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The objective of this research is to design a monitoring system using a LoRa-based mesh network to monitor electrical load at distribution substations and analyze network performance based on RSSI, SNR, PDR, and delay time. To analyze the system's overall functionality, a black box testing method is utilized. The performance of the LoRa network is assessed by collecting data from transmission tests conducted on node devices and coordinators, and then comparing the RSSI, SNR, PDR, and delay time obtained at different measurement points. Data transmission tests are conducted under Line-of-Sight (LOS) and Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) conditions, with both single-hop and multi-hop communications, at antenna heights of 1 m, 3 m, and 5 m. The results reveal that the maximum communication range between coordinator and node achievable under LOS conditions is 750 m, while under NLOS conditions, it reaches 250 m. The highest RSSI value obtained is-21 dBm, and the lowest is-129 dBm. The highest SNR value achieved is 10 dB, and the lowest is-8 dB. The PDR obtained is 100% at a distance of 450 m under LOS conditions and 250 m under NLOS conditions. The delay times for single-hop, 2-hop, and 3-hop communications in normal conditions are 233 ms, 465 ms, and 698 ms, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A proper earthing scheme is an essential part of any electrical system. Improper earthing systems can lead to equipment damage, flashovers and overvoltages. power surges and discharges. Grounding uses earth as the return conductor in case of a fault. This helps identify errors Earthing ensures system stability and prompt identification and clearing of faults. Earthing techniques can be categorized as follows Direct earthing, Indirect earthing, Isolated. In this paper, variations of the type of transformer earthing on the Terco Simulator Power System were tested and simulated with ETAP (Electric Transient Analysis Program). The result show that different transformer earthing models produce different currents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population growth and improvements in people's lifestyles encourage increased consumption of electrical energy. Fossil energy as a fuel for providing electricity has very limited availability so a transition to renewable energy is needed. One area that can be an alternative to renewable energy is the Puri Indah Permai residence in South Sulawesi with quite good sun intensity and wind speed. This research aims to find out the amount of electrical energy that can be produced from a hybrid power plant at the Puri Indah Permai housing complex, to find out the amount of costs required to produce each kWh of electricity, to find out the comparison of production costs from the hybrid power plant at the Puri Indah Permai residence to the tariff. basic electricity PT. PLN and to find out the investment costs for a hybrid power plant in the Puri Indah Permai housing complex. This research uses simulations using Homer software version 3.14.2. It can be concluded that the electrical energy that can be produced on a land area of 100,000 m2 for scenario 1 is 1,574,030 kWh/yr and for scenario 2 is 1,328,351 kWh/yr., the energy production cost for each kWh of electricity is Rp. 3600 for scenario 1 and scenario 2 of Rp. 1356. The comparison of hybrid energy production with PLN's basic electricity tariff is 1:2.66 for scenario 1 and scenario 2 is 1:1.13. The investment cost for this power generation system for scenario 1 is Rp. 7.54 billion and scenario 2 amounting to Rp. 24.10 billion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]