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Gastrointestinal malignancies constitute the most common neoplasms with increasing prevalence worldwide, which portend a dismal morbidity and higher mortality rate. Epigenetic phenotypes and field cancerization impute a cutting edge for precursor of several gastrointestinal malignancies; this genetic aberration has been implicated in tumorigenesis and recurrence of gastrointestinal malignancies. This systematic review aims at assessing the effect of epigenetics and field cancerization on carcinogenesis and recurrence of gastrointestinal malignancies. This systematic review and meta-analysis will administer the provisions of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis 2020 guideline, and the review protocol has been registered at PROSPERO. The literature search will be executed through several electronic databases including EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, Global Index Medicus, Semantic Scholar and Google Scholar. All original research articles reporting on the effect of epigenetic signatures, epigenetics and field cancerization on the carcinogenesis and recurrence of gastrointestinal cancers in adults will be included. Only articles with Newcastle–Ottawa Scale score above 4 and low risk of bias based on D1–D5 for randomized controlled trials will be included for a meta-analysis. There is no involvement of human subject participation in this review, thus giving no effect to ethical clearance approval. The evidence report of this review will be disseminated on scientific conferences and will be published to a reputable journal of gastroenterology oncology. This review has been registered at PROSPERO registry ID CRD 42023391339.

IntroductionDespite the broad spectrum of neurological symptomatic manifestation in COVID19 patients, the brain tissue susceptibility and permissiveness to SARS-Cov2 infection is yet uncertain. This critical appraisal aims at bridging the gap by consolidating the body of evidence for meticulous evaluation of molecular neuropathological pathways and CSF diagnostic signatures of SARS-Cov2 infection in the central nervous system (CNS) that will underpin further strategic approach for neuroprotection and treatment of neurological COVID19Methods and AnalysisWe have developed the protocol of this review according to the provisions of Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewer’s Manual for Evidence Synthesis, 2015 and Arksey and O Malley’s Methodological Framewotk, 2005. The articles for this review will be sourced from several electronic databases including EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science (WOS), Cochrane, Crossref Metadata and Semantic scholar. Herein we generated the search strategy using the medical subject headings [ MeSH Terms], term in all field bibliography at all permutations in conjunctions with boolean operatorsEthical Clearance and Dissemination planHerein the review will not involve the human participants henceforth the ethical clearance approval is not applicable. We will disseminate the final findings of this review to scientific conferences at local and international level. The manuscript for final findings will be published on reputable journal of neuroscience.

BackgroundTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is a critical problem which portends an intensive burden with increased mortality and disability affecting more the young population worldwide. The primary goal of TBI treatment is to control intracranial pressure (ICP) and to prevent he devastating effect of secondary brain insult. For over a hundred years decompressive craniectomy has been a standard surgical intervention for treatment of TBI, however it is not without harm since it causes serious complications including meningitis, subdural hygroma, hydrocephalous and increased reoperation rate. Cisternostomy is the most recently introduced intervention for management of cerebral edema Cisternostomy has proven its efficiency a standalone treatment as an adjunctive to decompressive craniectomy in treatment of severe traumatic brain injury. This review aims at investigating the therapeutic effects of cisternostomy when used independently or as an adjunctive to decompressive craniectomy (DC) across the available randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and non randomized studies of effect intervention (NRSI) sectional studies to optimize the strength of evidence for underpinning the strategy for treatment of traumatic brain injury.Methods and AnalysisWe will conduct the systematic review and meta-analysis by employing the provisions of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) 2020 guideline and the review protocol has been submitted to International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) for registration before commencement of the study. We will construct the search strategy using the all field terms, medical subheading terms [MeSH Terms] with all permutations combined with Boolean operators such as AND and OR. PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, COCHRAINE, Web Of Science, Global Index Medicus, Semantic Scholar and Google Scholar electronic databases will be searched.Ethical Consideration and DisseminationThis review will not include any human participant such that the ethical clearance approval is not applicable. The protocol of this review has been registered at PROSPERO IDCRD42023400894. We will disseminate the final report of this review to local and international scientific conferences and The results of this review will be submitted for publication in the Journal of Neurotrauma.

BACKGROUND: Providing acute care to critically ill patients in intensive care unit (ICU) is a global necessity, regardless of health system capacity. The objectives of the present study were to assess the reasons for admission and clinical outcomes of adult patients admitted to general ICU at Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital (HUCSH).METHODS: A retrospective study based on a record review of logbook and charts of 310 adult patients admitted to general ICU of HUCSH between April 2012 and April 2017. Both descriptive analysis and inferential statistics were used.RESULTS: The average age was 41 ± 17.9 years (range: 18-100 years). Males accounted 51.6%. The average duration of stay in the ICU was 5.3 ± 6.7 days (range 1- 49 days). Cardiovascular disorders were the commonest cause of admission, accounted for 22.9%, followed by neurological disorders (17.7%), and trauma related illnesses (13.9%). Among 310 adults admitted during the study period, 23.1% required mechanical ventilator support; and 5.3% developed Hospital acquired infection. In-patient mortality rate was 45.8%. In multivariate analysis, the presences of aspiration pneumonia, and need for ventilator support, acute kidney injury, hospital acquired infection, and short ICU stays were associated with ICU mortality.CONCLUSION: The present study indicates high prevalence of ICU mortality among adults admitted to HUCSH during the study period. ICU mortality was associated with the presences of renal failure, hospital acquired infections, aspiration pneumonia and the need for mechanical ventilator.&nbsp

An experiment was conducted at Tepi National Spices Research Center for five years, to determine the optimum planting space and vertical numbers that promote growth and yield of hybrid Arabica coffee variety. The treatments consisted of three levels of planting space (2.5 m x 2.5 m, 2.5 m x 2.0 m, 2.0 m x 2.0 m) and three vertical numbers (single stem, two stem, free growth). The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The recorded data on yield and yield attributes like internode length of primary branches, number of bearing and non-bearing primary branches, number of nodes of primary branch and the main stem were significantly influenced by the interaction effects of planting space and vertical numbers. Similarly, the coffee yield was also significantly influenced by the interaction of planting space and vertical numbers. The highest plant height and internode length of primary branches were recorded at the same planting space of 2.0 m x 2.0 m with two stem and free growth habit, respectively. Whereas, the maximum node number on primary branches and main stem were recorded from treatments which had the same planting space (2.5 m x 2.0 m) with single stem and two stem, respectively. The maximum number of bearing primary branches were recorded from trees which treated with 2.0 m x 2.0 m with free growth habit. Likewise, the highest coffee yield was found in a planting space of 2.0 m x 2.0 m with free growth habit. Therefore, it could be concluded that using of an optimum planting space of 2 m x 2 m with free growth habit enhanced the growth, yield and yield components of hybrid coffee. However, it is important to repeat the study in different locations for further investigation on yield and quality attributes.

Intercropping is an excellent system of cropping which achieves a diversified and intensified crop production through better utilization of growth resources and inputs. An experiment was conducted at Teppi Agricultural Research Center from 2011 to 2015 cropping calendar to determine optimum intercropping ratios of coffee and enset that enhances yield productivity and land-use efficiency. The study consisted of six treatments viz., sole cropping of each crop, a staggered planting of both crops, 1:1, 2:1, 3:1 row ratios of coffee to enset, respectively. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. A lowland coffee variety (Catimor J-19) and local enset variety were used. The result revealed that the growth parameters of both coffee and enset were not significantly influenced by intercropping, except the internode length of coffee primary branches. However, the yields of the component crops were significantly (p

A field experiment was conducted at Tepi National Spice Research Center for two consecutive years, to find out optimum planting material, population density and method of planting to enhance turmeric yield and quality at Tepi southwestern Ethiopia. Twenty four treatment combinations consist of 3 levels of planting material (Mother Rhizome, Primary Rhizome and Secondary Rhizome), 4 levels of population density (222,222 plants ha-1, 166,667 plants ha-1, 111, 111 plants ha-1 and 83,333 plants ha-1) and two planting methods (Ridged and Flat) were compared. From the two years data mother rhizome planting material, higher population density and ridge planting method showed better yield. Mother rhizome appeared the best planting material for producing highest fresh turmeric yield which is 857.79 g/plant- 67273.27 kg/ha during 2012-2013 and 527.11 g/plant-60695.94 kg/ha during 2013-2014 year. From the two years data we observed that least turmeric fresh yield was obtained from secondary planting materials. Planting density of 222,222 plants/ha produced the highest fresh turmeric yield of 60695.94 kg/ha and 49101.95 kg/ha for the year of 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 respectively. With regard to planting method ridge planting method produced highest fresh rhizome yield of 59409.27 kg/ha for the first year though non-significant result was observed for the second year. Highest oleoresin content of turmeric was produced at mother rhizome planting material even if there was no significance difference between the different spacing. Population density and planting methods did not affect oleoresin content of turmeric. From this study it can be concluded that mother rhizome planting material, higher population density and ridge planting method showed better yield and quality of turmeric at Tepi southwestern Ethiopia.

In an attempt to investigate the efficiency of close spacing and determine the optimum density for the approved coffee berry disease (CBD) resistant selections, field experiments were conducted at Tepi, Wenago, and Gera Research Centers for eleven consecutive years (1988/89-1998/99). A randomised complete block design was used to assign seven population densities that ranged between 4,006 and 10,000 trees ha-1. Coffee yield results of seven years revealed significant yield responses to close spacing in different crop seasons at each site, specifically when the trees bore heavy crops. Subsequently, coffee yield increased with increasing population densities, though the magnitude varied across crop years and locations. The combined analysis of variance at Wenago and Tepi showed non-significant yield difference, but differences were highly significant at Gera. The interactions of crop season and spacing were also significant at Tepi and Gera, but this was not the case at Wenago. At Tepi, yield initially increased with increasing tree populations up to the fifth crop but, thereafter, tended to decrease above the population densities of 7,062 trees ha-1, at hot and humid agroecology indicating early mutual shading effects. In contrast, in medium (Wenago) and high altitude (Gera) areas, yield increased from 13.22 to 21.84 and 17.05 to 25.84 Q ha-1, respectively, with increasing population density from 4,006 to 9,066 tress ha-1. Such impacts of close spacing on coffee yield performances were largely associated with the prevailing climatic factors that determined the rate of vegetative growth and subsequent adverse mutual shading effects. RESUME En vue de chercher l'efficacite d'un espacement etroit et determiner la densite optimale des cafes selectionnes resistants a la maladie des cerises du cafe, des essais en champs ont ete conduits aux Centres de Recherche de Tepi, Wenago et de Gera pendant onze annees consecutives (1988/89-1998/99). Un dispositif des blocs completement randomises a ete utulise avec sept densites de populations qui variaient entre 4.006 et 10.000 arbres ha-1. Les resultats de rendements de cafe de sept annees ont revele des reponses de rendements significativement differentes a l'espacement etroit au cours des differentes saisons culturales et pour les differentes localites et particulierement quand les arbres ont produits beacoup de plantes. En consequence, le rendemenet du cafe a augmentee avec l'augementation des densites de populations, bien que l'ampleur variait a travers les annees culturales et les localites. L'analyse combinee de la variance a Wenago et a Tepi a montre des differences non significatives pour le rendement, mais il y avaient des differences significatives a Gera. Des interactions entre la saison culturale et l'espacement etaient significatives a Tepi et a Gera, mais n'etait pas la cas a Wenago. A Tepi, le rendement a augmente initiallement avec l'augmentation de la population d'arbres jusqu'a la 5eme culture, et par apres il y eut une tendance de reduction au dela de la densite de population de 7.062 arbres ha-1, aux agroecologies humides et seches indiquant des effets d'ombrages mutuels precoces. Au contraire, dans les regions de moyenne (Wenago) et de haute altitude (Gera), le rendement a augmente de 13,33 a 21.84 et de 17,84 a 25,84 Q ha-1, respectivement, avec une augmentation de la densite de population de 4,006 a 9,066 arbres ha-1. De tels impacts d'espacements etroits sur les performances de rendement du cafe ont ete largement associes aux facteurs climatiques ambiants qui determinaient le taux de croissance vegetative et consequement des effets nefastes d'ombrage mutual. (African Crop Science Journal 2001 9(2): 401-410)