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The sharply increasing world population reveals the insufficiency of natural resources in meeting the needs of humanity, while creating a tendency to search for new resources. Textile products constitute one of the most basic needs of humanity and the consumption of textile products is also increasing due to the changing fashion sense, increasing population, and technology developments. Discovery of alternative or renewable energy sources, recycling of all kinds of materials, enhancing engineering methods and technologies used to make recycling effective, and trends like sustainable fashion that promote sustainability and take parts among the hot topics of this field. Recycling studies are also common in textile science. It is feasible to reduce the usage of natural fibers by utilization of recycled fibers. However, there are some limitations to textile recycling. These limitations led the development of new sustainable fibers and processes as alternatives to natural. In this context, most of the recycling and sustainability-based studies carried out in this field emphasized the indispensability of the subject, while neglecting a few points about limitations. Consequently, the limits of recycling in textiles and new fibers developed to overcome these limits are addressed in this chapter.

In this study, it is aimed to produce nanofibers via electrospinning method using a polymer solution doped with β-arbutin, which is known as an agent reducing skin blemishes. For this purpose, β-arbutin was added to the polyamide 6/formic acid solution with chosen concentrations as 2%, 5%, and 10% (w/v). After preliminary electrospinning process, scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis was performed to determine the optimum spinning parameters. The SEM images presented that nanofibers with uniform morphology were obtained with the 2% (w/v) β-arbutin concentration. Three different voltages were applied for 2% (w/v) β-arbutin added solution and the best morphology was obtained by 30 kV voltages. According to the statistical analysis performed, it was seen that the mean diameters of nanofibers varied due to the β-arbutin concentration. In this study, it has been demonstrated that the thin and light nanofiber textile surfaces containing skin blemishes reducing agent can be produced via electrospinning method to be used as a cosmetic textile product., Bu çalışmada, cilt lekeleri azaltıcı etkisi bilinen β-arbutin ilave edilmiş polimer çözeltisinden nanoliflerin elektrolif çekim yöntemi ile üretimi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla %2, %5 ve %10 (w/v) oranlarında β-arbutin, formik asit ile hazırlanmış poliamid 6 çözeltisine ilave edilerek, çözeltilerin elektrolif çekimleri gerçekleştirilmiş ve gerçekleştirilen taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) analizi ile optimum elektrolif çekim parametreleri belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. SEM görüntüleri, en düzgün morfolojili nanoliflerin %2 (w/v)’lik β-arbutin içeren çözelti ile elde edilebildiğini göstermiştir. %2 (w/v) konsantrasyon değeri ile çalışılırken denenen 3 farklı voltajdan 30 kV’un en iyi sonucu verdiği gözlemlenmiştir. Ortalama lif çapları için gerçekleştirilen istatistiksel analizde, nanoliflerin çaplarının konsantrasyon değerlerine göre değiştiği belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışmada, cilt lekeleri azaltıcı madde içeren nanolifli tekstil yüzeylerinin hafif ve oldukça ince formda bir kozmetik tekstil ürünü olarak kullanılmak üzere elektrolif çekim yöntemi ile üretilebileceği gözler önüne serilmiştir.

Geleneksel tekstiller; örtünme, korunma, destek ve süslenme gibi çeşitli işlevleri yerine getirmek amacıyla kullanılagelmiştir. Son zamanlarda, insanların doğal ve sağlıklı yollarla vücutlarına bakım sağlamaya yönelik artan eğilimleri ile sadece sıcaklık ve nem kontrolü gibi konfor özellikleri geliştirilmiş tekstil ürünleri değil, aynı zamanda hijyenik, koku salabilen, renk ve görünüm değiştirebilen, ileri düzey koruma gibi ekstra fonksiyonları da taşıyan giysi, ev tekstili ya da tekstil temelli bakım ürünleri de ön plana çıkmıştır. Tekstil mühendisleri, biyokimyagerler, eczacılar, kozmetik ve sağlık uzmanları yürüttükleri ortak çalışmalar ile her yeni gün kozmetik tekstiller alanına önemli katkılar sunmaktadırlar. Tekstil ürünlerine kozmetik işlevsellik kazandırmak için çeşitli metalik, bitkisel ve hayvansal içerikler saf ya da türev formunda kullanılmaktadır. Kozmetik tekstiller, kozmetik bir amaca hizmet eden aktif bir maddenin insan cildine temas esnasında transfer edilmesi için tasarlanmaktadır. Kozmetik ve/veya farmasötik bileşenler giysiyi oluşturan kumaşa aktarılarak, bileşen(ler)in vücudun doğal hareketiyle cilde uzun sürede transfer edilmesi sağlanmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, kozmetik tekstillerin fonksiyonellikleri, karakterizasyonları ve performans testleri ile ilgili mevcut literatürün genel bir özetinin ulusal literatüre kazandırılmasıdır., Traditional textiles have been utilized for the purposes of covering, protection, support, and ornamentation. Recently, with the increasing tendency of people to care for their bodies in natural and healthy ways, it is not only textile products that have improved comfort properties such as temperature and humidity control, but also hygienic, odor-releasing, color and appearance changeable, advanced protective and functional clothing, home textiles or textile-based care products have stood out. Textile engineers, biochemists, pharmacists, cosmetics and health experts make important contributions to the field of cosmetics textiles with multidisciplinary studies. Various metallic, vegetable and animal originated ingredients are used in pure or derivative form to gain cosmetic functionality to textile products. Cosmetic textiles are designed to transfer an active agent serving for a cosmetic purpose during contact with human skin. The cosmetic and / or pharmaceutical components are transferred to the fabric forming the garment so that the component(s) can be transferred to the skin by the natural movement of the body over a long period of time. The aim of this study is to provide a general summary of the existing literature on the functionalities, characterizations and performance tests of cosmetic textiles to the national literature.

In the present work, the characterization and gas sensing properties of newly synthesized N-(4-methylpyrimidine-2-yl)methacrylamide (N-MPMA) monomer Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) thin films were investigated. The UV-visible spectroscopy, quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), and atomic force microscopy were utilized to characterize N-MPMA LB thin films. The surface behavior of N-MPMA monolayer was stable and allowed an effective transfer at a surface pressure of 14 mN/m. The mass change/unit area value of the N-MPMA LB thin film deposited quartz crystal surfaces was investigated. The amount of N-MPMA LB thin film deposited on the substrate for bilayer was calculated as 228.72 ng (86.31 ng/mm(2)) and 12.5 Hz frequency shift was observed for each layer of the N-MPMA film. The kinetic responses of N-MPMA LB film against chloroform, dichloromethane, benzene, and toluene were measured via QCM system at room temperature. N-MPMA QCM sensor results displayed that chloroform has the largest frequency shifts compared with the other vapors used in the present work and these results can be illuminating in terms of physical properties of organic vapors.

WOS: 000399645700008 Nanofibers form the broadest class of nanomaterials due to their unique properties. High surface-area-to-volume ratios, low diameters, high strength values, low basis weights, high porosities, and small pore sizes make them good candidates for numerous applications. Cosmetics are one of these important application areas. Excellent interaction with environment (e. g., skin or damaged tissue), increased loading capacity for agents, high liquid absorption capacities, high oxygen, and water vapor permeability values are provided by characteristic properties of nanofibers. They are used as therapeutics, facial masks, skin care, and renewal products. This chapter will provide an overview of nanofibers in cosmetics. A brief history of cosmetics, different types of nanomaterials used in cosmetics, nanofiber properties, and production methods are described in this chapter. Novel applications of nanofibers in cosmetics are also mentioned.

PubMed ID: 26626545 This study aimed at producing silk fibroin (SF)/hyaluronic acid (HA) and olive leaf extract (OLE) nanofibers with sheath/core morphology by coaxial electrospinning method, determining their antimicrobial properties, and examining release profiles of OLE from these coaxial nanofibers. Optimum electrospinning process and solution parameters were determined to obtain uniform and bead-free coaxial nanofibers. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the morphology of the nanofibers. The antimicrobial activities of nanofibers were tested according to AATCC test method 100. Total phenolic content and total antioxidant activity were tested using in vitro batch release system. The quality and quantity of released components of OLE were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The changes in nanofibers were examined by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Uniform and bead-free nanofibers were produced successfully. TEM images confirmed the coaxial structure. OLE-loaded nanofibers demonstrated almost perfect antibacterial activities against both of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Antifungal activity against C. albicans was rather poor. After a release period of 1 month, it was observed that ?70-95% of the OLE was released from nanofibers and it was still bioactive. Overall results indicate that the resultant shell/core nanofibers have a great potential to be used as biomaterials. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

As in every field, nanofibers continue to play an increasing role in environmental applications. Thanks to the unique features due to their dimensions, they enable the design and creation of indispensable products for separation, filtration, adsorption, and sensor applications over time. For years, research has been carried out by obtaining nanofiber surfaces from a wide variety of polymers with different nanofiber production techniques to generate creative solutions in the adsorption of various substances. The number of studies on this subject is so large that this review is limited to only methylene blue adsorption. The potentials of nanofibers for removal of methylene blue from wastewater, and some of their applications in the literature are highlighted in this review.

Metamaterials, which are called as left-handed materials, exhibit electromagnetic properties that do not exist in nature, such as negative refractive index and reverse Doppler effect, at the frequency range for which they are designed. These unique properties of metamaterials have made them indispensable in a wide variety of applications such as sensor applications, signal absorption, antenna, and energy harvesting. In this study, the design and analysis of a metamaterial (MTM) perfect absorber at 5 GHz frequency band were performed to investigate the usability of the proposed structure in energy harvesting applications. The results of the study revealed that the proposed MTM structure has potentials to be used in energy harvesting applications.

Bu çalışmada öncelikle sinek kovucu etkiye sahip bileşenleri içeren turunç (Citrus aurantium) uçucu yağının ekstrakte edilmesi ve sivrisineklere karşı kovucu etkisinin test edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Kompleks koaservasyon yöntemi aracılığıyla jelatin ve arap zamkı polimerleri kullanımı ile Citrus aurantium yağının mikrokapsüllenerek pamuk, poliester ve akrilik kumaşlara aktarımları ve karakterizasyonları da tezin amaçları arasındadır. Bu amaçlarla, Citrus aurantium uçucu yağı Clevenger düzeneğinde hidrodistilasyon yöntemi ile elde edilmiştir. Sivrisinekler için kaçış ünitesi imal edilerek, elde edilen Citrus aurantium yağının sivrisinek kovuculuk etkisi test edilmiştir. Citrus aurantium yağı kapsüllenerek oluşturulan mikrokapsüllerin gaz kromatogragifisi- kütle spektrometresi (GC-MS) analizleri ile uçucu yağ bileşen ve oranları belirlenmiştir. Citrus aurantium yağı içeren mikrokapsüllerin Fourier Transform İnfrared Spektrofotometresi (FTIR) analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Mikrokapsüllerin optik mikroskop görüntüleri alınıp ortalama çap ve çap dağılımları ölçülüp mikrokapsüllerin kumaşa aktarımı çektirme yöntemi ile tamamlandıktan sonra taramalı elektron mikroskobu- enerji dağıtıcı X-ışını (SEM-EDX) analizleri ile Fourier Transform İnfrared Spektrofotometresi (FTIR) analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Tez çalışmasının sonuçları Citrus aurantium uçucu yağının Clevenger düzeneğinde hidrodistilasyon yöntemi ile verimli şekilde ektrakte edilebileceğini göstermektedir. GC-MS bulgularına göre, Citrus aurantium uçucu yağının içerisinde en yüksek oranda limonen bileşeninin bulunduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Kaçış ünitesi testleri, Citrus aurantium yağının sivrisinek kovuculukta etkili olduğunu kanıtlamıştır. Citrus aurantium yağı kullanılarak üretilen mikrokapsüllerin ortalama çapları 68,3±34,2 µm olarak ölçülmüştür. Mikrokapsüllerin kumaş yüzeyine bağlanma durumlarının incelendiği SEM+EDX ve FTIR analizlerinde mikrokapsüllerin kumaşlara başarılı bir şekilde tutunduğu kanıtlanmıştır. The aim of this study was to extract Citrus aurantium essential oil containing fly repellent components and to test the repellency effect against mosquitoes. Moreover, microcapsullation of Citrus aurantium essential oil using gelatin and gum polymers via complex coacervation method, characterization and transfer of these microcapsules on cotton, polyester and acrylic fabrics were the aims of the study. For this purpose, Citrus aurantium essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation method in Clevenger apparatus, volatile oil containing microcapsules components and ratios were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyzes. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometry (FTIR) analyzes of microcapsules containing Citrus aurantium essential oil were performed. The mosquito repellency effect of the obtained Citrus aurantium oil was tested by manufacturing an escape unit for mosquitoes. Images of Citrus aurantium oil encapsulated microcapsules were obtained by an optical microscope and the average diameter and diameter distributions were measured. The transfers of microcapsules onto the fabrics were carried out by extraction method. Scanning electron microscope images and energy dispersive X-ray analyzes (SEM-EDX) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometry (FTIR) analyzes were performed.The results of the thesis show that Citrus aurantium essential oil can be extracted efficiently by hydrodistillation in Clevenger mechanism. According to the GC-MS results, the main component of Citrus aurantium essential oil was limonene. Escape unit tests proved that Citrus aurantium oil is effective in mosquito repellency. The average diameter of microcapsules produced using Citrus aurantium oil was measured as 68,3±34,2 µm. It was exhibited via the SEM+ EDX and FTIR analyzes that the microcapsules were attached to the whole fabrics successfully. 79

Bu çalışmada Poliamid 6 (PA 6) polimeri ile ağrı ve sancı azaltma özelliğine sahip; Mentha piperita L. ve Pimpinella anisum L. özütleri ile Syzygium aromaticum L. ve Papaver somniferum L. yağları içeren nanolifli yüzeylerin elektrolif çekim yöntemi ile üretilerek, karakterize edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla gerçekleştirilen üretim çalışmaları, lif çekim çözeltisi içerisine bitkisel ajanların eklenerek ve saf PA6 nanolifli yüzeyleri üzerine emdirme yolu ile bu bitkisel ajanların aktarılarak farklı örneklerin oluşturulmasını içermektedir. Sadece Papaver somniferum L.'nin lif çekim çözeltisine ilavesi ile nanolifli yüzeylerin eldesi mümkün olmamış olup, diğer örnekler başarılı şekilde üretilmiştir. Morfolojik karakterizasyon taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) ile gerçekleştirilmiş olup, düzgün morfolojili nanoliflerin üretimi için optimum proses parametreleri belirlenmiştir. Bu parametreler altında hem saf PA6 nanolifli yüzeylerinin hem de özüt ve yağ yüklü PA6 nanolifli yüzeylerinin uzun süreli elektrolif çekimi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Uzun süreli elektrolif çekimi yapılan bitkisel ajanların ilaveli nanolifli yüzeylere Fourier Transform İnfrared Spektrofotometresi analizi uygulanmış olup, lif çekim çözeltisi içerisine ilave edilen özütlerin ve yağın başarılı şekilde PA6 nanoliflerine katılabildiği kanıtlanmıştır. Daha sonra izotonik çözelti içerisinde kesikli salım testleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Salım ortamından belirlenen zaman dilimlerinde alınan sıvılara UV- görünür bölge spektrofotometresi ve yüksek performanslı sıvı kromatografisi analizi uygulanmış olup, nanolifli yüzeylerin belirlenen süreler dahilindeki salım profilleri belirlenmiştir. Çalışmadan elde edilen tüm sonuçlar ağrı ve sancı azaltma etkisine sahip doğal bitkisel ajanların PA6 nanoliflerine başarılı şekilde aktarılarak, doğal aktif bileşen salım sistemi uygulamalarında kullanılma potansiyeli olan nanolifli yüzeylerin başarılı şekilde üretildiğini göstermektedir. In this study, production and characterization of electrospun polyamide 6 (PA 6) nanofiber webs containing Mentha piperita L. extract, Pimpinella anisum L. extract, Syzygium aromaticum L. oil, and Papaver somniferum L. oil for the purpose of ache and pain relief were aimed. At the production stage herbal agents were added to the electrospinning solution and also agents were soaked on pure PA6 nanofiber webs. Nanofiber production was only not possible with P.somniferum oil. Besides, all other samples were succesfully produced. Morphological characterization was performed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and optimum electrospinning process parameters were determined according to the SEM images for the production of uniform nanofibers. Long-term electrospinning was performed at these parameters for both pure PA6 nanofibers and herbal agent loaded PA6 nanofibers. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer analysis was applied to these nanofiber webs and it was proved that the herbal agents loaded to fiber spinning solutions were successfully incorporated in nanofiber structures. Then, batch release tests were carried out where the isotonic solution was chosen as release medium. The UV-visible region spectrophotometer and high performance liquid chromatography analyses were applied to the fluids taken from the release media at determined time intervals and the release profiles of the nanofiber webs were determined. Allover the results obtained from the study showed that herbal agents were succesfully incorporated to nanofiber structure and nanofiber webs that have potentials to be used as natural active agent release systems were achieved. 87

The sharply increasing world population reveals the insufficiency of natural resources in meeting the needs of humanity, while creating a tendency to search for new resources. Textile products constitute one of the most basic needs of humanity and the consumption of textile products is also increasing due to the changing fashion sense, increasing population, and technology developments. Discovery of alternative or renewable energy sources, recycling of all kinds of materials, enhancing engineering methods and technologies used to make recycling effective, and trends like sustainable fashion that promote sustainability and take parts among the hot topics of this field. Recycling studies are also common in textile science. It is feasible to reduce the usage of natural fibers by utilization of recycled fibers. However, there are some limitations to textile recycling. These limitations led the development of new sustainable fibers and processes as alternatives to natural. In this context, most of the recycling and sustainability-based studies carried out in this field emphasized the indispensability of the subject, while neglecting a few points about limitations. Consequently, the limits of recycling in textiles and new fibers developed to overcome these limits are addressed in this chapter.