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Water is one of the most important and most precious natural resources. It is essential in the life of all living organisms from the simplest plant and microorganisms to the human body.The study was conducted in Addis Ketema sub city, woreda -02 and woreda -07, Addis Ababa, which is the largest market place in the country. Since the study area is very slum, crowded and serves as center for commercial activity the residents are forced to lead their day to day life activity in a small place. The samples were then tested for various physical, chemical and biological water quality parameters. The data collected was also used to determine if water samples complied with national drinking water quality standards. Independent samples statistical analyses were also performed to determine if water quality measured in the samples collected from the source and household taps were significantly different. Statistical tools such as mean, Standard deviation were also calculated for water quality characteristics. The results of microbiology were detected in samples and that water quality varies considerably between the source and tap water. The turbidity and total iron concentrations measured in source and tap water samples found to be different result and the high pressure and low pressure were detected in the distribution system. At midnight high pressure was increased in distribution system can affect on water quality deterioration. An improper connection, poor management system, not update systems and unchanged old pipe systems exist in large in both worada, thus a drop pressure in pipeline and the intrusion of contaminants through the leaky and cross-connected pipes in the distribution network affect water quality. Distribution systems can incorrectly be viewed as passive systems with the only requirement being to transport drinking-water from the outlets of treatment plants to consumers.

A study was conducted to identify and estimate the prevalence rate of reproductive disorder and to assess the possible risk factors and reproductive performances of smallholder dairy cattle in and around Fitche town from December 2013 to June 2014. Eighty one dairy farms (average herd size=4.8) were visited and data on reproductive performance indicator, cow attributes, type of mating, body condition score and general farm management were collected. The overall mean value for Calving to Conception Interval (CCI) (n=66) and Duration After Last Calving (DALC) (n=56) for pregnant and non-pregnant cattle were 169 and 264 days respectively. The least squares mean CCI was higher (p Keywords: Smallholder Dairy Farms; Reproductive Performance; Fitche; Reproductive Disorder

The present study was designed to assess the External Quality Assessment of Table Eggs Produced in cage and deep litter poultry housing systems. The study was under taken during a period of six months (November to May), on Genesis commercial poultry farm, which is found in Bishoftu town. A total of 1200 eggs from both housing systems were studied for physical characteristics. The results showed that there were highly significant (p