−1, respectively. In addition, the total pore volumes calculated for the macro-CTA and polymer were found to be 0.27 and 0.095 cm3g−1, while the average pore sizes were 14.24 and 11.46 nm, respectively. The CO2 sorption capacity of the phyllosilicate/polymer nanocomposites, monitored at different temperatures, is the fastest for 25°C but slower for the sample treated at 50°C which may due to the dipole and quadrupole interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitrimers are emerging dynamic polymers with exchangeable associated networks that can potentially be used as substitutes for conventional thermosetting polymers, whose healing and recycling are difficult. However, vitrimers have limited engineering applications due to their process complexity, the addition of extra catalysts, and the unclear factors that affect network rearrangement. Herein, epoxy vitrimers with intramolecularly-catalyzed transesterification were prepared by curing an ester-containing epoxy resin with diethylenetriamine and monoamines. The obtained diethylenetriamine-cured vitrimer had favorable tensile stress and modulus (60.86 MPa and 0.94 GPa). The intramolecularly-catalyzed vitrimers exhibited fast stress relaxation, and the relaxation time of monoamine-containing vitrimers was reduced to 253 s at 180 °C. The effect of structure variation on the vitrimers’ properties was investigated by controlling the influencing parameters. The molality of the tertiary amine and β-hydroxy esters were directly proportional to faster stress relaxation. A higher crosslink density led to better mechanical properties and a higher glass transition temperature but retarded the stress relaxation. Side-chains with low steric hindrance accelerated the stress relaxation. Repair and remolding were more efficient in the vitrimers with lower stiffness. This study contributes to the design and practical applications of various epoxy vitrimers according to the desired final properties.

The gem‐difluoroalkene moiety has attracted considerable attention from the synthetic chemistry community due to its outstanding performance in the drug design and development. By employing 4‐CzIPN as photocatalyst, a metal‐free synthetic method for gem‐difluoroalkenes is developed under blue LED irradiation. A wide range of tertiary amines and α‐trifluoromethyl alkenes are applicable in the present gem‐difluoroallylation and successfully transformed into the gem‐difluoroalkenes in good yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tertiary amines (TA) are widely treated as the responsive additions of stimuli-responsive emulsion. The effect of alkane carbon number (ACN) of TA (N,N-Dimethyldecylamine (DMA), N,N-Dimethyldodecylamine (DMDA), N,N-Dimethyltetradecylamine (DMTA) and N,N-Dimethylhexadecylamine (DMHA)) on redox and pH- responsive behavior of emulsion was explored, obtaining a reference to regulate the redox and pH- responsiveness of emulsion precisely. Here, the emulsions are stabilized by the surfactant prepared simply with electrostatic interaction TA and ferrocenecarboxylic acid (FA). The stability of emulsion can be enhanced because of the enhanced surface activity of surfactant with increasing ACN of TA, which was demonstrated by the measurement of water separation ratio (WSR), micrographs and Zeta potential value of emulsion. In addition, by the analysis of micrographs, surfactant tension and interfacial tension, it is demonstrated that the more complete oil-water separation is regulated reversibly because of the larger change value of interfacial tension with increasing ACN upon the alternate addition of Na2SO3 and H2O2. Besides, the emulsions stabilized by surfactant prepared with TA containing ACN = 10 and 12 exhibit doubly pH-responsive behavior, which is ascribe to the inactivation of surface activity of surfactant at lower and higher pH. However, the emulsions stabilized by surfactant prepared with TA containing ACN = 14 and 16 exhibit single pH-responsive behavior because of the inactivatd surface activity of surfactant at higher pH and activatd surface activity of protonated DMTA and DMHA at lower pH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct and consecutive reductive amination of furfural was developed with Rh 2 P catalyst for efficient synthesis of biomass-based tertiary amine. [Display omitted] • Biomass-based tertiary amines are developed for extension of amine chemistry. • Direct and consecutive reductive amination of furfural leads to tertiary amines. • Rh 2 P selectively and efficiently promotes the reactions with wide substrate scope. • Mechanism is supported by both experimental and theoretical investigations. • Excellent stability and recyclability of catalyst during consecutive recycling. Tertiary amines, currently obtained from fossil resources by a multi-step synthetic method, are important compounds in both chemical industry and organic transformations. Herein, we demonstrated highly efficient and convenient strategy to various biomass-based tertiary amines in excellent yields (85–95%) by a direct and consecutive reductive amination of furfural with various amines in one-pot using rhodium phosphide (Rh 2 P) catalyst. Typically, biomass-based tris (2-furanylmethyl)amine in 92% yield was directly obtained from furfural and HCOONH 4 in one-step. Time-dependent reaction profiles suggested a consecutive amination/hydrogenation pathway with furfurylamine-derived Schiff base and secondary amine as successively detected intermediates. The superiority of Rh 2 P was ascribed to its excellent low-temperature hydrogenation activity, which is structurally attributed to an efficient electron-transfer from P atoms (on the P-terminated Rh 2 P) to their bonded and dissociated H atoms. This research thus highlights a powerful, elegant, and attractive approach to biomass-based tertiary amines for a sustainable extension of amine chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of the extraction of impurities of calcium(II), magnesium(II), boron(III), and chloride ions from sulfate-chloride nickel solutions have been carried out. As extractants, we used di-2-ethylhexylphosphoric acid (D2EHPA), di-(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinic acid (Cyanex 272), trialkylamine (TAA), tributyl phosphate (TBP), and aliphatic alcohols: octanol-1, 2-ethylhexanol, and a by-product of its production—distillation residue (TPRD). According to the results of research, it was established that a mixture of 40% TAA in 2-octanone and TPRD exhibits a high extraction ability with respect to boron(III); the degree of boron extraction is 60.7 and 74.5%, respectively. The effect of the acidity of the aqueous phase and the composition of organic mixtures on the extraction ability of organophosphorus acids D2EHPA and Cyanex272 in the extraction of calcium(II) and magnesium(II) was studied. The optimal concentration of individual extractants was found to be 20 vol % in Escaid 100 solvent and the composition of the mixture (vol %) 15 (D2EHPA) + 5 (Cyanex 272). Individual D2EHPA predominantly extracts calcium(II): extraction of 62% Ca(II) and 15% Mg(II). When using Cyanex272, the extraction of magnesium(II) predominates: extraction of 59% Mg(II) and 20% Ca(II). It is shown that the extraction mixture has higher performance than individual extractants for the extraction of Ca(II) and Mg(II) from nickel solutions in the range of pH 3.0–3.5, at which the coextraction of nickel(II) is negligible. With increasing pH values, the extraction of Ca(II) decreases owing to the increasing extraction of nickel and the displacement of calcium by it from the organic phase. The results of the extraction purification of the nickel electrolyte of JSC Kola MMC with an extraction mixture in the Ni form to exclude pH adjustment at each stage of the process are presented. The experimental data obtained make it possible to conclude that the extraction purification of nickel electrolytes of JSC Kola MMC is promising, as a result of which pure solutions of nickel sulfate with a residual content of ≤0.010 g/dm3 B(III), Ca(II), Mg(II), and chloride ions were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dioxide utilization presents an important and topical research topic. However, the performance of catalysts needed for CO 2 transformations does not achieve the necessary levels for their widespread application. To this end, we decided to study non-aqueous condensations providing amine-functionalized silica catalysts, possibly active in CO 2 -epoxide cycloaddition reaction. While non-hydrolytic sol-gel method is well-known for its efficiency in providing highly porous Lewis and Brønsted acid metallosilicates, here we show for the first time its application for the preparation of silica-based catalysts containing basic groups. First, the reaction conditions were screened to reproducibly obtain porous materials with preserved amine moieties. These were identified as follows: silicon tetraacetate and bridging tertiary amine silanes as precursors, toluene as a solvent, and temperature between 160 and 180 °C. In such a way, materials with up to 776 m2 g−1 and 1.58 cm3 g−1 were obtained in one-step process, without any template, after conventional drying step. Next, the amine-functionalized materials were tested in CO 2 -epoxide coupling providing cyclic organic carbonates with high selectivity (>99 %) and moderate activity (up to 86 % epichlorohydrin conversion after 1 h at 120 °C and 10 bar CO 2). The characterization of spent catalysts revealed a presence of cyclic organic carbonates at the catalyst surface as well as conversion of tertiary amine groups to quaternary ammonium moieties. [Display omitted] • Amine functionalized silica with up to 776 m2 g−1 and 1.58 cm3 g−1 by non-hydrolytic sol-gel. • Template-free and catalyst-free one-step synthetic process. • Materials active in the CO 2 cycloaddition on epichlorohydrin, styrene oxide, and 1,2-butylene oxide. • Quaternization of amine sites observed in spent catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lewis base catalysis provides powerful synthetic strategies for the selective construction of carbon‐carbon and carbon‐heteroatom bonds. Thus continuous efforts have been deployed to develop effective methodologies involving Lewis base catalysis. The nucleophilicity and steric hindrance of Lewis base catalyst often plays a major role in catalytic reactivity and selectivity in the reaction. In the past decades, tremendous progress has been made in the divergent construction of valuable motifs under Lewis base catalysis. In this review, we provide a comprehensive and updated summary of Lewis base‐catalysed chemo‐, diastereo‐ and enantiodivergent reaction, as well as the related mechanism will be highlighted in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mild and efficient method for the cobalt-catalyzed hydroxyperfluoroalkylation of alkenes has been developed. This method demonstrated broad substrate scope, good yields, and mild conditions with the tolerance of mono-, di-, and trisubstituted alkenes including both styrenes and non-activated aliphatic olefins. This strategy offered a valuable solution for rapid and efficient construction of β-perfluoro-alkyl alcohols using widely available and inexpensive perfluoroalkyl bromides- and atmospheric oxygen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yang Chen,1,* Li Wang,1,* Shi Luo,2 Jun Hu,3 Xing Huang,1 Pei-Wen Li,2 Yi Zhang,1 Chao Wu,1 Bo-Le Tian1 1Department of Pancreatic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China; 2Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China; 3Laboratory of Basic Scientific Research, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Bo-Le TianDepartment of Pancreatic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 13880683475Fax +86 28-85422475Email tianbolemed@163.comIntroduction: Pancreatic cancer, or pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma (PDAC), remains one of the most lethal cancers and features insidious onset, highly aggressive behavior and early distant metastasis. The dense fibrotic stroma surrounding tumor cells is thought to be a shield to resist the permeation of chemotherapy drugs in the treatment of PDAC. Thus, we synthesized a pancreas-targeting paclitaxel-loaded PEGylated liposome and investigated its antitumor efficacy in the patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) nude mouse models of PDAC.Methods: The PTX-loaded PEGylated liposomes were prepared by film dispersion-ultrasonic method and modified by an N,N-dimethyl tertiary amino residue. Morphology characteristics of the PTX-loaded liposomes were observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM). The PDOX models of PDAC were established by orthotopic implantation and imaged by a micro positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging system. The in vivo distribution and antitumor study were then carried out to observe the pancreas-targeting accumulation and the antitumor efficacy of the proposed PTX liposomes.Results: PTX loaded well into both modified (PTX-Lip2N) and unmodified (PTX-Lip) PEGylated liposomes with spherical shapes and suitable parameters for the endocytosis process. The PDOX nude mouse models were successfully created in which high 18F-FDG intaking regions were observed by micro-PET/CT. In addition to higher cellular uptakes of PTX-Lip2N by the BxPC-3 cells, the proposed nanoparticle had a notable penetrating ability towards PDAC tumor tissues, and consequently, the antitumor ability of PTX-Lip2N was significantly superior to the unmodified PTX-Lip in vivo PDOX models and even more effective than nab-PTX in restraining tumor growth.Conclusion: The modified pancreas-targeting PTX-loaded PEGylated liposomes provide a promising platform for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.Keywords: pancreas-targeting, tertiary amine, pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma, paclitaxel liposome, antitumor efficacy

Three structurally related gelators, each containing octadecyl chains, an α-diketo group at the 9,10 positions, and each with a different N-amide group—isobutyl (DIBA), isopentyl (DIPA) or N-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl) (DMEA)—have been synthesized. Their neat structures as well as the thermal mechanical, and photophysical properties in their gel states with various liquids have been investigated. The gelator networks of DIBA and DIPA in octane, hexylbenzene and silicone oil consist of bundles of fibers. These gels are partially thixotropic and mechanically, thermally (to above their melting or silicone oil gelation temperatures), and photophysically stable. They are mechanically and thermally stronger than the gels formed with DMEA, the gelator with a tertiary amine group. The lone pair of electrons of the tertiary amine group leads to an intra-molecular or inter-molecular charge-transfer interaction, depending on whether the sample is a solution, sol, or gel. Neat, solid DMEA does not undergo the charge-transfer process because its amino and diketo groups are separated spatially by a large distance in the crystalline state and cannot diffuse into proximity. However, the solution of DIPA upon the addition of triethylamine becomes unstable over time at room temperature in the dark or (more rapidly) when irradiated, which initiates the aforementioned charge-transfer processes. The eventual reaction of the gelators in the presence of a tertiary amine group is ascribed to electron transfer from the lone-pair on nitrogen to an α-diketo group, followed by proton transfer to an oxygen atom on the anion radical of the α-diketo group from a methyl or methylene group attached to the nitrogen atom of the cation radical. Finally, the formation of an α-diketyl radical leads to irreversible electronic and structural changes that are observed over time.

In this study, a rubber-composite-nanoparticle-modified epoxy powder composite coating with low curing temperature and high toughness was successfully fabricated. The effects of N,N-dimethylhexadecylamine (DMA) carboxy-terminated nitrile rubber (CNBR) composite nanoparticles on the microstructure, curing behavior, and mechanical properties of epoxy-powder coating were systematically investigated. SEM and TEM analysis revealed a uniform dispersion of DMA-CNBR in the epoxy-powder coating, with average diameter of 100 nm. The curing temperature of the epoxy-composite coatings had reduced almost 19.1% with the addition of 1phr DMA-4CNBR into the coating. Impact strength tests confirmed that DMA-CNBR-modified epoxy-composite coatings showed significant improvements compared with the neat EP coating, which was potentially attributed to the nanoscale dispersion of DMA-CNBR particles in epoxy coatings and their role in triggering microcracks. Other mechanical properties, including adhesion and cupping values, were improved in the same manner. In addition, thermal and surface properties were also studied. The prepared epoxy composite powder coating with the combination of low curing temperature and high toughness broadened the application range of the epoxy coatings.

This paper lays down the history of the advances in cobalt production technology from natural copper–nickel and recyclable raw materials at the Severonikel combine at AO Kol'skaya GMK over an 80-year period. The high role of extraction processes for the production of commercial salts and high-quality electrolytic metal is shown. Ways to further improve the quality of cobalt are presented, as is the need to extend the assortment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tetraazamacrocycle such as 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane "cyclen" are known for efficient complexation of metallic ions and were used as an ionic recognition agents in chemical sensors in aqueous medium.The aim of this paper is to examine in more detail the oxidation mechanism of amines in cyclen before copper complexation and after copper complexation. Gold electrodes modified with mono-N-MNCyclen(mono methyl-naphtyl-cyclen) and tetra-N-MNCyclen thin films were obtained by deposition of mono-N-MNCyclen and the tetra-N-MNCyclensynthesized respectively by bisaminal route in three steps (protection, N-mono-alkylation and deprotection) and direct route. The comparative study of the electrochemical oxidation of amines in both cyclens allowed the identification of the tertiary and of the secondary amines. From the potential-pH relation and the variation of the intensities of the oxidation peaks, the redox mechanisms of both types of amines was proposed. The electrochemical redox behaviour of the amines in the copper-mono-N-MNCyclen complex was studied. From the potential-pH relation and the variation of the intensities of the oxidation peaks, the redox mechanisms of amines and the structure of the copper-mono-N-MNCyclen complex were proposed. The intensities of the oxidation peaks of the amines vary linearly with the copper concentration, in the range 10−12 M to 10–6 M, leading to a detection limit of of 1 pM of Cu2+. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two tertiary‐amine‐terminated liquid rubbers (TATPB and TATBN) containing polybutadiene and butadiene acrylonitrile are successfully synthesized and used in the modification of epoxy networks. By taking advantage of the flexibility of rubbers, the toughness of epoxy resin has been significantly improved. The addition of 60 phr TATPB and TATBN increased the impact strength of epoxy resins from 12.2 to 59.8 and 92.0 KJ/m2, respectively. Meanwhile, due to the dual role of tertiary amine of TATPB and TATBN in catalysis and curing for epoxies, their Tg values shifted from 87.7 to 102.0 and 95.7°C, respectively. TATPB with a smaller polarity improves the toughness of the epoxy resin slightly less than TATBN with a larger polarity, but the former is more effective in increasing the Tg values. This study demonstrates a novel strategy to enhance the toughness of epoxy composites as well as improve the high temperature resistance by designing the end‐structure of toughening agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel DMAP‐mediated Rauhut‐Currier/oxa‐Michael addition cascade reaction of hydroxylphenyl‐substituted para‐quinone methide with allenoate was reported for the first time. A series of functionalized chromenes were successfully obtained with moderate to good yields under this one‐pot cascade reaction. The chromene products could be easily transformed into different derivatives and a plausible mechanism was proposed to elucidate this novel reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]