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Abstract Background Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) is a form of gender-based violence that has negative health consequences. The decision to perform FGM/C is often made collectively and a variety of actors influence the decision. There is inconsistent and inconclusive evidence that health education interventions lead behavioural changes related to FGM/C among key decision-makers. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the effectiveness of health education interventions on decision-makers intentions not to perform FGM/C in the future. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed according to the Preferred Item for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISRMA) guideline. Studies were obtained from databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane, African Journals Online and relevant lists of identified studies (interventional studies related to FGM/C among key decision-makers). Unpublished sources and organizational websites were also searched for relevant articles. The quality of studies was assessed using the Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies developed by the Effective Public Health Practice Project’s. The meta-analysis was carried out using STATA.17 and Review Manager 5.3 software. Heterogeneity and publication bias were assessed using the I2 statistic and funnel plot, respectively. The pooled effect size with a 95% confidence interval was presented using a forest plot and random effect model. Results This meta-analysis included nineteen studies with a total of 13,326 study participants. The overall pooled relative risk of intention not to perform FGM/C in the future was 1.55 (95% CI;1.24, 1.94). In the subgroup analysis, the effect of health education on intention not to perform in the future was higher in studies that used both health education and other interventions (RR = 3.75, 95% CI; 2.04, 6.88) compared to those using only health education (RR = 1.35, 95% CI; 0.95, 1.92). Studies with longer intervention duration (above 12 months) had a greater effect on intention not to perform (RR = 1.34, 95% CI; 0.86, 2.09) compared to studies with a short intervention period (6–12 months) (RR = 1.14, 95% CI; 0.61, 2.15). Conclusion This review examined the impact of health education on key decisions-makers’ intention not to perform FGM/C in the future. Although the pooled effect size estimate may have been influenced by heterogeneity, the results suggest that education about FGM/C has a positive influence on the intentions of key decision-makers. It is recommended that health education interventions target local decision-makers such as religious and clan leaders and include them in initiatives aimed at preventing and eliminating FGM/C. PROSPERO registration number CRD42024542541.

Abstract Background Meconium-stained amniotic fluid (MSAF) is a condition in which meconium is present in the uterus during ante-natal and complicates 10–15% of all live births. Scanty information is known about the determinants of meconium-stained amniotic fluid. Hence, this study aimed to identify determinants of meconium-stained amniotic fluid among women delivered at southwestern referral hospitals in southwest Ethiopia, in 2024. Methods An institutional-based case-control study was employed from January 1, 2024, to June 30, 2024. The study was conducted in four southwestern referral hospitals in southwest Ethiopia. The final sample size includes 321(107 cases and 214 controls). The sample size was proportionally allocated for cases and controls for each referral hospital. Simple random sampling was used to select patient charts and data was collected from the chart using questions/tools developed after reviewing relevant literature. Data were entered using Epi-data version 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Data was analyzed using binary logistic regression. All independent variables with P- the value of

Abstract Introduction The incidence of Pancreatic cancer is different in different parts of the world. It is a cancer with the worst prognosis of all malignancies. Pancreatic cancer is predominantly a disease of an older population. There are different environmental (modifiable) and non-modifiable risk factors associated with the development of pancreatic cancer. At present, surgical resection is the only potential cure for pancreatic cancer. However, as only 10–20% of the patients have resectable disease at the time of diagnosis. The morbidities associated with surgeries for pancreatic cancers remain high though the post-operative mortality has shown significant reduction in the past few decades. So far, no study has been conducted to investigate pancreatic cancer in Ethiopia. Objectives To assess the clinico-pathologic profile, associated factors, surgical management and short-term outcome of patients with pancreatic cancer in Tikur Anbessa Specialized hospital. Methods A 5 years retrospective hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 52 patients operated with the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer with either curative or palliative intents. The study period was from April 2016 to July 2021. The data collected includes demographic profile, associated risk factors and comorbidities, clinical presentations, biochemical parameters, pathologic features of the tumors as well as type of treatment offered and short term treatment outcome. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 25. Result The mean and median age of patients was 54.1 and 54.5% respectively. Males constitute about 52% the patients. 21% of the patients have potential risk factors; whereas only 10 (19.2%) of the patients had medical comorbidities. Median duration of symptoms at diagnosis was 12 weeks. Abdominal pain (88.5%) was the most common presenting symptom followed by anorexia (80.8%) and significant weight loss (78.8%), while 71.2% of the patients have jaundice. On clinical evaluation, 69.2% were jaundiced, while 34.6% had a palpable gallbladder. More than two third of patients presented with advanced disease. 76.9% of the tumors are located in the head of pancreas. More than three quarters (77%) of the surgeries performed were palliative. Postoperative morbidity and mortality were 19.2% and 3.8% respectively. Conclusion Age at first diagnosis of pancreatic cancer is relatively earlier in our setup. Most patients present with advanced condition, only amenable for palliative measures. The post-operative morbidity and mortality are more or less comparable with similar studies. The need for adjuvant therapy in pancreatic cancer should be emphasized.

The main purpose of this work is to present an accurate computational approach for solving the singularly perturbed Burger-Huxley equations. The quasilinearization technique linearizes the nonlinear term of the differential equation. The finite difference approximation is formulated to approximate the derivatives in the differential equations and then accelerate its rate of convergence to improve the accuracy of the solution. Numerical experiments were conducted to sustain the theoretical results and to show that the presented method produces a more correct solution than some surviving methods in the literature.

BackgroundEarly recovery is a performance indicator of quality care for children under five admitted due to severe acute malnutrition (SAM) at therapeutic feeding centers. Despite the available interventions to tackle such nutritional problems, there is limited information on the time to recovery and its predictors among children with severe acute malnutrition in Ethiopia, more particularly in the study setting.ObjectiveThe study aimed to assess the time to recovery from severe acute malnutrition and its predictors among children aged 6–59 months admitted to the therapeutic feeding center (TFC) of Hiwot Fana Comprehensive Specialized Hospital (HFCSH), eastern Ethiopia, from 1st September 2019 to 1st March 012024.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted at the therapeutic feeding center of HFCSH among a randomly selected sample of 349 patients with severe acute malnutrition who were undergoing therapeutic feeding. Data were collected using a data abstraction tool and then stored in Epi-data version 4.6 and STATA version 17.0 statistical software. Descriptive statistics, Kaplan–Meier (KM) plots, median survival times, the log-rank test, and the Cox proportional hazards regression model were used to report the findings of this study. After performing the Cox proportional hazards regression, the model goodness of fit and assumptions were checked. Finally, the association between independent variables and the time to recovery in days was assessed using the multivariable Cox proportional hazards model, and the variables with a p-value

Abstract Background The Ethiopian Ministry of Health (EMOH) has recently introduced a Continuous Professional Development (CPD) program for healthcare workers to ensure they maintain the necessary competencies to meet the community’s health needs. However, there is limited information on healthcare workers’ knowledge and perceived need for CPD. This study aims to assess healthcare workers’ CPD knowledge, perceived needs, and factors associated with these in eastern Ethiopia. Methods A health facility-based cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted from September 1, 2022, to October 30, 2022. Health facilities and study participants were selected using a simple random sampling technique. A total of 731 healthcare professionals were randomly selected. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire developed from national CPD guidelines. Data analysis was performed using the STATA statistical package version 14. A logistic regression model was used to assess the association between predictors and the outcome variable. Adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated to determine the strength of the association. A p-value

Abstract This paper investigates the progressive collapse potential of eight-story reinforced concrete framed buildings with several atypical structural configurations and compares results with a typical structural configuration. The alternative load path mechanism, the linear-static analysis procedure amplified by dynamic increase factors, and the demand capacity ratio criterion limits from the U.S. General Services Administration guideline were used to evaluate the vulnerability of the different atypical and typical framed structures. Variations in bay size, plan irregularity, and closely spaced columns were used to represent the atypical structural configurations. The extracted demand-capacity ratio (DCR) of the global structural response showed that the demand-capacity ratio for the longitudinal frame with short-span beams had a larger DCR than the transverse frame with longer beam spans with significant potential for progressive collapse. Furthermore, atypical building configurations with closely spaced columns failed by shear and showed the highest DCR limits. In addition to the global structural response, the local member end actions were also evaluated. The evaluation showed that the critical atypical frame configuration with closely spaced columns had a 91% and 127% maximum shear force and support bending moment value difference, respectively, when compared to a baseline typical frame configuration.

Abstract Concrete’s weak tensile strength renders it susceptible to cracking under prolonged loads, leading to reduced load-bearing capacity and reinforcing bar corrosion. This study investigates the effectiveness of microbial-based self-healing in high-strength concrete, focusing on two bacterial strains: Sporosarcina koreensis and Bacillus. Results demonstrate significant enhancements in micro- and macro-physical properties of high-strength bacterial concrete with Bacillus flexus and S. koreensis, surpassing the control. Bacillus flexus-infused concrete exhibits a remarkable 21.8% increase in compressive strength at 7 days and 11.7% at 56 days. Similarly, S. koreensis-treated concrete shows 12.2% and 7.4% increases at 7 and 56 days, respectively. Enhanced crack healing occurs due to calcite precipitation, confirmed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Both bacterial strains achieve crack closure within 42 days, with widths of 259.7 µm and 288.7 µm, respectively. Moreover, bacterial concrete from these strains excels in durability against water, acid, and salt exposure, surpassing control concrete. These findings emphasize microbial-based self-healing’s potential in high-strength concrete, providing a practical strategy to enhance structural resilience and extend concrete infrastructure lifespan.

Abstract Background Because of the rapidly rising cultural diversity, the ability to recognize cultural diversity is extremely important to all healthcare professionals, especially to nurses. However, there is a paucity of information regarding the cultural sensitivity of nurses in Ethiopia. Hence, this study aimed to assess cultural sensitivity and associated factors among nurses working at Jimma Medical Center, Oromia Regional State, Southwest Ethiopia. Methods Health-facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 244 nurses selected by simple random sampling from May 20th to June 20th, 2020. A structured, self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Data were analysed using Statistical Product and Service Solution Version 26.0. Bivariate binary logistic regression analyses were used to select variables for the final model. Multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with cultural sensitivity. Statistical significance was declared at $$p\leq$$ 0.05, and adjusted odds ratio with respective 95% CI was used to report significant covariates. Results Out of the total sample, 236 nurses participated in this study, giving a response rate of 96.72%. Nurses who were culturally sensitive while delivering routine nursing services were found to be 40.3% (95% CI (34.3, 46.6)). Level of education ([AOR (95% CI)], [4.846 (1.188, 19.773)]), interpersonal communication ([AOR (95% CI)], [4.749 (1.334, 16.909)]), and intercultural communication ([AOR (95% CI)], [51.874 (13.768, 195.45)]) were positively and significantly associated with the cultural sensitivity of nurses. Conclusion Cultural sensitivity is found to be low in the study area. Increasing level of education, effective interpersonal communication abilities, and intercultural communication abilities positively predict cultural sensitivity of nurses. It is helpful for nurses to improve their knowledge of transcultural nursing theories and cultural understanding.

Abstract Background Partner Notification Service is among the strategies used to conduct targeted Human Immunodeficiency Virus Testing Service by obtaining information about sexual contacts of index clients to refer for testing. But most people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus are still unaware of their status, including Ethiopia. Limited studies are available on the magnitude of partner notification service utilization and associated factors in Ethiopia. Objective The aim of this study was to assess the magnitude of partner notification service utilization and associated factors among people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus attending anti-retroviral therapy clinics of public health facilities in Gimbi town, West Ethiopia. Methods A facility-based mixed-method cross-sectional study design was used. Total of 455 study participants were selected by systematic random sampling for quantitative data and health workers were purposively selected for qualitative data until saturation of ideas was reached. The study was conducted from December 1, 2022 to January 30, 2023. Structured questionnaires and key informant interview guides were used for data collection. Quantitative data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science version 25. Open code 4.02 software was used for qualitative data analysis. Frequencies and proportions were used to summarize descriptive statistics. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression was used to identify associated factors then variables with a p value

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to determine the magnitude of current drug use and its associated factors among randomly selected 3227 in-school adolescents in eastern Ethiopia using a multistage sampling technique. Data were collected using questionnaires adapted from the Global School-Based Health Survey. The magnitude of current drug use among in-school adolescents was 5.67% (95% CI: 4.92–6.52). Rural residence (AOR = 2.25, 95% CI: 1.43; 3.54), social media use (AOR = 2.53, 95% CI: 1.75; 3.65), being bullied by others at school (AOR = 8.34, 95% CI: 5.67; 12.56), having a father who used drugs (AOR = 2.20, 95% CI: 1.38; 3.39), and having low self-esteem (AOR = 5.83, 95% CI: 2.77; 12.27) were significantly associated with increased odds of current drug use. The magnitude of current drug use is high. The findings highlight that interventions should focus on rural dwellers, social media users, bully victims, adolescents whose fathers use drugs, and adolescents with low self-esteem.

Worldwide, bush encroachment threatens rangeland ecosystem services, including plant biodiversity and forage for livestock. Various control methods for encroaching woody species and restoring herbaceous vegetation exist but have rarely been explored experimentally. We assessed the impact of post-tree thinning management on tree mortality, the herbaceous community, and overall rangeland condition in Borana, an Ethiopian savanna ecosystem. At two 1.4 ha areas of encroached mono-specific Vachellia drepanolobium (whistling thorn) stands, we set up twenty-four 20 × 10 m experimental plots with four post-tree-thinning treatments (goat browsing only (1), prescribed fire (2), fire and goat browsing (3), and control (4) (i.e., no management after tree cutting), with three replications in a complete block design. Over two growing periods, we monitored resulting tree mortality, coppicing, seedling mortality and recruitment, as well as herbaceous layer attributes (diversity, biomass) and overall rangeland condition. All three post-tree thinning management scenarios significantly enhanced tree mortalities, reduced seedling recruitment and increased the abundance of the dominant desirable grass species. Prescribed fire and fire and goat-browsing treatments resulted in significantly greater grass and forb species richness, forb diversity, and biomass, as well as the overall rangeland condition compared to goat browsing only and the control treatment. However, grass species diversity did not respond to treatments. Post-tree management significantly increased tree mortality, reduced seedling recruitment, and increased the abundance of desirable grass species. Our findings strongly suggest that post-thinning management, particularly prescribed fire or a combination of fire and browsing, is highly effective in suppressing woody encroachment and improving biomass and overall rangeland condition.

BackgroundWorldwide, nearly half of the patients admitted to intensive care units require ventilatory support. Despite advances in intensive care unit patient management and mechanical ventilator utilization, the odds of mortality among mechanically ventilated patients are higher in resource-limited settings. Little is known about the mortality of patients on mechanical ventilation outside the capital of Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess mortality and its associated factors among mechanically ventilated adult patients in intensive care units.MethodAn institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted on mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care units from 1 February 2020 to 1 March 2023. A simple random sampling technique was used to select 434 patients’ charts. A data extraction tool designed on the Kobo toolbox, a smartphone data collection platform, was used to collect the data. The data were exported into Microsoft Excel 2019 and then into Stata 17 for data management and analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the characteristics of the study participants. A bivariable logistic regression was conducted, and variables with p ≤ 0.20 were recruited for multivariable analysis. Statistical significance was declared at p

IntroductionSeptic shock is a global health issue causing high mortality rates in intensive care units, with limited evidence in Africa, including Ethiopia, regarding its incidence and predictors. The aim of this study was assess the incidence and predictors of mortality among patients with septic shock admitted to the ICU of Comprehensive Specialized Hospitals of the Northwest Amhara region.MethodsA study involving 386 ICU patients with septic shock from 2019 to 2023 was conducted using a random sampling method and structured data extraction tool. Data was analyzed using EpiData and STATA, with variables selected for multivariate analysis.ResultThe overall incidence rate of septic shock was 10.4 per 100-person day of observation with a median survival time of 7, days and the proportion of deaths during the study period was 58.29%. In multivariate Cox proportional regression analysis, age 40–59 years (HR: 1.77, p = 0.005), age > 60 years (HR: 3.52, p < 0.001), delay ICU admission (HR: 1.93, p = 0.001), low MAP (HR: 2.56, p < 0.001), comorbidity (HR: 2.74, p < 0.001), complication (HR: 1.87, p = 0.012), ALF (HR: 1.84, p = 0.037), no pathogen identification (HR: 1.69, p = 0.035) were found significant predictors of mortality for patients with septic shock in the ICU.ConclusionThe incidence of mortality in patients with septic shock admitted to the ICU was high and the main predictors were age> 60 years, low MAP, comorbidity, and delay ICU admission >6 h, Hence, Early recognition and appropriate treatment recommended by the International Sepsis Survival Campaign guideline should be implemented.

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane is an organo-chlorine insecticide used for malaria and agricultural pest control, but it is the most persistent pollutant, endangering both human and environmental health. The primary aim of the research is to screen, characterize, and assess putative fungi that degrade DDT for mycoremediation. Samples of soil and wastewater were gathered from Addis Ababa, Koka, and Ziway. Fungi were isolated and purified using potato dextrose media. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption, Ionization, and Flight Duration The technique of mass spectrometry was employed to identify fungi. It was found that the finally selected isolate, AS1, was Aspergillus niger. Based on growth factor optimization at DDT concentrations (0, 3500, and 7000 ppm), temperatures (25, 30, and 35 °C), and pH levels (4, 7, and 10), the potential DDT-tolerant fungal isolates were investigated. A Box-Behnken experimental design was used to analyze and optimize fungal biomass and sporulation. The highest biomass (0.981 ± 0.22 g) and spore count (5.60 ± 0.32 log/mL) of A. niger were found through optimization assessment, and this fungus was chosen as a potential DDT-degrader. For DDT degradation investigations by A. niger in DDT-amended liquid media, gas chromatograph-electron capture detector technology was employed. DDT and its main metabolites, DDE and DDD, were eliminated from both media to the tune of 96–99 % at initial DDT concentrations of 1750, 3500, 5250, and 7000 ppm. In conclusion, it is a promising candidate for detoxifying and/or removing DDT and its breakdown products from contaminated environments.

Turquoise blue dye is frequently used for industrial dyeing applications. But the release of untreated colored wastewater became an environmental and public health hazard. Microbial remediation of Azodye is environmentally safe and an alternative to a physicochemical approach. The aim of this research is to isolate and characterize turquoise blue dye degrading microbes from polluted environment. Microbial isolation and purification from soil and effluent sample was done on PDA and NA. Turquoise blue dye degrading test was investigated under optimized conditions using -the definitive screening design method. UV–Vis spectrophotometer used to measure the degradation percentage at 620 nm and 25 °C. The results revealed that 24 fungi and 6 bacterial species were identified from the contaminated site using Biolog Microstation and MALDI-TOF. Among all identified microbial species Pencilium citrinum Thom BCA & Penicillium heriquei show the highest percentage decolorization of turquoise blue dye up to 300 ppm with 90 % removal at pH4 and 87 % at pH 7 up to 400 ppm respectively. The azodye degradation ability of these fungi species used in the development of mycoremediation technologies provide an alternative option for Azodye removal after HPLC analysis, molecular characterization, and toxic analysis.

BackgroundPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by heightened stress and anxiety after experiencing a traumatic event. While numerous studies have been conducted to investigate the magnitude and factors associated with PTSD, there is limited evidence available on specific study populations of military personnel.ObjectiveThe study aimed to determine the magnitude of post-traumatic stress disorder and associated factors among military personnel admitted to the Eastern Command Referral Hospital in Eastern Ethiopia from May 1 to 30, 2023.Methods and materialsA cross-sectional study was carried out at an institution. Face-to-face interviews were conducted to collect data using the post-traumatic stress disorder military version checklist for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition. Data were entered and analyzed using EpiData version 3.1 and STATA version 14. Descriptive statistics were employed to summarize the information. To investigate factors linked with outcome variables, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted. The results were presented using odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals, with statistical significance given at a p-value of 0.05.ResultsThis study found that approximately 23.6% (95% CI = 19.9–27.8) of admitted military members fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for PTSD. Participants’ history of mental illness [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 5.73, 95% CI = 2.66–12.31], family history of mental illness (AOR = 10.38, 95% CI = 5.36–20.10), current chewing of khat (AOR = 2.21, 95% CI = 1.13–4.32), physical trauma (AOR = 2.03, 95% CI = 1.00–4.13), moderate social support (AOR = 0.27, 95% CI = 0.1–4.53), strong social support (AOR = 0.09, 95% CI = 0.02–0.35), and severe depression (AOR = 2.06, 95% CI = 1.74–5.71) were factors significantly associated with post-traumatic stress disorder.ConclusionsThe magnitude of post-traumatic stress disorder is high among military personnel. Factors such as participants’ history of mental illness, family history of mental illness, depression, lack of social support, current use of khat, and physical trauma are significantly associated with PTSD. It is crucial to identify and intervene early in individuals with these risk factors to address PTSD effectively.

Background: In low-income countries, social norms play a significant role in intrahousehold food allocation practices. These norms can sometimes lead to discrimination against specific groups, posing a public health concern. This study focuses on the social norm surrounding food allocation within households and food taboos affecting adolescent girls in rural Ethiopia. Method: A qualitative study was conducted using vignettes as prompts for 20 focus group discussions and 32 in-depth interviews. The vignettes were tailored to the local context. Participants were chosen purposefully, and data were collected in a comfortable setting. All sessions were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data analysis was done using Open Code qualitative analysis software with a thematic framework approach. Findings: In the community, adolescent girls were expected to eat after serving the male family members. Those who did not follow this expectation faced sanctions such as being labeled as disrespectful and could even be insulted or beaten by their spouses and siblings. However, there were some exceptions to this rule, such as when girls were giving birth, breastfeeding, sick, or when male family members were traveling. Certain foods were also prohibited for adolescent girls, including spicy foods like chili, animal products such as meat and milk, and nuts. These foods were believed to increase girls' sexual desire, potentially leading them to engage in premarital or extramarital sex. Additionally, eating outside of the house was not considered appropriate behavior for adolescent girls in this community. Conclusion: In many households, social norms dictate that adolescent girls are not given enough food or are denied essential nutrients for their health. It is important to challenge these norms to ensure fair food distribution within households and support the healthy development of adolescent girls.

Environmental contamination with dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) has sever effects on the ecosystem worldwide. DDT is a recalcitrant synthetic chemical with high toxicity and lipophilicity. It is also bioaccumulated in the food chain and causes genotoxic, estrogenic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic effects on aquatic organisms and humans. Microbial remediation mechanism and its enzymes are very important for removing DDT from environment. DDT and its main residues dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD) can biodegrade slowly in soil and water. To enhance this process, a number of strategies are proposed, such as bio-attenuation, biostimulation, bioaugmentation and the manipulation of environmental conditions to enhance the activity of microbial enzymes. The addition of organic matter and flooding of the soil enhance DDT degradation. Microbial candidates for DDT remediation include micro-algae, fungi and bacteria. This review provide brief information and recommendation on microbial DDT remediation and its mechanisms.

Abstract Adolescent’s mental health issues are a major social burden and a significant public health issue, but they have not received enough attention in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and correlates of internalizing and externalizing mental health problems among in-school adolescents in the Harari region, eastern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 3227 in-school adolescents. Multistage sampling was used to select schools and eligible students to participate in the study. A guided, self-administered strength and difficulty questionnaire measured mental health problems. Data were double-entered, validated, and cleaned using EpiData 3.1 and analyzed using STATA version 17. Ordinal logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the adjusted odds ratio between mental health problems and their correlates. Statistical significance was set at p-value

Abstract Background Given that antipsychotic medication is a cornerstone for treating and preventing relapse in people with schizophrenia, non-adherence has been indicated as a big challenge. This study aimed to assess antipsychotic medication non-adherence and factors associated among patients with schizophrenia in eastern Ethiopia. Methods We conducted an institution-based cross-sectional study in two public hospitals in Eastern Ethiopia from December 1, 2022, to January 31, 2023. Antipsychotic medication adherence was assessed using MOrisky medication adherence rating scale questionnaire, and insight was measured using the self-report insight scale for Psychosis (ISP). Multiple stepwise logistic regression models with Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were applied to identify the factors. Statistical significance was considered at p-value ≤ 0.05. Results We found that 44.57% of patients with schizophrenia experienced non-adherence to their antipsychotic medication. Being single (AOR = 2.48, 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.71, 3.58), alcohol users (AOR = 2.00, 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.46, 2.72), Khat chewers (AOR = 2.84, 95% confidence interval [CI]; 2.06, 3.90) and having no insight to their illness (AOR = 2.1, 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.52, 2.90) were more likely to be non-adherent to their antipsychotic medications. Conclusions Our study revealed that antipsychotic medication non-adherence was high among individuals suffering from schizophrenia and that it was influenced by various factors such as single marital status, alcohol usage, Khat chewing, and having no understanding of their condition. As a result, comprehensive intervention methods should be developed to address the factors associated with psychotropic medication non-adherence among patients. Healthcare professionals should pay attention to these aspects and consider developing specific strategies to promote adherence to medications while treating individuals with schizophrenia.

Abstract Background Healthcare workers must maintain their knowledge, attitude, and skills regarding the most recent technology and competencies to deliver quality health care. The Ministry of Health, Ethiopia developed guidelines and directives for the utilization of continuous professional development programs. However, there is limited evidence on utilization and barriers to utilization in the study area. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the utilization and barriers to the utilization of continuous professional development among health professionals working in health facilities in eastern Ethiopia. Methods A health facility-based cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted among 731 healthcare professionals from September 01, 2022, and October 30, 2022. A multistage sampling technique was utilized. A simple random sampling technique selected health facilities and study participants. A self-administered questionnaire developed from national continuous professional development guidelines was disseminated to healthcare professionals working in the selected forty health centers and four hospitals. STATA statistical package version 14 was used for data analysis. A descriptive summary was used to summarize the variables. A logistic regression model was used to assess the association between independent variables and the outcome variable. Adjusted odds ratios along with 95% CIs were estimated to assess the strength of the association, and a p-value

Aim of the study: Aim of the study: The main objective is to compare the differences in growth performance, dry matter partitioning coefficients and harvest index of widely grown potato varieties Material and methods: Materials and Methods: The trial was conducted at Adet Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia during 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 main cropping season with randomized complete block design with Shenkola, Belete, Gudenie, Guassa, Dagim and Ater Ababa potato varieties. Four different harvesting dates were undertaken (30, 45, 60 and 75 days after planting (DAP). Results and conclusions: Materials and Methods: The trial was conducted at Adet Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia during 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 main cropping season with randomized complete block design with Shenkola, Belete, Gudenie, Guassa, Dagim and Ater Ababa potato varieties. Four different harvesting dates were undertaken (30, 45, 60 and 75 days after planting (DAP). Results and conclusion At early stages of development, the highest percent of dry matter accumulation went to vegetative growth, and then to tubers in the successive harvests. The maximum tuber yield, bulking rate and harvest index (36.17 t/ha, 4.23 gplant-1day-1 and 0.8) respectively was recorded from Belete variety. Belete variety can give reasonable yield after 45 DAP. Guassa variety (having a PC of 0.92 at 75 DAP) was able to produce 92% of its yield at 75 DAP and its yield was comparable with the highest yielder (Belete variety). In such areas where erratic rainfall is expected, Guassa and Belete varieties can be used as early variety in potato production systems.

Cloud is a serious problem that affects the quality of remote-sensing (RS) images. Existing cloud removal techniques suffer from notable limitations, such as being specific to certain data types, cloud conditions, and spatial extents, as well as requiring auxiliary data, which hampers their generalizability and flexibility. To address the issue, we propose a maximum-value compositing approach by generating cloud masks. We acquired 432 daily MOD09GA L2 MODIS imageries covering a vast region with persistent cloud cover and various climates and land-cover types. Labeled datasets for cloud, land, and no-data were collected from selected daily imageries. Subsequently, we trained and evaluated RF, SVM, and U-Net models to choose the best models. Accordingly, SVM and U-Net were chosen and employed to classify all the daily imageries. Then, the classified imageries were converted to two sets of mask layers to mask clouds and no-data pixels in the corresponding daily images by setting the masked pixels’ values to −0.999999. After masking, we employed the maximum-value technique to generate two sets of 16-day composite products, MaxComp-1 and MaxComp-2, corresponding to SVM and U-Net-derived cloud masks, respectively. Finally, we assessed the quality of our composite products by comparing them with the reference MOD13A1 16-day composite product. Based on the land-cover classification accuracy, our products yielded a significantly higher accuracy (5–28%) than the reference MODIS product across three classifiers (RF, SVM, and U-Net), indicating the quality of our products and the effectiveness of our techniques. In particular, MaxComp-1 yielded the best results, which further implies the superiority of SVM for cloud masking. In addition, our products appear to be more radiometrically and spectrally consistent and less noisy than MOD13A1, implying that our approach is more efficient in removing shadows and noises/artifacts. Our method yields high-quality products that are vital for investigating large regions with persistent clouds and studies requiring time-series data. Moreover, the proposed techniques can be adopted for higher-resolution RS imageries, regardless of the spatial extent, data volume, and type of clouds.

Abstract Background Therapeutic communication can assist nurses in achieving their goals. Effective nurse-patient communication can improve clinical outcomes and boosts patient satisfaction. But, there is an arming gap in therapeutic communication between nurses and patients in Ethiopia, which hinders the quality of nursing care. Some studies have been done on therapeutic and its barriers. Nevertheless, those studies did not fully address factors from different perspectives and were supported by nursing theories or models. Therefore, this study aimed to fill these gaps in the study setting. Methods Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 408 nurses working in public hospitals of Gamo zone from December 1, 2021, to January 30, 2022. Out of the six hospitals in the Gamo zone, three were selected by simple random sampling method. The data were collected by an interview-administered Open Data Kit survey tool and analyzed by SAS version 9.4. Descriptive statistics were computed and a generalized linear model was used to identify associated factors. Results In this study, a standardized percentage of the maximum scale of therapeutic communication was 52.32%. Of the participants, 40.4% had high, 25.0% moderate, and 34.6% had low levels of therapeutic communication. Age, marital status, and qualification showed significant and positive relationships with the overall therapeutic communication. However, sex, working unit, nurse burnout, lack of empathy from nurses, challenging nursing tasks, lack of privacy, use of technical terms by nurses, lack of confidence in nurses, stress, unfamiliarity with the nursing job description, shortage of nurses, insufficient knowledge, lack of participation in decision making, and having contagious disease showed a significant and negative relationship with overall therapeutic communication. Conclusions This finding indicates a gap in therapeutic communication between nurses and patients, and modifiable factors are identified. Therefore, giving opportunities for nurses to improve their qualifications, a special attention to nurses working in stressful areas, sharing the burden of nurses, involving nurses and patients in decision-making, and motivating and creating a positive working environment is vital to improving therapeutic communication.

Magnaporthe oryzae, a devastating pathogen of finger millet (Eleusine coracana), secretes effector molecules during infection to manipulate host immunity. This study determined the presence of avirulence effector genes PWL1 and PWL2 in 221 Eleusine blast isolates from eastern Africa. Most Ethiopian isolates carried both PWL1 and PWL2. Kenyan and Ugandan isolates largely lacked both genes, and Tanzanian isolates carried either PWL1 or lacked both. The roles of PWL1 and PWL2 towards pathogenicity on alternative chloridoid hosts, including weeping lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula), were also investigated. PWL1 and PWL2 were cloned from Ethiopian isolate E22 and were transformed separately into Ugandan isolate U34, which lacked both genes. Resulting transformants harboring either gene gained varying degrees of avirulence on Eragrostis curvula but remained virulent on finger millet. Strains carrying one or both PWL1 and PWL2 infected the chloridoid species Sporobolus phyllotrichus and Eleusine tristachya, indicating the absence of cognate resistance (R) genes for PWL1 and PWL2 in these species. Other chloridoid grasses, however, were fully resistant, regardless of the presence of one or both PWL1 and PWL2, suggesting the presence of effective R genes against PWL and other effectors. Partial resistance in some Eragrostis curvula accessions to some blast isolates lacking PWL1 and PWL2 also indicated the presence of other interactions between fungal avirulence (AVR) genes and host resistance (R) genes. Related chloridoid species thus harbor resistance genes that could be useful to improve finger millet for blast resistance. Conversely, loss of AVR genes in the fungus could expand its host range, as demonstrated by the susceptibility of Eragrostis curvula to finger millet blast isolates that had lost PWL1 and PWL2. [Graphic: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.

BackgroundIn combination with HIV infection, malnutrition is a complicated medical condition with high morbidity and mortality rates in affected children due to a variety of socioeconomic and medical etiological variables. To combat this, information from a range of contexts is required, but there is little evidence, particularly about the nutritional status of under 15 living with HIV in impoverished communities such as conflict affected areas. Therefore, in this study the magnitude and related factors of stunting among under 15 children antiretroviral therapy at public health facilities was assessed.MethodsAn institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among under 15 children living with HIV in conflict-affected zones of Southern Ethiopia. After providing written informed consent to study participants, data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire and anthropometric measurements. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with nutritional status, using SPSS Version 25.ResultsOf the 401 participants, 197 (49.1%, 95% CI: 0.44, 0.54) had height-for-age z-score ≤ -2. In the multivariable analysis, larger household size (AOR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.04–2.40), dietary diversity (AOR = 1.78; 95% CI: 1.07–2.96) and having a history of recurrent diarrhea (AOR = 1.96; 95% CI: 1.07–3.59) were significantly associated with chronic under nutrition.ConclusionsThe prevalence found in this study was high when compared with the stunting target set in SDG, which states to end all forms of malnutrition In order to mitigate the negative health effects of diarrhea during HIV therapy, extra attention needs to be paid to facilitate timely detection and on-going monitoring. Nutrition programs in conflict-affected areas need to consider households with larger family sizes and/or routinely having fewer food groups.

Abstract Objective The main purpose of this work is to present a fourth-order fitted mesh scheme for solving the semilinear singularly perturbed reaction–diffusion problem to produce more accurate solutions. Results Quasilinearization technique is used to linearize the semilinear term. The scheme is formulated with discretizing the solution domain piecewise uniformly and then replacing the differential equation by finite difference approximations. This gives the system of difference algebraic equations and is solved by the Thomas algorithm. Convergence analysis are investigated using solution bound and the truncation error bound. Numerical illustrations are investigated to support the theoretical results and the method’s applicability. The method produces a more accurate solution than some existing methods in the literature.

Abstract Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious health problem in critically ill children. It is associated with poor treatment outcomes and high morbidity and mortality rates. Globally, one in three critically ill children suffers from acute kidney injury. However, limited data are available in Africa, particularly Ethiopia, which highlighting the risk factors related to acute kidney injury. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the risk factors associated with acute kidney injury among critically ill children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods A facility-based unmatched case-control study was carried out on 253 (85 cases and 168 controls) critically ill children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit from January 2011 to December 2021. Participants were selected using a systematic random sampling technique for the control group and all cases consecutively. Data were collected using a structured checklist. Data were entered using Epi data version 4.6 and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Multivariable analysis was carried out using the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) to identify associated factors with acute kidney injury. Statistical significance was set at P

Abstract This study presents a numerical investigation on the use of previously unexplored hybrid sandwich protective structural configurations with aim to resist airblast loading. A honeycomb, corrugated sheet, and woven interlaced core configurations are used to develop the hybrid system. An experimental result reported in the previous literature is used for validation of the finite element analysis models using Abaqus/Explicit finite element software with a conventional weapon blast related parametric codes. Then an extended numerical study is conducted further on various hybrid sandwich inner core topologies for maximizing protection against an air blast induced shock wave. The study demonstrated that a protective system, combining square honeycomb metallic cores with X-shaped corrugated sheets and fortified against in-plane compression and buckling, showed excellent shielding capabilities against airblast loading. This configuration also exhibited the highest energy dissipation, the least effective plastic strain, minimal back sheet displacement, and a favorable damage profile.

Abstract Background Globally, pneumonia is a serious public health issue. Clear evidence is necessary for the early detection and treatment of pneumonia's causes. Yet, there is limited data on this issue in the current study area. Thus, this study aimed to pinpoint the determinants of pneumonia among under-five children at Hiwot Fana Specialized Hospital, Eastern Ethiopia. Methods A hospital-based unmatched case-control study was conducted among a sample of 348 (116 cases and 232 controls) children at Hiwot Fana Specialized Hospital from October 1 to November 30, 2022. A consecutive sampling technique was employed, and data were collected with a pre-tested interviewer-administered questionnaire. The data was entered into Epi-Data version 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 25 software. Bivariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were fitted. Variables with a 95% confidence interval having a p-value

Abel Afework,1 Aiggan Tamene,2 Abera Tafa,1 Amanuel Tesfaye,1 Sisay Gemede1 1Infection Prevention and Control Department, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia; 2Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Wachemo University, Wachemo, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Abel Afework, Email agziabel@gmail.comBackground: The healthcare industry is widely regarded as a high-risk environment for workers’ occupational health and safety. As a result, healthcare workers are constantly exposed to a wide range of hazards, including biological, chemical, physical, ergonomic, and psychosocial hazards. Consequently, janitorial staff are the most vulnerable section of the healthcare workforce to occupational injuries when compared to others due to the nature of their work. Therefore, this study aims at assessing the magnitude of occupational accidents and associated factors among Janitorial staff at Dilla University Teaching Hospital.Methods: This cross-sectional institutional-based study was conducted from August to September 2022 at a University Teaching Hospital in South Ethiopia. A total of 105 janitorial staff were included in the study with a response rate of 93.8%. The data were collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. Data were entered using Epi Info version 7.2.5 and exported to IBM SPSS statistics 22 for further cleaning and analysis. The binary logistic regression model was used to identify predictors of occupational accidents and variables with a p-value of < 0.05 during the multivariable analysis were considered statistically significant.Results: The prevalence of occupational accidents is 61% (95% CI: 51.4, 70.5). Of the total study participants, 52 (45.5%) and 33 (31.4%) of the participants had reported that they have experienced chemical splash and needle stick injury, respectively. The age of participants was one of the factors for occupational accidents. The participants who did not receive training were 3 times [AOR=2.9, 95% CI (1.04, 8.02)] more likely exposed. Having good practice was protective against occupational injuries.Conclusion: The study highlights the high prevalence of occupational accidents, particularly chemical splashes, and needle stick injuries, among janitors in the study settings. The study emphasizes the importance of age, training, awareness, and adherence to infection prevention and control strategies as factors influencing the likelihood of experiencing occupational injuries.Keywords: occupational accident, occupational injury, chemical splash, needle stick injury, sharp injury

Amensisa Hailu Tesfaye,1 Tesfaye Hambisa Mekonnen,1 Belay Desye,2 Dawit Getachew Yenealem1 1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; 2Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Amensisa Hailu Tesfaye, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia, Tel +251-934-803-290, Fax +251-58-114-1240, Email amensisahailu@gmail.comBackground: Healthcare-associated infections are a global health problem and are more prevalent in developing countries such as Ethiopia, but there is a paucity of research on the infection prevention practices of cleaning staff. Therefore, this study aimed to assess infection prevention and control practices and associated factors among cleaners working in healthcare facilities in Gondar City, Ethiopia.Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among healthcare cleaning staff from May to June 2022. A total of 428 cleaners took part in the survey. Data were collected using a semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. The data were entered into EpiData version 4.6 and analyzed using Stata version 14 software. A multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was used to ascertain the significance of associations at < 0.05 p-value and the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI).Results: Among the 390 study participants included, 294 (75.1%) were female. Of the surveyed participants, 186 (47.7%) had good knowledge of infection prevention and control practices. This study revealed that out of the 390 healthcare cleaners, 204 (52.3%) had good infection prevention and control practices with 52.3% [95% CI (47.2, 56.4)]. Good knowledge of infection prevention and control [AOR: 1.56, 95% CI (1.03, 2.37)] and the availability of infection prevention and control guidelines in the workplace [AOR: 1.54, 95% CI (1.01, 2.33)] were significant factors associated with infection prevention and control practice.Conclusion: The present study found that almost half of the healthcare cleaners had poor IPC practices. The finding underlines the importance of good IPC knowledge and the accessibility of IPC guidelines to improve IPC practices among healthcare cleaning staff. The findings of this study also highlight that behavioral change interventions and paying attention, particularly to nonclinical staff such as cleaners in health care settings, are critical to reducing infection in health care settings.Keywords: healthcare-associated infection, infection prevention, healthcare cleaners, Ethiopia

Abstract Background It is well known that the magnitude of undernutrition in Ethiopia is unacceptably high. The burden of co-occurrence of iron, folate, and vitamin A deficiency, on the other hand, has received less attention. Thus, in this study, we looked at the prevalence of iron, folate, and vitamin A deficiency in pregnant women in eastern Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 397 pregnant women in Haramaya district, eastern Ethiopia. An interview-assisted questionnaire and blood serum were collected from pregnant women using standard techniques and shipped to an EPHI for micronutrient analysis. Factors associated with the co-occurrence of iron, folate, and vitamin A deficiency were identified using binary and multiple logistic regressions. Results According to this study, 81.6% of the participants were deficient in at least one micronutrient, and 53.53.2% were deficient in two or more. Women who did not receive iron-folic acid supplementation (AOR = 2.44; 95% CI = 1.52–3.92), did not attend Antenatal care (ANC) follow up (AOR = 2.88; 95% CI = 1.81–4.61), and reported low consumption of diversified diet (AOR = 2.18 (95% CI = 1.35–3.51) had a higher risk of co-occurrence of iron, folate, and vitamin A deficiency. Conclusion This study found that more than half of pregnant women were in multiple micronutrients, indicating a major public health issue. In addition to the IFA supplementation programs that are already in place, there is a need for multiple micronutrient supplementation.

Abel Afework,1 Aiggan Tamene,2 Amanuel Tesfaye,1 Abera Tafa,1 Sisay Gemede1 1Infection Prevention and Control Department, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia; 2Department of Environmental Health, Wachemo University, Hosanna, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Abel Afework, Email agziabel@gmail.comBackground: Patient safety culture is now at the forefront of the global health agenda and has been designated as a human right. Assessing safety culture is seen to be a prerequisite for improving safety culture in health-care organizations. However, no research has been conducted to examine the current study setup. Therefore, this study aims at assessing the status and factors influencing patient safety culture at Dilla University Teaching Hospital.Methods: This cross-sectional institutional-based study was conducted from February to March 2022 at Dilla University Hospital. The study used both qualitative and quantitative methods. A total of 272 health professionals were included in the survey. The qualitative data was collected using Key Informant Interviews and In-depth Interviews and 10 health professionals were selected purposively to meet the study objective.Results: The overall composite positive patient safety culture response rate in the current study hospital was 37% (95% CI: 35.3, 38.8). Out of the 12 dimensions, teamwork within hospital units was the highest (75.3%), while frequency of event reporting was the lowest (20.7%) positive percentage response. Only two of the 12 dimensions scored above 50%. Factors affecting patient safety culture majorly at organizational and individual level were poor/low attitude of health professionals, poor documentation practice, and poor cooperation by clients, lack of training and continuous education, lack of standard operating procedure, Staff shortage and high work load.Conclusion: This study revealed that the overall composite positive patient safety culture response rate within the surveyed facility was alarmingly low compared to other hospitals in various countries. The results indicate that there is a need for improvement in areas such as event reporting, documentation, health-care workers’ attitude, and staff training. Hospitals must prioritize patient safety by cultivating a strong safety culture through effective leadership, adequate staffing, and education to enhance overall patient care.Keywords: patient safety culture, event reporting, patient harm, healthcare quality, incidence reporting

Surafel Mekuria,1 Daniel Tolossa,1 Tigist Abebe,1 Tahir Yousuf Nour,2 Addisu Tesfaye,1 Abdurahman Kedir Roble3 1Medical Laboratory Sciences Department, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Science, Jig-Jiga University, Jig-Jiga, Ethiopia; 2Public Health Department, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Jig-Jiga University, Jig-Jiga, Ethiopia; 3Midwifery Department, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Science, Jig-Jiga University, Jig-Jiga, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Surafel Mekuria, Email surafelmekuria@gmail.comBackground: Pneumonia is inflammation of the lung. The Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) is commensal in the upper airway and can cause infection to under-five children. The bacteria is gram-positive diplococci, catalase negative, and optochin sensitive. The bacteria is the leading cause of bacterial pneumonia among under-five children. No similar data is reported from the current study area.Objective: To determine prevalence, antimicrobial drug resistance and associated factors of S. pneumoniae infection among under-five children with acute lower respiratory tract infection attending Sheck Hassan Yebere Referral Hospital from March 1 to April 30, 2021 Jig-Jiga, Ethiopia.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 374 study participants selected by convenience sampling method. A structured questionnaire was used to collect child data. Nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs were collected and diagnosed to isolate S. pneumoniae by using culture then identified by biochemical examination. Later antimicrobial drug resistance testing was performed by Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. All data were entered on epi-data 3.1 then exported to SPSS version 22 to calculate analysis. Statistically significant value was found by calculating an adjusted odds ratio with p-value ≤ 0.05 in a multivariate logistic regression model.Results: Among 374 under-five children, 180 (48.1%) were males and 109 (29.2%) were from low income families. The overall prevalence of S. pneumoniae infection in the study was 18% (95% CI 14.4– 22.2). No window (AOR=2.8 CI 1.1– 7.6), no/non-exclusive breast-feeding (AOR= 2.1 CI 1.1– 4.1), and previous URTI (AOR= 3.2 CI 1.7– 6.1) were significantly associated with S. pneumoniae infection. The isolated organism showed drug resistance for Cotrimoxazole (35%), and Tetracycline (34%).Conclusion: The prevalence and antimicrobial resistance in this study were comparatively high. No window, non-exclusive breast-feeding and previous URTI were associated with S. pneumoniae infection. The isolated S. pneumoniae showed high drug resistance to cotrimoxazole and tetracycline.Keywords: under-five pneumonia, antimicrobial resistance, S. pneumoniae

Purpose Industries are generating numerous amount and types of organic wastes to the environment. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of agro industrial wastes compost on soil physicochemical quality, soil microbial population, growth and yield of onion (Allium cepa L.) under field condition. Method The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized plot design at field condition. Allium cepa L. was grown using five different levels of agro industrial wastes compost, three different levels of inorganic fertilizers and three controls. Results Compost amendment improved the soil pH, TOC, TKN, field capacity (FC), permanent wilting point (PWP), and available water content (AWC), cultivable bacterial count and fungi. But no significant effect was found on electrical conductivity (EC), available phosphorus (P) compared to the control. Exchangeable Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, and Cu increased while Pb, Cr, and Mn value showed no significant change with compost application. Field application of compost improved onion shoot numbers, shoot girth, and shoot length. Further, significant shoot weight and bulb weight were also obtained after compost treatment. Conclusion After compost amendment significant improvement in soil fertility and onion yield was obtained. This can be recommended for small scale farmerâs food security improvement and combined with agro industrial wastes management.

Background. In developing countries, intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) and tuberculosis (TB) coinfections have been perceived to be high. The geographic distributions of helminths and TB overlap substantially. Parasitic infections affect the outcome of TB by changing the cell-mediated immune response to a humoral response, while Mycobacterium infection favors the immune escape of helminths. There are limited studies on the epidemiology of intestinal parasites among presumptive pulmonary TB (PTB) patients in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study is aimed at determining the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and associated factors among patients with presumptive pulmonary tuberculosis at Debre Tabor Referral Hospital. Methods and Materials. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March to June 2021. The sociodemographic data and associated factors were collected using a structured questionnaire, and stool samples were collected by convenient sampling technique and processed for the detection of intestinal parasites using a direct wet mount saline preparation and formal ether concentration technique. The data was coded, cleaned, and analyzed by SPSS version 23. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were conducted to determine an adjusted odds ratio (AOR). p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitosis was 25.6% (81/316); of these, 12.9% (41/316) were protozoan infections and 12.7% (40/316) were helminth infections. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that being older than 36 years (AOR: 4.35; 95% CI: 1.26, 13.91; p=0.001), rural residence (AOR: 3.46; 95% CI: 1.18, 9.97; p

AimsThis study aims to assess the dynamics of in-school adolescents' mental health problems in Harari regional state, eastern Ethiopia for a year.Materials and methodsUsing multistage sampling technique, we conducted a year-long longitudinal study at three public high schools between March 2020 and 2021. Three hundred fifty-eight in-school adolescents were chosen by systematic random sampling for the baseline assessment, and 328 completed the follow-up assessment. We used self-administered, adolescent version of SDQ-25 Questionnaire to collect the data. Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test and McNemara's Chi-squared tests were used to examine the median difference and distribution of mental health problems between times one and two. Random-effects logistic regressions on panel data was used to identify factors associated with mental health problems. A p-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.ResultsThe magnitude of overall mental health problems at baseline assessment was 20.11% (95% CI: 16-25), with internalizing problems accounting for 27.14% (95% CI: 23-32) and externalizing problems accounting for 7.01% (95% CI: 4.6-10.3). At the follow-up assessment, these proportions rose to 22.56% (95% CI, 18-27) for overall problems and 10.3% (95% CI, 7.7-14.45) for externalizing problems. On other hand, internalizing problems decreased unexpectedly to 22.86% (95% CI, 18.6-27.7) at follow-up assessment. Internalizing problem scores at time two were significantly lower than baseline among older adolescents, girls and those with average wealth index in our study cohort.ConclusionsThe prevalence of mental health problems were high among the study cohort. The proportion of overall problems and externalizing problems has increased over time, indicating a deterioration in the mental health of the study cohort. However, the decrease in internalizing problems among older adolescents, girls, and those with an average wealth index is a positive sign. The findings highlight that tailored interventions are required to reduce externalizing problems and maintain the decrease in internalizing problems. These interventions should target middle-aged and male adolescents from low-income families.

Background Diabetes-related distress lowers the motivation for self-care, often leading to lowered physical and emotional well-being, poor diabetes control, poor medication adherence and increased mortality among individuals with diabetes.Objective To assess factors associated with diabetes-related distress among people living with type 2 diabetes in Southeast Ethiopia.Design Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted.Setting Six diabetic follow-up care units at public hospitals in Southeast Ethiopia.Participants All adult people living with type 2 diabetes from the diabetic follow-up clinic.The main outcome measures Diabetes Distress Scale-17 questionnaire was used to assess diabetes-related distress.Results Out of the total 871 study participants intended, 856 participated in the study with a response rate of 98.3%. The findings showed that about 53.9% (95% CI 50.4% to 57.2%) of the patients have diabetes-related distress. Physical activity (adjusted OR, AOR 2.22; 95% CI 1.36 to 3.63), social support (AOR 4.41; 95% CI 1.62 to 12.03), glycaemic control (AOR 2.36; 95% CI 1.35 to 4.12) and other comorbidities (AOR 3.94; 95% CI 2.01 to 7.73) were factors that significantly associated with diabetes-related distress at p

An ecological study of the vegetation in the Loka Abaya National Park, in the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia, was conducted. Vegetation data and some environmental variables including physical and chemical properties of the soil, altitude, slope, and ecological disturbance were collected and subjected to the agglomerative hierarchical classification and ordination with the canonical correspondence analysis. For each of the community groups, the mean and standard errors were calculated from the environmental parameters to characterize the community types and quantitative relationships between environmental variables were analyzed by calculating Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient using the SAS computer software programme. A total of 198 plant species representing 79 families and 139 genera were collected and documented. Seven plant community types, namely, Vachellia brevispica Harms–Rhus natalensis Krauss, Ficus sur Forssk.–Vachellia albida (Del.) A. Chev., Panicum subalbidum Kunth–Cyperus latifolius Poir, Dodonaea angustifolia L. f.–Ximenia americana L., Combretum molle R.Br ex. G.Don–Combretum collinum Fresen., Ilex mitis (L.) Radlk–Olea europaea L. subsp. cuspidata, and Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn, were identified. Ilex mitis–Olea europaea L. subsp. cuspidata community had the highest species richness, whereas the least species richness was recorded for the Panicum subalbidum–Cyperus latifolius community. The results of vegetation-environment relationships indicated that the measured environmental variables explained 74.99% of the total variation in floristic data. The results of the canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) of community-environment relationships indicated that among measured environmental variables, altitude (r2 0.0548, P

AbstractBlessings, both ritualized and religious, are universal phenomena despite varying from one society to another in terms of linguistic expressions and manner of practice. They are “performative utterances” intricately woven into the very fabric of human existence. This paper set out to uncover the semantics and pragmatics of blessing expressions in Rayya Tigrinya, a variety of Tigrinya, spoken in the Southern Tigray Zone in Ethiopia. Accordingly, blessing expressions’ literal and contextual meanings performed by elders and parents were presented and analyzed. The study adopted a descriptive design within a qualitative research approach. To obtain authentic data, a total of 9 native Rayya Tigrinya speakers, 4 males and 5 females, aged 45–85 years, were purposefully selected. The data were collected via semi-structured interviews and validated through the introspective method. The gathered data were thematically classified and analyzed through linguistic descriptive methods. The results confirmed that blessings are predominantly used metaphorically or connotatively, devoid of their literal meanings. Peace, health, unity, wealth, long life, success, successor, caretaker, and inclusion, all of which are basic for humans’ existence, are the most general and recurrent themes expressed in the elders’ and parents’ blessings. Blessing expressions, which are believed to be materialized in the future, are used for face-saving acts. In most instances, blessings are made implicitly appealing to the supernatural whose divine power is believed to execute the good wishes/benedictions, which also makes them religious. In other words, blessings are applied for mediation between the human world and the divine realm.

Common bean production is being constrained by a number of diseases. The survey was carried out to prioritize common bean diseases and their associations with cropping areas and cultural practices. A stratified random assessment on 114 farmer's fields was conducted in Ethiopia's four common bean producing zones (Metekel, Sidama, Wolaita, and Halaba). Data are collected randomly on disease severity, incidence levels, and agronomic practices. The results revealed that eleven foliar diseases were found to affect common bean production. Among them, the maximum disease severity and distribution was scored for angular leaf spot (Pseudocercospora griseola) (mean disease severity of 17.8%) and bean anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) (10.9%) followed by floury leaf spot (Mycovellosiella phaseoli), ascochyta blight (Ascochyta phaseolorum Sacc), and web blight (Thanatephorus cucumeris). A multiple correspondence analysis was conducted, and revealed a significant association between the diseases, cropping areas and cultural practices. Optimal crop density was found to be associated with lower bean anthracnose and mosaic virus severities, while being liked to high levels of angular leaf spot and frog-eye leaf spot. Additionally, optimum sowing dates were associated with low severities of bean anthracnose, angular leaf spot, frog-eye leaf spot, Halo Blight, and mosaic virus. On the other hand, a high weediness level was found to be associated with higher levels of web blight and bean anthracnose. Intercropping and row planting were obtained to reduce angular leaf spot and increase occurance of ascochyta blight compared to monocropping. Furthermore, row planting were found to decrease bean anthracnose, angular leaf spot, and cercospora leaf spot when compared to broadcasting. The application of fertilizer was found to decrease the occurances of bean anthracnose, halo blight, floury leaf spot, and angular leaf spot. Therefore, efforts should focus on the optimization and integration of cultural practices for managing disease and producing common bean sustainably.

This paper aimed to examine the semantics and pragmatics of cursing expressions in Rayya Tigrinya spoken in the Southern Tigray Zone in Ethiopia. Accordingly, cursing expressions’ literal and contextual meanings performed in various contexts were presented and discussed. The study adopted a descriptive design within a qualitative research approach. Four males and four females altogether eight participants, aged 21–85 years, were selected for the study. The pertinent data were collected from native Rayya Tigrinya speakers via semi-structured interviews, elicitation, and introspection. The gathered data were described and analyzed through linguistic descriptive methods. The findings revealed that all but children irrespective of gender curse their legs, hands, ears, eyes, and tongue, all of which are the basic body parts and their dysfunctions make one dependent, to express guilt and regret for the wrong they have done to themselves or others. However, mothers and elderly women whose curses are believed to be more efficacious and disastrous than men tend to curse themselves to express encouragement and condolence to other people in bad situations. On the other hand, parents and elders curse other individuals seeking punishment, revenge, and justice. To sum up, curses are used for face-saving and face-threatening acts. The curses of health, wealth, lineage, and power are the recurrent themes expounded in the Rayya Tigrinya. In most cases, cursing expressions are also performed calling upon the supernatural power to execute the maledictions, which also makes them religious.

Aim of the study: Aim of the study Assessing the perception of north western Ethiopia farmers’ on the role of potato in the farming system Material and methods: Material and methods Elders with different socioeconomic back grounds and experience on potato production were used for this study. A proportional allocation formula was employed. Data was collected from both primary and secondary sources. Primary sources of data were collected. The questionnaire constituted open ended questions to allow full expression about the issue. Discussions were made with farmers, agricultural extension officers, researchers, and potato experts. All sets of data were subjected to Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), Version 24 computer software (20) and descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation and frequency were used to analyze the collected data. Class intervals were used to analyze descriptive statistics for age, education level, family size, etc. Results and conclusions: Results and conclusions The survey also revealed that farmers use potato in soil fertility management, had their own local varieties and different variety preferences. They were losing such local potato varieties which had different quality attributes to be used in different breeding/agronomy programmes and best fit to degraded lands. More frequency of ploughing causes soil and nutrient erosion. The study also revealed that there were traditional techniques of soil fertility management like terracing, fertilization and crop rotation mainly with potato. Farmers in the surveyed area believed that potato can ameliorate the fertility of the soil and protect soils from erosion. Researches should be conducted to minimize number of ploughing in potato production.

Abstract Background The ultimate goal of preventing intestinal parasites among pregnant women is to reduce maternal and newborn morbidity and mortality. Numerous primary studies were conducted in East Africa presented intestinal parasite infection and associated factors among pregnant women. However, the pooled finding is not known. Therefore, this review aimed to identify the pooled prevalence of intestinal parasite infection and its determinants among pregnant women in East Africa. Methods Articles published from 2009 to 2021 were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and HINARI databases. The search for unpublished studies such as thesis and dissertations was checked in Addis Ababa University and Africa Digital Library. PRISMA checklist was used to report the review. Articles published in the English Language were considered. The data were extracted by two authors using data extraction checklists on Microsoft excel. Heterogeneity among the included studies was checked using I2 statistics on forest plots. Sensitivity and sub-group analyses were conducted to assess the presence of primary studies, and study characteristics responsible for the observed heterogeneity. Results Of the 43 identified articles, about 23 articles were removed due to duplications. Then, by assessing the abstracts and full texts, four articles were removed because they failed to meet the eligibility criteria. Finally, 16 articles were included in the systematic and meta-analysis.The pooled prevalence of intestinal parasites among pregnant women in East Africa was 38.54 (28.77, 48.32). In this study, variables like residing in rural areas (OR: 3.75; CI: 1.15,12.16), availability of latrine(OR: 2.94; 95% CI: 2.22, 3.91), eating raw fruits/vegetables (OR: 2.44; 95% CI: 1.16, 5.11). and sources of water as unprotected sources (OR: 2.20; 95% CI: 1.11,4.35) show statistically significant association with the increased burden of intestinal parasites among pregnant women. Conclusion The burden of intestinal parasite infection among pregnant women in East Africa was high. Therefore, efforts should be made in deworming pregnant women at the community and institutional level by stakeholders to reduce the burden of intestinal parasite infections and related complications.

Abstract Background Low-income countries, including Ethiopia, face substantial challenges in financing healthcare services to achieve universal health coverage. Consequently, millions of people suffer and die from health-related conditions. These can be efficiently managed in areas where community-based health insurance (CBHI) is properly implemented and communities have strong trust in healthcare facilities. However, the determinants of community trust in healthcare facilities have been under-researched in Ethiopia. Objective To assess the determinants of trust in healthcare facilities among community-based health insurance members in the Manna District of Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 01 to 30, 2020 among 634 household heads. A multistage sampling technique was used to recruit the study participants. A structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. Descriptive statistics were computed as necessary. Multivariable linear regression analyses were performed, and variables with a p-value

Objective To assess diabetes knowledge and foot care practices among type 2 diabetes patients.Design An institution-based cross-sectional study was undertaken from 1 January to 31 January 2021.Setting Eastern Ethiopia.Participants Randomly selected type 2 diabetes patients who were available during the data collection period were included.Outcomes Patients’ diabetes knowledge was assessed with the revised diabetes knowledge test questionnaire. Five items were used to evaluate foot self-care practices.Results The study population comprised of 549 patients. About 52.5% of the patients had adequate diabetes knowledge (95% CI: 48.2% to 56.7%). Patients with an educational level of secondary school and above (adjusted OR (AOR): 2.04, 95% CI: 1.13 to 3.71), (AOR: 5.28, 95% CI: 2.28 to 12.22), and those with medium and above wealth status (AOR: 3.81, 95% CI: 2.24 to 6.47), (AOR: 3.46, 95% CI: 1.98 to 6.04), were found to have better odds of having adequate diabetes knowledge. However, those aged >55 years (AOR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.22 to 0.99) were found to have lower odds of adequate diabetes knowledge.Of the total included patients, 20.2% (95% CI: 16.9% to 23.8%) had good foot care practices. Knowledge of the target fasting plasma glucose (AOR: 3.18, 95% CI: 1.94 to 5.22) and adequate diabetes knowledge (AOR: 3.40, 95% CI: 1.95 to 5.91) were significantly associated with good foot care practices.Conclusion According to this study, about half of individuals with type 2 diabetes have adequate levels of knowledge about the disease. In addition, only one out of every five patients has good foot care habits. Diabetes education should emphasise the significance of rigorous adherence to daily foot care practices.

Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of preoperative anxiety and associated factors among adult surgical patients in public hospitals of eastern Ethiopia from 25 April to 26 May 2022. Methods: An institutional-based cross-sectional study was undertaken using a systematic sampling technique among 423 participants from patients eligible for elective surgery. The prevalence of preoperative anxiety was assessed using the state and trait anxiety inventory measurement scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26. Descriptive and summary statistics were computed. Binary and multivariable logistic regression were computed. The strength of the association was presented using an adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval and statistical significance was declared at a p -value