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Acute retinal necrosis (ARN) is a profound infection of the retina, marked by acute panuveitis, retinal periarteritis, and widespread necrotizing retinitis. The etiology of ARN involves human herpesviruses, such as herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV), which can lead to severe visual impairment or even blindness. Diagnosis of ARN is based on clinical characteristics and disease progression according to the standard diagnostic criteria established by the American Uveitis Society (AUS) in 1994. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of aqueous specimens can enable identification of the type of virus. Early initiation of antiviral medication is essential for treatment efficacy to stop lesion progression, accelerate the healing process, and prevent contralateral eye involvement. Ocular complications of ARN include atrophic retina, multiple retinal breaks, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD), tractional retinal detachment (TRD), optic atrophy, macular edema, epiretinal membrane (ERM), and retinal and optic disc neovascularization. This review summarizes the clinical features, diagnostic criteria, and recently recommended ARN management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the incidence of and predictive factors for recurrent cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVR) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative patients. A retrospective review of HIV-negative patients who were newly diagnosed with CMVR between January 2005 and February 2019. Of 28 patients (44 eyes), 35.9% of eyes had a recurrence of CMVR after discontinuation of anti-CMV therapy. The incidence of CMVR recurrence was 17 per 100 eye-years. The factors significantly associated with CMVR recurrence were eyes with retinitis area of more than 25% (P =.013), absence of vitreous haze (P =.003), neutropenia at presentation (P =.001), and absence of systemic immunosuppression therapy prior to presentation (P =.002). Eyes with a large area of retinitis, absence of vitreous haze, and neutropenia at presentation are predictive of CMVR recurrence while receiving systemic immunosuppression prior to CMVR presentation has a lower risk of CMVR recurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Aims--To evaluate the efficacy of amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) in persistent corneal epithelial defect with or without stromal thinning and corneal perforation. Methods--28 patients (28 eyes) with persistent corneal [...]

Aims To establish expert recommendations for the management of ocular sarcoidosis (OS). Methods A question-based survey on the management of OS was circulated to international uveitis experts (members of the International Uveitis Study Group and the International Ocular Inflammation Society) electronically. Subsequently, a consensus workshop was conducted at the 7th International Workshop on Ocular Sarcoidosis (IWOS) in June 2019 in Sapporo, Japan as part of the Global Ocular Inflammation Workshops. Statements on the management of OS that were supported by a twothirds majority of 10 international panel members of the workshop, after discussion and voting, were taken as consensus agreement. Results A total of 98 participants from 29 countries responded to the questionnaire survey. The subsequent consensus workshop established recommendations for the management of OS in five sections. The first section concerned evaluation and monitoring of inflammation. The second, third and fourth sections described ocular manifestations that were indications for treatment, and the management of anterior uveitis, intermediate uveitis and posterior uveitis. In the fifth section, the use of systemic corticosteroids and systemic immunosuppressive drugs were detailed. Conclusions Recommendations for management of OS were formulated through an IWOS consensus workshop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the differences between scleritis in association with a systemic collagen vascular disease and idiopathic scleritis and to describe the clinical characteristics of patients presenting with non-infectious scleritis. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of 95 patients who presented with non-infectious scleritis was conducted. A comparison of the clinical differences between patients who had an associated systemic collagen vascular disease and idiopathic scleritis was performed. Results: Of the 95 patients (123 eyes), 72.6% was female with mean age of 47 years. Diffuse anterior scleritis was the most predominant type (57.9%). The first and the second most frequent complications were anterior uveitis and scleral thinning. Almost twenty percent of the patients had a systemic collagen vascular disease involvement; rheumatoid arthritis and non-specific anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies-related scleritis were the two most common (4.2% each). Most of the patients who had a concurrent systemic collagen vascular disease presented with diffuse anterior scleritis, but it was not statistically significant compared with the idiopathic group. The presence of scleral thinning during follow-up periods showed a statistically significant difference between the groups with and without systemic collagen vascular disease at p value 0.038. Conclusion: Diffuse anterior scleritis was the most common type of scleritis found. Patients who had collagen vascular disease and scleritis commonly developed scleral thinning during follow up visits. Aggressive treatment for scleritis in immune-mediated systemic collagen vascular disease may be considered to prevent progressive scleral thinning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the prevalence and clinical predictors of ocular involvement in acute herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Methods: A retrospective chart review of 167 patients presenting with acute herpes zoster ophthalmicus at the Outpatient Department of Ophthalmology, Siriraj Hospital, was performed. All skin lesions along the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V1) and ocular inflammatory signs were observed and documented. Results: A total of 160 cases were analyzed. The prevalence of ocular inflammation in acute herpes zoster ophthalmicus was 73.1% (117/160). The types of ocular inflammations included conjunctival injection (99.1%), keratitis (51.3%), and iridocyclitis (21.4%). Nasociliary skin lesions (Hutchinson's sign) were the best predictor of ocular inflammation in acute herpes zoster ophthalmicus (p = 0.006, OR = 3.6, 95% CI: 1.5-9.1). Other factors associated with ocular inflammation were a period of longer than 4 days from the onset of rash to an eye examination (p = 0.007, OR = 3.2, 95% CI: 1.4-7.5), and the initiation of systemic acyclovir treatment after 3 days from rash onset (p = 0.037, OR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.05-4.96). Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of ocular inflammation in acute herpes zoster ophthalmicus, especially among individuals with Hutchinson's sign and delayed systemic acyclovir treatment. General practitioners should be aware of ocular involvement and refer high-risk patients for a complete ophthalmologic assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]