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Background: Current frequency and features for positivity to textile dye mix (TDM) in Spain are unknown., Objectives: To study the frequency, clinical features and simultaneous positivity between TDM, para-phenylenediamine (PPD) and specific disperse dyes., Materials and Methods: We analysed all consecutive patients patch-tested with TDM from the Spanish Contact Dermatitis Registry (REIDAC), from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2022. Within this group, we studied all selected patients patch-tested with a textile dye series., Results: Out of 6128 patients analysed, 3.3% were positive to the TDM and in 34% of them, the sensitization was considered currently relevant. TDM positivity was associated with working as a hairdresser/beautician and scalp, neck/trunk and arm/forearm dermatitis. From TDM-positive patients, 57% were positive to PPD. One hundred and sixty-four patients were patch-tested with the textile dye series. Disperse Orange 3 was the most frequent positive dye (16%). One of every six cases positive to any dye from the textile dye series would have been missed if patch-tested with the TDM alone., Conclusions: Positivity to TDM is common in Spain and often associated with PPD sensitization. TDM is a valuable marker of disperse dyes allergy that should be part of the Spanish and European standard series., (© 2024 The Authors. Contact Dermatitis published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Textile dye mix (TDM) is included in the European baseline series (EBS), but it is unknown if TDM identifies all patients with a textile dye allergy., Objectives: To assess the added value of performing patch testing with individual textile dyes in addition to TDM., Methods: Two hundred and nine patients suspected to have a contact allergy to textile dyes were patch tested between January 2015 and December 2021 with the EBS, as well as an individual textile dye test series containing textile dyes part of TDM (TDM-dyes) and outside the scope of TDM (non-TDM dyes)., Results: Fifty-four patients (25.8%) tested positive for TDM or an individual textile dye. Disperse Orange 3 (9.6%) followed by Disperse Blue 106 (4.8%) were the most common individual textile dyes causing a positive patch test reaction. Of the 54 dye positive patients, 28 (51.9%) had a clinically relevant reaction. No clinically relevant reactions were seen in patients that solely tested positive for non-TDM dyes., Conclusions: It is beneficial to test individual textile dyes in addition to TDM in patients suspected of having a textile dye allergy. Otherwise, 46.3% of the dye positive patients and 35.7% of the patients with a clinically relevant reaction would have been missed., (© 2022 The Authors. Contact Dermatitis published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: The textile dye mix (TDM) 6.6% in petrolatum contains Disperse Blue (DB) 35, Disperse Yellow 3, Disperse Orange (DO) 1 and 3, Disperse Red 1 and 17, and DB 106 and 124. The most frequent allergen in TDM-positive patients is DO 3. Around 85% of para-phenylenediamine (PPD)-allergic dermatitis patients have been positive to DO 3. There has been a discussion to exclude DO 3 from TDM 6.6% because of strong simultaneous reactions to TDM and PPD., Objectives: To study if DO 3 can be excluded from TDM 6.6%., Methods: Patch tests were performed on 1481 dermatitis patients with TDM 6.6%, TDM 7.0% (without DO 3 but the other disperse dyes at 1.0% each), DO 3 1.0%, and PPD 1.0% pet., Results: Contact allergy to TDM 6.6% was 3.6% and to TDM 7.0% was 3.0%. All 26 DO 3-positive patients were positive to PPD. The 44 patients positive to TDM 7.0% plus the 13 positive to PPD and TDM 6.6% but negative to TDM 7.0% were 57, outnumbering the 53 positive to TDM 6.6%., Conclusion: TDM 7.0% can replace TDM 6.6% in the Swedish baseline series, since TDM 7.0% together with PPD 1.0% will detect patients with textile dye allergy., (© 2022 The Authors. Contact Dermatitis published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Disperse dyes (DDs) are the most prevalent causes of textile-related allergic contact dermatitis and are used for colouring synthetic textile materials based on fibres such as polyester, acrylic, acetate and polyamide. Eight DDs are included in a textile dye mix (TDM) 6.6% petrolatum (pet.) in the European baseline patch test series., Objectives: The aim of this study was to patch test TDM 6.6% pet. positive individuals with the extracts of synthetic fibre clothes that do not contain any of the pure DDs present in the TDM 6.6% to study the reactivity pattern., Methods: Seventy-three TDM-positive former patients tested between 2012 and 2017 at the Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology in Malmö, Sweden were invited to join the study, 10 participated. Twenty-four textile items (collected in nine countries in Europe, Asia and North America in 2012) were extracted in dichloromethane. The TDM 6.6% was patch tested simultaneously with the 24 textile item preparations in petrolatum made from the extracts. Prior to patch testing the participants filled the 7-question questionnaire regarding possible symptoms from textile exposure., Results: Ten individuals, agreed to join the study. Eight of them reacted to TDM 6.6%. Nine participants reacted to 20 of 24 extracts. One reacted to 19 extracts, another to 14, 3 to 5 extracts, 1 to 4, 1 to 3 extracts and 2 to 2 extracts. One was negative to all tested preparations including TDM 6.6%. The participants mainly reacted to six textile extracts. All controls tested negatively to tested extracts. Four individuals of the 10 TDM-allergic individuals previously had had problems after wearing clothes. Four out of the 10 participants had had atopic eczema in childhood. All women had dyed their hair with permanent hair dyes but none of the males., Conclusion: TDM-positive patients react to textile extracts made from synthetic garments, even if they do not contain any of the pure DDs present in TDM 6.6%. More studies are needed to pin-point the culprit haptens in these extracts., (© 2022 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Textile production forms one of the most polluting industries worldwide. However, other than damaging environmental effects, chemical waste products, such as formaldehyde or thiazolinone, are problematic for human health, as allergic potential is present in these compounds. Mostly, contact dermatitis occurs when human skin is exposed to textiles. Moreover, non-eczemous variants are mainly associated to textiles. In order to diagnose the possible allergy of the patient towards these compounds, in vivo and in vitro methods ca be performed, such as patch testing or cytokine detection assays, respectively. Newest research focuses on medical textiles such as garments or sutures to help in diagnosis, therapy and recovery of the patients. Sutures and dressings with antimicrobial properties, with the release of oxygen and growth factors offer greater properties. In this review, state of the art in the field as well as future perspectives will be discussed, which are based on the smart textiles that are going to become more important and probably widespread after the current limits exceeded., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Different textile constituents may act as allergens and/or irritants and provoke textile contact dermatitis (TCD)., Objectives: To report a case of TCD caused by ethylene glycol monododecyl ether and 2,4-dichlorophenol, present in a bikini., Methods: A woman presented with an eczematous, pruritic rash in the area of the bikini straps and back. Patch testing was performed with the European baseline, textile, sunscreen, and photo-patch series, the bikini "as is", and ethanol and acetone extracts of the bikini. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) of the extracts and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis were used to elucidate the culprit agents., Results: Positive reactions were found to the bikini "as is" and to the ethanol and acetone extracts. Patch testing with TLC strips showed a strong reaction to spots-fractions 3 and 4. GC-MS was performed to identify substances in each fraction and those suspected to be skin sensitisers were patch tested. On day (D) 4 positive reactions to ethylene glycol monododecyl ether (irritant reaction) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (++) were observed., Conclusion: A myriad of chemical compounds can be found in clothing. Ethylene glycol monododecyl ether and 2,4-dichlorophenol were identified as the potential culprits of this bikini TCD., (© 2021 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Although it is known that textile wastewater contains highly toxic contaminants whose effects in humans represent public health problems in several countries, studies involving mammal species are scarce. This study was aimed to evaluate the toxicity profile of 90-days oral administration of textile dyeing effluent (TDE) on oxidative stress status and histological changes of male mice. The TDE was collected from the textile plant of Monastir, Tunisia and evaluated for the metals, aromatic amines, and textile dyes using analytical approaches. Metal analysis by ICP-MS showed that the tested TDE exhibited very high levels of Cr, As, and Sr, which exceeded the wastewater emission limits prescribed by WHO and Tunisian authority. The screening of TDE through UPLC-MS/MS confirmed the presence of two textile dyes: a triphenylmethane dye (Crystal violet) and a disperse azo dye (Disperse yellow 3). Exposure to TDE significantly altered the malondialdehyde (MDA), Conjugated dienes (CDs), Sulfhydryl proteins (SHP) and catalase levels in the hepatic and renal tissues. Furthermore, histopathology observation showed that hepatocellular and renal lesions were induced by TDE exposure. The present study concluded that TDE may involve induction of oxidative stress which ensues in pathological lesions in several vital organs suggesting its high toxicity. Metals and textile dyes may be associated with the observed toxicological effects of the TDE. These pollutants, which may have seeped into surrounding rivers in Monastir city, can cause severe health malaise in wildlife and humans.

Competing Interests: The authors have no funding or conflicts of interest to declare.

Background: Allergic contact dermatitis caused by shoes is common and new relevant allergens have been identified., Objectives: To investigate the pattern of type IV sensitization in patients with suspected allergic contact dermatitis of the feet related to shoes as a presumed culprit trigger., Methods: Retrospective analysis of data of the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), 2009-2018., Results: Six hundred twenty-five patients with presumed shoe dermatitis were identified in a cohort of 119 417 patients. Compared to patients with suspected contact sensitization from other allergen sources (n = 118 792), study group patients were more frequently sensitized to potassium dichromate (10.8% vs 3.5%), colophony (7.2% vs 3.7%), mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT; 4.0% vs 0.6%), mercapto mix (4.6% vs 0.6%), and p-tert-butylphenol formaldehyde resin (1.6% vs 0.5%). Sensitizations to urea formaldehyde resin, melamine formaldehyde resin, glutaraldehyde, tricresyl phosphate, and phenyl glycidylether were rare. Moreover, reactions to compounds in the leather or textile dyes test series were scarce., Conclusion: A distinct sensitization pattern was observed in patients with suspected allergy to shoe materials. Although substances with low sensitization rates should be removed from the leather and shoe patch test series, novel potential allergens should be added., (© 2021 The Authors. Contact Dermatitis published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: The textile dye mix (TDM) 6.6% pet. contains Disperse Blue (DB) 35, Disperse Yellow 3, Disperse Orange (DO) 1 and 3, Disperse Red 1 and 17, and DB 106 and 124. The most frequent allergen in TDM-positive patients is DO 3. Around 85% of p-phenylenediamine (PPD)-allergic dermatitis patients have shown positive patch test reactions to DO 3. There has been a discussion to exclude DO 3 from TDM 6.6% because of frequent, strong reactions to TDM 6.6% and PPD., Objectives: To study if DO 3 can be omitted from a TDM., Methods: Patch tests were performed on 2250 dermatitis patients with TDM 6.6%, TDM 5.6% pet., TDM 7.0% pet., and PPD 1.0% pet.; 122 patients were also patch tested with DO 3 1.0% pet., Results: Among the 2250 patients patch tested, contact allergy prevalence to TDM 6.6% was 2.4%, to TDM 5.6% 1.8%, and to TDM 7.0% 2.0%. Of the 54 TDM 6.6%-positive patients, 55.6% reacted to PPD; as much as 42.2% of PPD-allergic women and 50% of PPD-allergic men reacted to TDM 6.6%. Of the 17 DO 3-positive patients, 94.1% showed a positive reaction to PPD., Conclusion: Results indicate that DO 3 can probably be omitted from TDM, but patch testing with TDM 6.6%, TDM 7.0%, DO 3 1.0%, and PPD 1.0% simultaneously is needed to finally decide whether it is possible or not., (© 2020 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has swept the whole world with high mortality. Since droplet transmission is the main route of transmission, wearing a mask serves as a crucial preventive measure. However, the virus has spread quite quickly, causing severe mask shortage. Finding alternative materials for homemade masks while ensuring the significant performance indicators will help alleviate the shortage of masks. Referring to the national standard for the "Surgical Mask" of China, 17 materials to be selected for homemade masks were tested in four key indicators: pressure difference, particle filtration efficiency, bacterial filtration efficiency and resistance to surface wetting. Eleven single-layer materials met the standard of pressure difference (≤49 Pa), of which 3 met the standard of resistance to surface wetting (≥3), 1 met the standard of particle filtration efficiency (≥30%), but none met the standard of bacterial filtration efficiency (≥95%). Based on the testing results of single-layer materials, fifteen combinations of paired materials were tested. The results showed that three double-layer materials including double-layer medical non-woven fabric, medical non-woven fabric plus non-woven shopping bag, and medical non-woven fabric plus granular tea towel could meet all the standards of pressure difference, particle filtration efficiency, and resistance to surface wetting, and were close to the standard of the bacterial filtration efficiency. In conclusion, if resources are severely lacking and medical masks cannot be obtained, homemade masks using available materials, based on the results of this study, can minimize the chance of infection to the maximum extent., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Background: Clothing fabrics interact closely with the skin to shape our cutaneous microenvironment. Cotton and silk have been traditionally recommended for patients with atopic dermatitis because of reported patient comfort. New synthetic fabrics combine anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, moisture-wicking, and soothing properties that may augment conventional management strategies in atopic patients., Objective: We review existing and emerging evidence for fabric selection in patients with atopic dermatitis including cotton, wool, lyocell, silk, anionic, cellulosic/cellulose based, zinc oxide coated, citric acid coated, chitosan coated, silver coated, borage seed oil coated, ethylene vinyl, and polyurethane and offer practical suggestions for clothing and bedding choices., Methods: A systematic search was conducted on PubMed and EMBASE electronic databases for articles from 1 January, 1994 to 1 January, 2020. Studies were included based on the following inclusion criteria: clinical trial, published in English, and fabric as the main agent being evaluated. Case reports, case series, conference abstracts, reviews, animal studies, and duplicates were excluded. Studies were then manually screened by title, abstract, and full-text articles and selected to specifically describe the effects of fabrics in patients with atopic dermatitis. Both adult and pediatric patient studies were included., Results: There appears to be an advantage to modern fabric manufacturing and processing techniques that have created smaller diameter, smoother fibers such as super- and ultrafine merino wool and anti-microbial finishes. Traditional cotton and silk fabrics have mixed evidence in improving atopic dermatitis symptoms and severity but have shown to be generally safe. Large-diameter wool has been shown to induce itching and irritation; ultra- or superfine merino wool is non-pruritic and may be recommended as an alternative. Emerging fabrics with potential efficacy in reducing atopic dermatitis severity and Staphylococcus aureus burden include silver-coated, chitosan-coated, and cellulose-based fabrics. Zinc oxide-coated, acid-coated, polyurethane-coated, borage seed oil-coated, anionic, lyocell, and ethylene vinyl fabrics have sparse evidence and require further study before conclusions can be made., Conclusions: Appropriate fabric selection can reduce the symptom severity and exacerbations of atopic dermatitis.

Filtration efficiency ( FE ), differential pressure (Δ P ), quality factor ( QF ), and construction parameters were measured for 32 cloth materials (14 cotton, 1 wool, 9 synthetic, 4 synthetic blends, and 4 synthetic/cotton blends) used in cloth masks intended for protection from the SARS-CoV-2 virus (diameter 100 ± 10 nm). Seven polypropylene-based fiber filter materials were also measured including surgical masks and N95 respirators. Additional measurements were performed on both multilayered and mixed-material samples of natural, synthetic, or natural-synthetic blends to mimic cloth mask construction methods. Materials were microimaged and tested against size selected NaCl aerosol with particle mobility diameters between 50 and 825 nm. Three of the top five best performing samples were woven 100% cotton with high to moderate yarn counts, and the other two were woven synthetics of moderate yarn counts. In contrast to recently published studies, samples utilizing mixed materials did not exhibit a significant difference in the measured FE when compared to the product of the individual FE for the components. The FE and Δ P increased monotonically with the number of cloth layers for a lightweight flannel, suggesting that multilayered cloth masks may offer increased protection from nanometer-sized aerosol with a maximum FE dictated by breathability (i.e., Δ P ).

Objectives: We estimated the association between occupational exposures to five different organic dusts: wood, animal, paper, textile and flour dust and the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis (RA)., Methods: This population-based case-control study analysed 12 582 incident cases and 129 335 controls. Participants were identified from national public authority and quality registers. Census data on occupations were collected 1960-2010 and we estimated the exposure to organic dust with the help of job-exposure matrices. We used logistic regression to assess the OR of seropositive or seronegative RA. Estimates were adjusted for the matching variables (sex, county, age and index year), education and occupational silica exposure., Results: Exposure to animal dust was associated with an increased risk of RA among both men and women. The OR was 1.2 (95% CI=1.1 to 1.4) for seropositive RA and 1.3 (95% CI=1.1 to 1.5) for seronegative RA among ever exposed participants compared with unexposed. The risk increased with duration of exposure for seropositive RA, and participants who had been exposed in five or more censuses had an OR of 1.6 (95% CI=1.1 to 2.2, p for trend=0.003). Exposure to textile dust also generated a significant dose-response relationship for seropositive RA (p for trend=0.014). We detected no association between exposure to wood, paper or flour dust and risk of RA., Conclusions: Overall, exposure to animal dust and textile dust was associated with an increased risk of developing RA. These observations give further support to the notion that airborne exposures are involved in the aetiology of RA., Competing Interests: Competing interests: LA have for the EIRA study been supported by research grants from the Swedish Medical Research Council; the Swedish Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare; King Gustaf V:s 80-year foundation; the Swedish Rheumatism Foundation; Stockholm County Council; the insurance company AFA Insurance and the IMI-supported RTCure projects, unrelated to the submitted work. PW has received research grants from AFA Insurance, unrelated to the submitted work. PG has received research grants from the Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare, unrelated to the submitted work. LA received grants from the Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare (grant no: 2013-0194) and AFA Insurance (grant number 120299) to support the present study., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Sustained pressure, shear forces, and friction, as well as elevated humidity/moisture, are decisive physical factors in the development of pressure injuries (PIs). To date, further research is needed in order to understand the influence of humidity and moisture on the coefficient of friction (COF) of skin against different types of medical textiles. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of moisture caused by sweat, urine, or saline on the resulting COF of skin against different textiles used in the medical setting in the context of PI prevention. For that purpose, we performed physical measurements of static COFs of porcine skin followed by finite element (FE) computational modelling in order to illustrate the effect of increased COF at the skin on the resulting strains and stresses deep within the soft tissues of the buttocks. The COF of dry skin obtained for the 3 textiles varied between 0.59 (adult diaper) and 0.91 (polyurethane dressing). In addition, the COF increased with the added moisture in all of the tested cases. The results of the FE simulations further showed that increased COF results in elevated strain energy density and shear strain values in the skin and deeper tissues and, hence, in an increased risk for PI development. We conclude that moisture may accelerate PI formation by increasing the COF between the skin and the medical textile, regardless of the type of the liquid that is present. Hence, reduction of the wetness/moisture between the skin and fabrics in patients at a high risk of developing PIs is a key measure in PI prevention., (© 2018 Medicalhelplines.com Inc and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Oral and pharyngeal cancers (OPC) represent the seventh most common type of cancer and the seventh leading cause of deaths by cancer worldwide. Few studies have assessed the occupational exposure risks associated with OPC and in many cases the results are conflicting. The aim of this study was to determine, through a systematic review, the association of OPC and exposure to different occupational carcinogenic substances., Methods: The addressed focused question was "Is there an association of occupational carcinogenic substances with OPC?" PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and ISI Web of Science databases were searched between January 1995 up to and including July 2016 using the keywords "oral cancer," "pharyngeal cancer," "pharyngeal neoplasms," "oral neoplasms," "occupational disease," "occupational exposure," and "occupational risk factor" in various combinations. Letters to the Editor, review articles, case reports, and unpublished articles were excluded., Results: Fourteen original articles were included. Majority of the studies were conducted in European countries and used a case-control design. The results showed a significant association between formaldehyde, wood dust, coal dust, asbestos, welding fumes, and risk of developing OPC, while marginal association was observed with metal and leather dust. No associated risk was observed for textile fibers., Conclusion: There is some evidence to suggest associations of occupational substances with OPC, particularly in the pharynx. Future well-designed studies are required to confirm or rule out with confidence the associated exposure risk of these substances., (© 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Background and Objectives: Allergic contact dermatitis is a common dermatosis among military personnel. Given the unique military demands, it is not surprising that shoe dermatitis and textile dermatitis are common. Our study aimed to compare the clinical and demographic parameters between military personnel and civilians evaluated for the suspicion of shoe and textile dermatitis in a tertiary clinic in Israel., Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study included 295 patients who were referred to a tertiary clinic for evaluation because of suspected shoe or textile dermatitis. Eighty-eight of the patients were soldiers. The patch tests were tailored according to the clinical presentation and relevant exposures., Results: The 2 populations differed in several parameters. The duration of the dermatitis was longer in the civilian group. The atopy rate was significantly higher among military conscripts. The patch test reactivity and multiple patch test reactivity were lower in the army group. Dermatitis seen in the military group tended to be more widely distributed., Conclusions: Distinctive demographic and exposure patterns explain the differences observed between the 2 study groups. It is not surprising that irritant dermatitis is more common among military personnel, given the extreme military demands and higher atopy rate among soldiers.

Background: In 2015 and 2016, female patients in Flanders consulted a dermatologist because they developed skin lesions after wearing a specific brand of canvas shoes., Objectives: To identify the culprit allergen in the shoes., Methods: Eighteen young females aged 14-22 years presented with itching and erythematous to purple-coloured eczematous lesions on both feet. They were patch tested by 10 dermatologists with the European baseline series. Some patients underwent testing with additional series. Pieces of the shoe fabrics were tested in 11 of 18 patients. Chemical analysis of the shoe materials was performed. Finally, patients were tested with a thin-layer chromatogram of the shoe extracts and dilutions of the suspected rubber compound., Results: All 18 patients showed positive reactions to thiuram mix. Ten of 11 patients reacted to a piece of shoe fabric. Chemical analysis showed the presence of dimethylthiocarbamylbenzothiazole sulfide (DMTBS). No thiurams were detected. Four patients tested with the chromatogram developed positive reactions to DMTBS. Positive reactions to low concentrations were observed in the 4 patients tested with a DMTBS dilution series; one patient reacted to 0.00001% in acetone., Conclusions: DMTBS, the culprit allergen, is a component formed during rubber vulcanization that probably cross-reacts with the thiuram mix., (© 2017 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: During rubber vulcanization, new compounds can be formed., Objectives: To report a case of allergic shoe dermatitis in which the search for the allergen ultimately led to the identification of dimethylthiocarbamylbenzothiazole sulfide (DMTBS)., Methods: A female presented with eczema on her feet after wearing Sperry Top Sider® canvas sneakers. Patch testing was performed with the European baseline series, additional series, shoe materials, and extracts of shoe materials. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was performed for additional patch testing, and high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectometry were used for chemical analysis., Results: Positive reactions were found to thiuram mix (+), tetramethylthiuram monosulfide (TMTM) (+), shoe material (+), and shoe extracts in eth. (++) and acetone (+). The extracts did not contain TMTM or other components of thiuram mix. TLC strips yielded a positive reaction (+) to one spot, whereas chemical analysis gave a negative result. Thereafter, a similar sneaker from another patient with shoe dermatitis was analysed, and DMBTS was identified. New extracts of the shoe of our first patient were then also shown to contain DMTBS. DMTBS as culprit allergen was confirmed by positive patch testing with a dilution series with DMTBS., Conclusion: DMBTS was identified as the culprit allergen in shoe dermatitis, giving rise to compound allergy. The positive reaction to TMTM was considered to represent cross-reactivity., (© 2017 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Textile dyes, rubber, elements or textile resins carry the risk of inducing allergic contact sensitization., Objectives: To assess clinical data and patch test results for dermatitis patients with suspected textile allergy., Methods: A retrospective analysis of Information Network of Departments of Dermatology data of the years 2007-2014 of patients patch tested because of suspected textile allergy was performed., Results: Patients of the study group (n = 3207) suffered more frequently from leg, trunk and generalized dermatitis than patients of the control group (n = 95210). Among the allergens of the textile dye series, the highest frequency of positive reactions was observed for p-aminoazobenzene (5.1%) and p-phenylenediamine (PPD) (4.5%), followed by Disperse Orange 3 (3.1%), Disperse Blue 124 (2.3%), Disperse Blue 106 (2.0%), Disperse Red 17 (1.1%), and Disperse Yellow 3 (1.1%), partly with concomitant reactions. Patch testing with the patients' own textiles was performed in 315 patients, with positive reactions in 18 patients. These were mostly elicited by blue or black textiles with tight skin contact. Only 2 of these patients also reacted to textile dyes from the German Contact Dermatitis Research Group series., Conclusions: For the comprehensive diagnosis of contact sensitization in patients with suspected textile dermatitis, combined patch testing is indicated, with (i) PPD and a textile dye series and (ii) patients' own clothing., (© 2017 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The use of textile meshes in hernia repair is widespread in visceral surgery. Though, mesh infection is a complication that may prolong the patient recovery period and consequently presents an impact on public health economy. Such concern can be avoided thanks to a local and extended antibiotic release on the operative site. In recent developments, poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) has been used in complement of polyethyleneterephthalate (Dacron®) (PET) or polypropylene (PP) yarns in the manufacture of semi-resorbable parietal implants. The goal of the present study consisted in assigning drug reservoir properties and prolonged antibacterial effect to a 100% PLLA knit through its functionalization with a cyclodextrin polymer (polyCD) and activation with ciprofloxacin. The study focused i) on the control of degree of polyCD functionalization of the PLLA support and on its physical and biological characterization by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and cell viability, ii) on the understanding of drug/meshes interaction using mathematic model and iii) on the correlation between drug release studies in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and microbiological evaluation of meshes and release medium against E. coli and S. aureus. All above mentioned tests highlighted the contribution of polyCD on the improved performances of the resulting antibacterial implantable material., Statement of Significance: 1. We managed for the first time, with well-defined parameters in terms of temperature and time of treatment, to functionalize a bio-absorbable synthetic material to improve drug sorption and drug release properties without affecting its mechanical properties. 2. We analyzed for the first time the degradation of our coating products by mass spectroscopy to show that only citrate and cyclodextrin residues (and glucose units) without any cytotoxicity are formed. 3. We managed to improve the mechanical properties of the PLA with the cyclodextrin polymer to form a composite. The assembly (cyclodextrin polymer and PLLA) remains biodegradable., (Copyright © 2017 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The isothiazolinone derivatives, methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCI), methylisothiazolinone (MI), benzisothiazolinone (BIT), and octylisothiazolinone (OIT), owing to their strong bactericide, fungicide and algicide properties, are widely used in non-cosmetic products, such as chemical (industrial) products, household detergents, and water-based paints, and the former two derivatives are also used in cosmetic products. However, given their inherent sensitization potential (with MCI > MI > BIT > OIT), allergic contact dermatitis is frequently observed, both in consumers as well as workers in various industries. In this review, we provide an update on the use of MCI/MI and MI in cosmetics, highlighting certain aspects of MI; the use of excessive concentrations, the presence in some less familiar cosmetic products, and the association with unusual clinical manifestations. Furthermore, the use of isothiazolinones in dish-washing and washing-machine liquids, cleaning agents for dental care, and their general presence in multi-purpose household detergents, which may elicit (airborne) allergic contact dermatitis, is discussed. Finally, we provide a brief overview of the use of isothiazolinone derivatives in the paint and textile industry, and of OIT in the leather industry in particular.

There have been concerns that fire-derived acid gases could aggravate thermal burns for individuals wearing synthetic flame retardant garments. A comparative risk assessment was performed on three commercial flame retardant materials with regard to relative hazards associated with acidic combustion gases to skin during a full engulfment flash fire event. The tests were performed in accordance with ASTM F1930 and ISO 13506: Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Flame Resistant Clothing for Protection against Fire Simulations Using an Instrumented Manikin. Three fire retardant textiles were tested: an FR treated cotton/nylon blend, a low Protex(®) modacrylic blend, and a medium Protex(®) modacrylic blend. The materials, in the form of whole body coveralls, were subjected to propane-fired flash conditions of 84kW/m(2) in a full sized simulator for a duration of either 3 or 4s. Ion traps consisting of wetted sodium carbonate-impregnated cellulose in Teflon holders were placed on the chest and back both above and under the standard undergarments. The ion traps remained in position from the time of ignition until 5min post ignition. Results indicated that acid deposition did increase with modacrylic content from 0.9μmol/cm(2) for the cotton/nylon, to 12μmol/cm(2) for the medium modacrylic blend. The source of the acidity was dominated by hydrogen chloride. Discoloration was inversely proportional to the amount of acid collected on the traps. A risk assessment was performed on the potential adverse impact of acid gases on both the skin and open wounds. The results indicated that the deposition and dissolution of the acid gases in surficial fluid media (perspiration and blood plasma) resulted in an increase in acidity, but not sufficient to induce irritation/skin corrosion or to cause necrosis in open third degree burns., (Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: Lung exposures including cigarette smoking and silica exposure are associated with the risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We investigated the association between textile dust exposure and the risk of RA in the Malaysian population, with a focus on women who rarely smoke., Methods: Data from the Malaysian Epidemiological Investigation of Rheumatoid Arthritis population-based case-control study involving 910 female early RA cases and 910 female age-matched controls were analysed. Self-reported information on ever/never occupationally exposed to textile dust was used to estimate the risk of developing anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA)-positive and ACPA-negative RA. Interaction between textile dust and the human leucocyte antigen DR β-1 (HLA-DRB1) shared epitope (SE) was evaluated by calculating the attributable proportion due to interaction (AP), with 95% CI., Results: Occupational exposure to textile dust was significantly associated with an increased risk of developing RA in the Malaysian female population (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.6 to 5.2). The association between occupational exposure to textile dust and risk of RA was uniformly observed for the ACPA-positive RA (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.3 to 4.8) and ACPA-negative RA (OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.7 to 7.0) subsets, respectively. We observed a significant interaction between exposure to occupational textile dust and HLA-DRB1 SE alleles regarding the risk of ACPA-positive RA (OR for double exposed: 39.1, 95% CI 5.1 to 297.5; AP: 0.8, 95% CI 0.5 to 1.2)., Conclusions: This is the first study demonstrating that textile dust exposure is associated with an increased risk for RA. In addition, a gene-environment interaction between HLA-DRB1 SE and textile dust exposure provides a high risk for ACPA-positive RA., (Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/)

Background: Formaldehyde is a widely used organic compound, used in several applications (hard thermoset resins, adhesives, disinfectants, tissue fixatives, etc), in its free form or released by formaldehyde releaser products. Its use is under control due to its toxic, carcinogenic, and allergenic properties., Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of formaldehyde sensitization, time trend, and correlation to occupations., Methods: This study is a cross-sectional study on a population of 23,774 patients tested from 1996 to 2012 in Northeastern Italy., Results: Frequency of sensitization was 3.3%, without any significant time trend. Hands (39.8% overall) and face (25.6% females, 15.5% males) were mainly involved. We found a trend toward decrease by age in females (3.11% in first quintile [14-26 years], 2.29% in fifth quintile [59-97 years], P < 0.01). On a logistic regression analysis (control group: white-collar workers), we found associations in health care (odds ratio [OR], 1.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-1.81), wood (OR, 2.14; 95% CI, 1.30-3.51), and textile (OR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.14-2.79) sectors and professional drivers (OR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.05-3.60). We found a high rate of cosensitization to formaldehyde in patients with positive patch test reactions to quaternium-15 (OR, 18.7; 95% CI, 12.6-27.7)., Conclusions: Sensitization to formaldehyde is relevant in our population, especially in the health care sector, wood and textile industries, and professional drivers. No significant time trend was found.

Exposure to complex mixtures like textile effluent poses risks to animal and human health such as mutations, genotoxicity and oxidative damage. Aim of the present study was to quantify metals in industrial effluent and to determine its mutagenic, genotoxic and cytotoxic potential and effects on oxidative stress biomarkers in effluent exposed rats. Metal analysis revealed presence of high amounts of zinc, copper, chromium, iron, arsenic and mercury in industrial effluent. Ames test with/without enzyme activation and MTT assay showed strong association of industrial effluent with mutagenicity and cytotoxicity respectively. In-vitro comet assay revealed evidence of high oxidative DNA damage. When Wistar rats were exposed to industrial effluent in different dilutions for 60 days, then activities of total superoxide dismutase and catalase and hydrogen peroxide concentration were found to be significantly lower in kidney, liver and blood/plasma of effluent exposed rats than control. Vitamin C in a dose of 50 mg/kg/day significantly reduced oxidative effects of effluent in rats. On the basis of this study it is concluded that industrial effluent may cause mutagenicity, in-vitro oxidative stress-related DNA damage and cytotoxicity and may be associated with oxidative stress in rats. Vitamin C may have ameliorating effect when exposed to effluent., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The presentation, treatment and outcomes of 33 ingluvial fibrous foreign bodies in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) are described. Vomiting, lethargy and weight loss were the most common presenting signs. Diagnosis was made on palpation of a mass in the crop (ingluvies). Both surgical and non-surgical treatment regimens were evaluated. The overall mortality rate was 33%, suggesting fibrous materials are not safe for cockatiels to groom or ingest and should not be offered as cage accessories., (© 2015 Australian Veterinary Association.)

Background: Disperse dyes are common sensitizers, but are not currently included in the European baseline series., Objectives: To justify the inclusion of a textile dye mix in the European baseline patch test series., Methods: A survey of the reported frequencies of contact allergy to textile dyes and textile dye mixes was performed by searching PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.gov.ludwig.lub.lu.se/pubmed, last accessed 14 December 2014). The results from a multicentre study performed within the European Environmental Contact Dermatitis Research Group (EECDRG) and published in 2014 formed the final basis for the recommendation., Results: The EECDRG study performed in Europe and the United States showed that 2.1-6.9% of consecutively tested dermatitis patients reacted to a 6.6% wt/wt textile dye mix consisting of eight disperse dyes. The clinical relevance was ascertained in >30% of the positive cases. A high frequency of simultaneous sensitivity to Disperse Orange 3 (DO 3) and p-phenylenediamine (PPD) was seen. Active sensitization to the mix was not noted., Conclusions: It is recommended to include a 6.6% textile dye mix consisting of eight disperse dyes in the European baseline series, even though one component, DO 3, may be superfluous, owing to its frequent cross-reactivity with PPD. Removal of DO 3 from the mix would need further study., (© 2015 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The discharge of textile effluents into the environment without appropriate treatment poses a serious threat for the aquatic organisms. The present study was undertaken to investigate biochemical response of crayfish Astacus leptodactylus exposed to textile wastewater (TW) treated by indigenous white rot fungus Coriolus versicolor. Glutathione S-transferase (GST), cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1), and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) levels in hepatopancreas and abdomen tissues of crayfish exposed to untreated, treated, and diluted rates (1/10) in both TW during 24 and 96 h were tested. Physiochemical parameters (electrical conductivity (EC), chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH, and total dissolved solid (TDS)) of TW were determined before and after treatment. Physiochemical parameters of TW decreased after treatment. The GST activity and AchE were generally increased, but CYP1A1 activity was decreased in hepatopancreas tissue of crayfish exposed to different kinds of untreated TW. After treatment by indigenous white rot fungus (C. versicolor), GST and CYP1A1 activities were returned to control values, while AchE activities were increasing further. In this study, only GST and CYP1A1 activities of A. leptodactylus confirmed the efficiency of TW treatment with C. versicolor.

Background: Disperse dyes are well-known contact sensitizers. However, they are not included in the majority of commercially available baseline patch test series., Objectives: To investigate the outcome of patch testing with a textile dye mix (TDM) consisting of eight disperse dyes at dermatology clinics in various countries., Patients/materials/methods: Two thousand nine hundred and seven consecutive dermatitis patients at 12 dermatology clinics representing nine countries were tested with a TDM at 6.6%, consisting of Disperse Blue 35, Disperse Yellow 3, Disperse Orange 1 and 3, and Disperse Red 1 and 17, all at 1.0%, and Disperse Blue 106 and Disperse Blue 124, each at 0.3%, provisionally included in the baseline series. Eighty-seven per cent of the patients allergic to the TDM were also tested with the eight separate dyes., Results: Contact allergy to TDM was found in 108 patients (3.7%). The frequency of contact allergy varied from 2.1% to 6.9% in different centres. Simultaneous reactivity to p-phenylenediamine was found in 57 of the TDM-positive patients (53%). The most frequent dye allergen among the TDM-positive patients was Disperse Orange 3. The contact allergy could have explained or contributed to the dermatitis in approximately one-third of the patients for whom clinical relevance of the TDM contact allergy was recorded., Conclusions: The TDM should be considered for inclusion in the European baseline series., (© 2014 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: The prevalence of occupational and non-occupational textile dermatitis seems to be increasing, probably because of changed textile manufacturing techniques., Objective: Evaluation of the clinical features and epidemiology of textile contact dermatitis (TCD) in Italy., Methods: Demographic data, clinical history aspects, atopy and positive patch test reactions to occupational and non-occupational allergens were investigated in 277 textile dermatitis patients., Results: Contact dermatitis was the most frequent clinical presentation (95.3%). TCD was more common in females, in the fourth to fifth decades of life, and in atopic dermatitis patients. The lesions were prevalently eczematous (74.2%), and mostly located on the trunk and lower limbs in non-occupational cases, and on the hands in textile workers. Allergic TCD (58.3%) was more frequent than irritant TCD. The dyes (Disperse Blue 124, Disperse Blue 106, and Disperse Yellow 3) were most frequently responsible (79.8%), especially in non-occupational TCD. Formaldehyde and resins were more important in occupational TCD. Concomitant reactions among textile dyes and/or finishing resins were observed in 50.0% of patients., Conclusions: Some strategies (sensitization potential of new textile chemicals, more stable dyes, reduced levels of formaldehyde in clothing, and collaboration with textile industry and trade associations) should be adopted to decrease the TCD incidence and update the textile patch testing series., (© 2014 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Muslin-induced foreign body granulomas are rare delayed complications after wrapping of intracranial aneurysms. Few small case series have been reported, with a paucity of documented MRI findings. In addition, there are no reports on long-term radiological appearances or temporal evolution of conservatively managed patients. We thus report on the long-term radiological and clinical follow-up of two patients with asymptomatic muslin-induced foreign body granulomas after wrapping of recurrent middle cerebral arterial aneurysms. Both patients were successfully managed conservatively and remain asymptomatic three and six years after diagnosis of their granulomas. A literature review confirms that MRI features of muslin-induced foreign body granuloma are typical. Features include focal areas of elevated T2 signal with increased diffusion-weighted signal and thin rim enhancement. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to confirm that there is a corresponding reduction in apparent diffusion coefficient, as typical in an intracranial abscess. Thus a history of aneurysm wrapping is critical for diagnosis. Accurate clinical recognition of this exuberant inflammatory response will avoid misdiagnosis as pyogenic abscess or tumor and prevent unnecessary or invasive treatment.

The aim of the research was to investigate the toxicity of textile wipes "LNR". The wipes coated with polymer as well as wipes coated with polymer and drug substance were studied on CBA mice. It was found that both types of "LNR " napkins do not cause any toxic effect, mortality or changes of internal organs of mice in acute and in chronic experiments. The study of the cytotoxic effect of "LNR" wipes according to test of cell survival in tissue culture showed that during contact exposure of the samples on cell wipes "LC" significant inhibition of culture growth observed in sample 1. If to accept for pronounced effect on the growth inhibition of 50% or more, such action has the napkin 1. If to accept for pronounced effect on the growth inhibition of 50% or more, such action has the napkin 1. If to accept for pronounced effect on the growth inhibition of 50% or more, such action has the napkin 1.

Titanium dioxide nanomaterials are extensively used in many applications, also for modification of textile materials. Toxicological assessment of such textile materials is currently seldom performed, mainly because of lack of appropriate guidelines. The aim of the study was to assess cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of commercially available TiO2 and TiO2/Ag NMs in pristine form as well as polypropylene fibers modified with the NMs. Both titania NMs showed a cytotoxic effect on BALB/3T3 clone A31 and V79 fibroblasts after 72-h exposure. Both NMs induced a weak genotoxic effect in comet assay, with TiO2/Ag being more active. In vitro micronucleus test on human lymphocytes revealed a weak mutagenic effect of both materials after 24h of exposure. In contrast, no significant increase in micronuclei frequency was observed in the in vitro micronucleus test on V79 fibroblasts. The 24-h extracts prepared from polypropylene fibers modified with TiO2/Ag induced a cytotoxic effect on BALB/3T3 cells which strongly depended on the mode of the fibers manufacturing. The study presents a comprehensive approach to toxicity assessment of textile fibers modified with NMs. Proposed approach may form a good "starting point" for improved future testing strategies., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: An increasing number of people is reported to have sensitive skin. Consequently, the development of textile materials with comfortable wearing properties has become a major interest. One method to create a pleasant sensation of textile materials on the skin is to coat them with silk proteins. This technologically complex procedure requires both optimization and control., Methods: The present study was aimed to characterize the subjective perception of different textiles and to objectively assess their influence on skin morphology with non-invasive optical techniques like optical coherence tomography (OCT), laser scanning microscopy (LSM) and optical surface profilometry (OP). Furthermore, optical methods were used to characterize surface properties of different textile fabrics., Results: In the present study it could be shown that optical non-invasive methods, as applied in cosmetology and dermatology are suited to characterize the structural properties of fabrics and the effects that textile materials have on the skin. Here, both unfinished textile materials and fabrics finished with silk protein coating were investigated by OCT, LSM and OP. In addition, volunteers were interviewed about their subjective sensation when these fabrics were in contact with their skin., Conclusion: The study showed that optical methods could be applied to compare textile materials in vitro, which permit the wearing comfort to be predicted and in vivo perception on the skin., (© 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.)

Background: Recognition of allergic contact dermatitis attributed to textile dyes and resins is steadily increasing., Objective: This study aims to review the results of patch testing with a textile series at our institution and to compare with previously published reports., Methods: We performed a retrospective review of results in patients who underwent patch testing using a series of textile dyes and resins from January 1, 2000, through September 30, 2011., Results: A total of 671 patients (mean age, 56.5 years; female, 65.9%) were patch tested with the textile series (42 dyes and resins). These patients were also generally tested with the standard patch test series (n = 620). Of the patients, 219 (32.6%) demonstrated allergic reaction to 1 or more textile dyes and resins, and 71 (10.6%) manifested irritant reactions. The most frequent allergens were disperse blue 106 1% (8.3%), disperse blue 124 1% (8.0%), and melamine formaldehyde 7% (8.0%). Of patients tested with the standard series, 36 (5.8%) showed a positive reaction to the traditional textile screening allergen p-phenylenediamine 1%., Conclusions: Supplementing the standard series with the textile series increased detection of textile allergies. In patients suspected of textile allergy, addition of the textile series is necessary for appropriate diagnosis.

Background: It is an undisputable fact that meshes have become standard for repair of abdominal wall hernias. Whereas in the late eighties there were only a couple of different devices available, today we have to choose among some hundreds, with lots of minor and major variations in polymer and structure. As most of the minor variations may not lead to significant change in clinical outcome and may be regarded as less relevant, we should focus on major differences. Eventually, this is used to structure the world of mesh by forming groups of textile devices with distinct biological response. Many experimental and some clinical studies have underlined the outstanding importance of porosity, which fortunately, in contrast to other biomechanical quanlities, is widely unaffected by the anisotropy of meshes., Methods: In accordance with the major manufacturers of meshes, a classification of meshes was derived from a huge pool of textile data based briefly on the following: (1) large pores, (2) small pores, (3) additional features, (4) no pores, (5) 3D structure and (6) biological origin. At 1,000 explanted meshes the value of this classification was evaluated by group-specific assessment of inflammatory and connective tissue reaction., Results: Application of this classification to common products has proved feasable, and each of the six different classes includes devices that in clinical trials failed to show relevant differences in patients' outcome when comparing products within the same group. Furthermore, histological analysis confirmed significant differences in tissue reactions between but not within the different classes., Conclusions: Classifying implants according to a similar response enables grouping patients into comparable cohorts despite implantation of different devices. Furthermore, it enables the examination of the impact of mesh classes for the various indications even from heterogenous data of registries. Finally and not the least, any grouping supports the surgeon to select the best device to meet the individual need and to tailor patients therapy.

Conjunctival synthetic fiber granulomas, or "Teddy bear granulomas", are rare granulomatous responses to synthetic fabric fibers. We report the case of a 3-year-old boy with no prior infectious or traumatic history, brought in by his parents for an incidentally discovered conjunctival growth in his right eye. Slit lamp examination revealed a 10-mm growth in the inferior fornix surrounding a small greyish foreign body. Surgical excision and histopathology revealed granulomatous inflammatory cell response with foreign body giant cells surrounding exogenous material. This foreign material was birefringent in polarized light, very suggestive of synthetic fabric fibers, which permitted the diagnosis of Teddy bear granuloma. Synthetic fiber granulomas present in children as unilateral, more or less inflammatory growths in the inferior conjunctival fornix. Surgical excision with histopathology makes the diagnosis and effects the cure., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Disperse blue (DB) 106 and DB 124 are the most frequent fabric dye allergens inducing textile dermatitis, but contact allergy to them may easily undiagnosed because the clinical picture usually needs high index of suspicion. We present the case of a 35-year-old woman who was referred for a recurred lesion over the incision scar of right total hip replacement surgery, which did not respond to treatment with povidone-iodine, mupirocin, and rifampicin. Patch testing, conducted with a European standard series and therapeutics that were used in the treatment of the lesion, revealed a positive reaction to dispersion mix blue 106/124. The patient was questioned in detail and reported that she has been wearing dark-colored synthetic panties for long years. The correlation was done between the positive antigen in the patch test and the clinical findings. The patient was treated with a corticosteroid cream for 2 weeks. She did not wear any dark-colored synthetic panties afterward and no flare-up was seen in the follow-up period. In this report, we emphasize the importance of detailed questioning of patients and that contact dermatitis should be considered potential cause of dermatitis at skin sites where the barrier function is compromised.