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Introduction Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is associated with endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease (CVD). There are limited data evaluating the association with endothelial dysfunction measured by reactive hyperemia index (RHI) in an asymptomatic population free of CVD. We hypothesized that there would be a significant association between high risk of OSA and endothelial dysfunction in the Miami Heart (MiHeart) study, a population-based cohort of relatively young individuals free of known cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods Cross-sectional data from 2097 participants (mean age: 53 years, 50% female) enrolled in the MiHeart study and underwent flow-mediated dilation using the EndoPat 2000 system was analyzed for this study. OSA was determined by Berlin questionnaire (high vs. low risk); logistic regression was utilized to examine the association between high OSA risk (reference low-risk OSA) and RHI (cut off < 1.67 vs. ≥1.67) in unadjusted models, and after accounting for age, sex, race/ethnicity (model 2), and BMI, diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, and smoking (model 3). Results 704 (34%) participants were categorized as high OSA risk, according to the Berlin questionnaire. These participants were more likely to be male, Hispanic and had a higher CVD risk factor burden when compared to low OSA risk. In addition, those with high OSA risk had higher prevalence of endothelial dysfunction (17.5% vs. 13.9%) than the low OSA risk (p < 0.05) group. High risk of OSA was associated with a higher risk of endothelial dysfunction in the unadjusted model (OR=1.32, 95% CI 1.03, 1.68). When adjusted for age, sex, and race/ethnicity, this association was slightly attenuated (OR 1.26, 95% CI 0.97, 1.62). Upon adjusting for CVD risk factors (model 3), the association between high-risk OSA and endothelial dysfunction was further attenuated and was not statistically significant (OR=1.18, 95% CI 0.87, 1.59). There was a strong, independent association between presence of diabetes and endothelial dysfunction (OR= 2.01, 95% CI 1.35, 2.94). Conclusion Younger individuals with high risk for OSA have elevated odds of endothelial dysfunction, and this relationship is likely mediated by demographics and cardiometabolic risk factors such as diabetes. Support (if any) The Miami Heart Study is funded by Baptist Health South Florida.

The burden of total coronary plaque, plaque subtypes, and high-risk plaque features was unknown in asymptomatic individuals from the general U.S. primary prevention population.In a large, asymptomatic U.S. cohort evaluated using coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA), we aimed to assess the burden of total coronary plaque, plaque subtypes, and high-risk plaque features; the interplay between CCTA findings and coronary artery calcium (CAC) scores; and identify independent predictors of coronary plaque.Cross-sectional analysis in the MiHeart (Miami Heart Study), a cohort of 2,359 asymptomatic individuals from the Greater Miami Area (mean age 53 years, 50% women, 47% Hispanic/Latino, 43% non-Hispanic White). We estimated the burden of CAC (=0,0 to 100, ≥100), CCTA-based plaque features (any plaque, stenosis ≥50%, ≥70%, high-risk features), and their interplay.Overall, 58% participants had CAC = 0, 28% CAC0 to 100, and 13% CAC ≥100. A total of 49% participants had plaque on the CCTA, including 16% among those with CAC = 0. Overall, 6% participants had coronary stenosis ≥50% (12% among those with coronary plaque), 1.8% had stenosis ≥70% (3.7% among those with plaque), and 7% had at least 1 coronary plaque with ≥1 high-risk feature (13.8% among those with plaque). Only 0.8% participants with CAC = 0 had stenosis ≥50%, 0.1% stenosis ≥70%, and 2.3% plaque with high-risk features. In logistic regression models, independent predictors of coronary plaque and high-risk plaque were older age, male sex, tobacco use, diabetes, overweight, and obesity. Male sex, overweight, and obesity were independent predictors of plaque if CAC = 0.The Miami Heart Study confirms substantial prevalence of coronary plaque in asymptomatic individuals. Overall, 49% of participants had coronary plaque, 6% had stenosis ≥50%, and 7% had plaques with at least 1 high-risk feature. These proportions were 16%, 0.8%, and 2.3%, respectively, among those with CAC = 0. Longitudinal follow-up will shed further light on the prognostic implications of these findings in asymptomatic individuals.

Introduction: While prior population-based cohorts have extensively described burden of coronary artery calcification (CAC) among asymptomatic individuals, there is paucity of occult coronary atherosclerotic disease (CAD) assessment with coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) in the general population. The aims were to determine prevalence, burden and coronary plaque characteristics in the ongoing prospective Miami Heart Study (MiHeart) using both CAC and CCTA. Methods: MiHeart enrolled 2,549 middle-aged 40-65 years free of clinical cardiovascular disease participants (49% females, mean age 53, 47% Hispanic/Latino) from general population of Greater Miami Area (Florida, USA). Final study consisted of 2491 (98%) among whom non- cardiac-gated CT for CAC testing and contrast-enhanced CCTA cardiac-gated were performed. Results: In this study 58% had CAC=0, 13% had CAC≥100, and 45% had detectable plaque on CCTA. 143 (6%) participants had significant (≥50%) stenosis and 44 (2%) had severe (≥70%) stenosis. Overall, 26% participants had exclusive non-calcified plaque whereas 7% demonstrated high-risk plaque features (HRP) with positive remodeling being most frequently observed (5%). Among participants with CAC=0, 15% had any plaque on CCTA (62% in 1 segment); 1% had obstructive CAD and 2% any HRP, respectively. Burden of CAD (plaque segmental score, subtype, stenosis) as well as HRP on CCTA was strongly associated with increasing CAC scores (table). Overall, 31% and 20% with CAC≥100 had significant stenosis and HRP, respectively. Conclusions: In the first US general population based CCTA study, we demonstrate high burden of diverse coronary atherosclerotic plaque features in a middle-aged general population free of established CVD. Future studies in MiHeart will focus on biological associations and clinical implications of of coronary atherosclerotic disease severity and features on CCTA among asymptomatic individuals.

Introduction Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is associated with clinical cardiovascular disease (CVD). There are limited data evaluating association with subclinical CVD measured by cardiac computed tomography (CT). We hypothesized there would be significant association between high OSA risk and atherosclerotic plaque, coronary stenosis, and coronary artery calcium (CAC) score in Miami Heart Study cohort free of CVD. Methods Data from CVD free 2359 participants, age 40-65 years (May 2015-Sept 2018) from greater Miami were analyzed. Cardiac CT measured CAC, coronary plaque burden and stenosis. High OSA risk was defined as either OSA diagnosis and/or a high risk from Berlin questionnaire. Logistic regression examined association between high OSA risk (reference low OSA risk) and any plaque, coronary stenosis >50%, and CAC (> 0 and > 100 vs 0) in unadjusted models, and after accounting for age, sex, race/ethnicity (model 2), and BMI, diabetes, high cholesterol, and smoking (model 3). Results 800 (34%) participants had high OSA risk; were more likely to be male, Hispanic, with higher CVD risk factor burden compared to low OSA risk. High OSA risk had higher prevalence of any plaque (60% vs 44%), coronary stenosis ≥ 50% (8.3% vs 4.8%), CAC scores >0-99 (34% vs 26%), and CAC score ≥ 100 (16% vs 12%), compared to low OSA risk (all p < 0.05). High OSA risk was associated with higher odds of any plaque, coronary stenosis ≥ 50%, high-risk plaque features, CAC > 0 and CAC ≥ 100 in univariable models. When adjusting for age, sex and race/ethnicity, these patterns persisted, with 1.58 higher odds of any plaque (95% CI 1.31, 1.91), 1.54 higher odds of coronary stenosis ≥ 50% (95% CI 1.08, 2.20), 1.37 higher odds of having CAC > 0 (95% CI 1.13, 1.66). Associations became non-statistically significant when adjusting for CVD risk factors, except any plaque, which was independently associated after fully adjusted (OR 1.31 (1.05, 1.63). Conclusion Individuals with high risk for OSA, significantly prone for CVD risk factor, have higher likelihood for presence of any plaque, significant stenosis and CAC scores > 0, with these associations mostly mediated by CVD risk factors. Support (If Any) Baptist Health South Florida

Introduction Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is associated with elevated inflammatory markers in those with cardiovascular disease (CVD). In contrast, there are limited data to support this association in asymptomatic individuals. The Miami Heart Study measured high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and TNF- Alpha in a cohort of asymptomatic individuals from the general population. We hypothesized that there will be significant association of high OSA risk with inflammatory markers in Miami Heart Study cohort free of CVD. Methods We analyzed data for 2359 clinical CVD-free participants from the Miami Heart Study, age 40-65 years (May 2015-Sept 2018). High OSA risk included those with an OSA diagnosis and/or those with high risk using the Berlin questionnaire. Poisson regression analyses were utilized to examine the associations between high OSA risk (reference: low risk) and hs-CRP, IL-6 and TNF alpha levels (continuous), in univariate and multivariate models (adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity [model 2], and BMI, diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol and smoking [model 3]). Results 800 (34%) participants were categorized as high OSA risk. Those with high OSA risk tended to be Hispanic, male, and with a higher CVD risk factor burden, especially obesity (64% vs 17%, p < 0.005) when compared to those with low OSA risk. Patients with high OSA risk had higher median values of hs-CRP (2.1 vs 1.0), IL-6 (2.0 vs 1.4), and TNF-alpha (1.2 vs 1.1) when compared to those with low OSA risk (all p < 0.001). When adjusting for age, sex, and race/ethnicity, the mean difference between patients with high and low OSA risk in hs-CRP was 1.86 (95% CI 1.69, 2.02), and 0.85 (95% CI 0.71, 0.99) in IL6. When further adjusting for CVD risk factors, these differences were attenuated, but statistically significant (hs-CRP [0.32, 95% CI 0.16, 0.48]; IL6 [0.37, 95% CI 0.21, 0.53]). In adjusted analyses, TNF-alpha was not statistically different between OSA risk populations. Conclusion Individuals at high risk for OSA had significant higher levels of hs-CRP and IL6, signaling to potential role of OSA in mediating the increased inflammatory markers in asymptomatic CVD risk free individuals. Support (If Any) Baptist Health South Florida

Single-molecule force spectroscopy has brought many new insights into nanoscale biology, from the functioning of molecular motors, to the mechanical response of soft materials within the cell. Yet in the extreme-force regime, limitations in current approaches have restricted biomolecular studies, particularly under conditions of constant-force and when combined with single-molecule fluorescence. We have met these challenges with a surface-free force spectroscopy approach based on high-speed single-molecule hydrodynamic trapping, which is not only inexpensive and accessible, but also able to probe extremely high tensions. Furthermore, our approach does not require difficult covalent attachment chemistries, and enables simultaneous force application and single-molecule fluorescence. Using this approach, we have induced a recently discovered hyperstretched (HS) state in regions of partially intercalated double-stranded (dsDNA) by applying forces up to 250 pN. The HS state of dsDNA has twice the contour length of B-DNA and was initially discovered under conditions of high tension in the presence of free intercalating dyes. It was hypothesized that regions of HS DNA could also be induced without the aid of intercalators if high-enough forces were applied, but this hypothesis had not been tested until now. Combining force application with single-molecule fluorescence imaging was critical for distinguishing HS DNA from single-stranded DNA that can result from peeling. High-speed hydrodynamic trapping is a powerful yet accessible force spectroscopy method that will be a significant addition to the single-molecule toolbox, enabling the mechanics of nanostructures to be probed in previously difficult to access regimes.

Author(s): Nasir, Khurram; Ziffer, Jack A; Cainzos-Achirica, Miguel; Ali, Shozab S; Feldman, David I; Arias, Lara; Saxena, Anshul; Feldman, Theodore; Cury, Ricardo; Budoff, Matthew J; Fialkow, Jonathan | Abstract: ObjectiveThe Miami Heart Study (MiHeart) at Baptist Health South Florida is an ongoing, community-based, prospective cohort study aimed at characterizing the prevalence, characteristics, and prognostic value of diverse markers of early subclinical coronary atherosclerosis and of various potential demographic, psychosocial, and metabolic risk factors. We present the study objectives, detailed research methods, and preliminary baseline results of MiHeart.MethodsMiHeart enrolled 2,459 middle-aged male and female participants from the general population of the Greater Miami Area. Enrollment occurred between May 2015 and September 2018 and was restricted to participants aged 40-65 years free of clinical cardiovascular disease (CVD). The baseline examination included assessment of demographics, lifestyles, medical history, and a detailed evaluation of psychosocial characteristics; a comprehensive physical exam; measurement of multiple blood biomarkers including measures of inflammation, advanced lipid testing, and genomics; assessment of subclinical coronary atherosclerotic plaque and vascular function using coronary computed tomography angiography, the coronary artery calcium score, carotid intima-media thickness, pulse wave velocity, and peripheral arterial tonometry; and other tests including 12-lead electrocardiography and assessment of pulmonary function. Blood samples were biobanked to facilitate future ancillary research.ResultsMiHeart enrolled 1,261 men (51.3%) and 1,198 women (48.7%). Mean age was 53 years, 85.6% participants were White and 47.4% were of Hispanic/Latino ethnicity. The study included 7% individuals with diabetes, 33% with hypertension, and 15% used statin therapy at baseline. Overweight or obese participants comprised 72% of the population and 3% were smokers. Median 10-year estimated atherosclerotic CVD risk using the Pooled Cohort Equations was 4%.ConclusionMiHeart will provide important, novel insights into the pathophysiology of early subclinical atherosclerosis and further our understanding of its role in the genesis of clinical CVD. The study findings will have important implications, further refining current cardiovascular prevention paradigms and risk assessment and management approaches moving forward.

Objective To examine the association of favorable cardiovascular health (CVH) status with 1-year health care expenditures and resource utilization in a large health care employee population. Participants and Methods Employees of Baptist Health South Florida participated in a health risk assessment from January 1 through September 30, 2014. Information on dietary patterns, physical activity, blood pressure, blood glucose level, total cholesterol level, and smoking were collected. Participants were categorized into CVH profiles using the American Heart Association's ideal CVH construct as optimal (6-7 metrics), moderate (3-5 metrics), and low (0-2 metrics). Two-part econometric models were used to analyze health care expenditures. Results Of 9097 participants (mean ± SD age, 42.7±12.1 years), 1054 (11.6%) had optimal, 6945 (76.3%) had moderate, and 1098 (12.1%) had low CVH profiles. The mean annual health care expenditures among those with a low CVH profile was $10,104 (95% CI, $8633-$11,576) compared with $5824 (95% CI, $5485-$6164) and $4282 (95% CI, $3639-$4926) in employees with moderate and optimal CVH profiles, respectively. In adjusted analyses, persons with optimal and moderate CVH had a $2021 (95% CI, –$3241 to –$801) and $940 (95% CI, –$1560 to $80) lower mean expenditure, respectively, than those with low CVH. This trend remained even after adjusting for demographic characteristics and comorbid conditions as well as across all demographic subgroups. Similarly, health care resource utilization was significantly lower in those with optimal CVH profiles compared with those with moderate or low CVH profiles. Conclusion Favorable CVH profile is associated with significantly lower total medical expenditures and health care utilization in a large, young, ethnically diverse, and fully insured employee population.

Several population-based studies have examined the prevalence and trends of the American Heart Association's ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) metrics as well as its association with cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related morbidity and mortality and with non-CVD outcomes. However, no efforts have been made to aggregate these studies. Accordingly, we conducted a systematic review to synthesize available data on the distribution and outcomes associated with ideal CVH metrics in both US and non-US populations. We conducted a systematic search of relevant studies in the MEDLINE and CINAHL databases, as well as the Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). Search terms used included "life's simple 7", "AHA 2020" and "ideal cardiovascular health". We included articles published in English Language from January 1, 2010, to July 31, 2015. Of the 14 US cohorts, the prevalence of 6 to 7 ideal CVH metrics ranged from as low as 0.5% in a population of African Americans to 12% in workers in a South Florida health care organization. Outside the United States, the lowest prevalence was found in an Iranian study (0.3%) and the highest was found in a large Chinese corporation (15%). All 6 mortality studies reported a graded inverse association between the increasing number of ideal CVH metrics and the all-cause and CVD-related mortality risk. A similar relationship between ideal CVH metrics and incident cardiovascular events was found in 12 of 13 studies. Finally, an increasing number of ideal CVH metrics was associated with a lower prevalence and incidence of non-CVD outcomes such as cancer, depression, and cognitive impairment. The distribution of ideal CVH metrics in US and non-US populations is similar, with low proportions of persons achieving 6 or more ideal CVH metrics. Considering the strong association of CVH metrics with both CVD and non-CVD outcomes, a coordinated global effort for improving CVH should be considered a priority.

Objective This study details 6- and 12-month cardio-metabolic outcomes of an intense 12-week workplace lifestyle intervention program, the My Unlimited Potential (MyUP), conducted in a large healthcare organization. Methods This study was conducted among 230 employees of Baptist Health South Florida with high cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Employees were considered at high risk and eligible for the study if they had two or more of the following cardio-metabolic risk factors: total cholesterol ≥ 200 mg/dl, systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 90 mmHg, hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) ≥ 6.5%, body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m(2) . Results At the end of 12 weeks, there was significant reduction in the mean BMI, SBP and DBP, serum lipids, and HbA1c among persons with diabetes. At 1 year, there was significant decline in the mean BMI, SBP and DBP, HbA1c, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and in the prevalence of poor BP control, BMI ≥ 35 kg/m(2) , and abnormal HbA1c among all persons and those with diabetes. Conclusions This intensive 12-week lifestyle change program was successful at improving cardio-metabolic risk factors at 1 year. This study provides a template for other workplace programs aimed at improving CVD risk in high-risk employees.

Research into prevention of cardiovascular disease has increasingly focused on mobile health (mHealth) technologies and their efficacy in helping individuals adhere to heart-healthy recommendations, including daily physical activity levels. By including the use of mHealth technologies in the discussion of physical activity recommendations, clinicians empower patients to play an active daily role in modifying their cardiovascular risk-factor profile. In this review, we critically evaluate the mHealth and physical activity literature to determine how these tools may lower cardiovascular risk while providing real-time tracking, feedback, and motivation on physical activity levels. We analyze the various domains-including user knowledge, social support, behavioral change theory, and self-motivation-that potentially influence the effectiveness of smartphone applications to impact individual physical activity levels. In doing so, we hope to provide a thorough overview of the mHealth landscape, in addition to highlighting many of the administrative, reimbursement, and patient-privacy challenges of using these technologies in patient care. Finally, we propose a behavioral change model and checklist for clinicians to assist patients in utilizing mHealth technology to best achieve meaningful changes in daily physical activity levels.

Background: The cardiovascular effects of stress and other psychological factors may be different between women and men. We assessed whether self-perceived adverse psychological factors were associated with achievement of ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) as measured by the American Heart Association's Life's Simple Seven (LS7) and whether this differed by sex. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of employees from a large healthcare organization. The LS7 metrics (smoking, physical activity, diet, body mass index, blood pressure, cholesterol, and glucose) were each scored as ideal (2), intermediate (1), or poor (0). Total scores were categorized as optimal (11–14), average (9–10), and inadequate (0–8). Using logistic regression, we tested whether psychological factors obtained by questionnaire (self-perceived stress, low life satisfaction, hopelessness, sadness, depression, and anxiety) were associated with CVH, after adjustment for age, ethnicity, and education. Results: Among 9,056 participants, the mean (SD) age was 43 (12) years, 74% were women, 57% Hispanic/Latino, 17% white, and 16% black. Stress was associated with reduced odds of having optimal/average CVH [OR 0.58 (95% CI 0.50–0.66) and 0.63 (0.50–0.81), for women and men, respectively]. Similarly, depression was associated with reduced odds of optimal/average CVH [0.58 (0.43–0.78) and 0.44 (0.26–0.76), for women and men, respectively]. Low life satisfaction, hopelessness, sadness, and anxiety were also associated with statistically significantly lower odds of optimal/average CVH in women, but not in men; however, there were no interactions by sex. Conclusions: In an ethnically diverse population, both women and men with several adverse self-perceived psychological factors were less likely to have optimal or adequate CVH. Future studies are needed to determine whether addressing psychological stressors can improve CVH.

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and CVD mortality. However, the relationship between ED and subclinical CVD is less clear. We synthesized the available data on the association of ED and measures of subclinical CVD. We searched multiple databases for published literature on studies examining the association of ED and measures of subclinical CVD across four domains: endothelial dysfunction measured by flow-mediated dilation (FMD), carotid intima–media thickness (cIMT), coronary artery calcification (CAC), and other measures of vascular function such as the ankle–brachial index, toe–brachial index, and pulse wave velocity. We conducted random effects meta-analysis and meta-regression on studies that examined an ED relationship with FMD (15 studies; 2025 participants) and cIMT (12 studies; 1264 participants). ED was associated with a 2.64 percentage-point reduction in FMD compared to those without ED (95% CI: –3.12, −2.15). Persons with ED also had a 0.09-mm (95% CI: 0.06, 0.12) higher cIMT than those without ED. In subgroup meta-analyses, the mean age of the study population, study quality, ED assessment questionnaire (IIEF-5 or IIEF-15), or the publication date did not significantly affect the relationship between ED and cIMT or between ED and FMD. The results for the association of ED and CAC were inconclusive. In conclusion, this study confirms an association between ED and subclinical CVD and may shed additional light on the shared mechanisms between ED and CVD, underscoring the importance of aggressive CVD risk assessment and management in persons with ED.

The strategy of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) has led to major outcome improvements in this patient population, and within this strategy, early reperfusion remains a critical component for improved survival. Although outcomes after percutaneous revascularization have improved, disparities in cardiovascular care remain an important challenge, particularly in large metropolitan areas in the United States. The Miami-Dade County STEMI Network is an Emergency Medical Services (EMS)–led program established in 2007 with the goal to improve quality of care for patients with STEMI by reducing time from 911 contact to reperfusion. South Florida has a unique patient population with diverse ethnic and racial backgrounds, highest proportion of older adults as compared with other states, and with women outnumbering men at older ages.1 A probability-sampled, household-based survey in Miami-Dade County found that non-Hispanic whites constitute only 9.4% of the population with the majority being blacks, Hispanic, or Haitian blacks (non-English speaking ≈37.8%).1 In this population, 53% of the residents had high school equivalent (or less) degree as formal education, and 34.5% were below the US poverty threshold.1 Furthermore, one quarter of all households had at least 1 member who was uninsured at some point, and 3 of 5 households had at least 1 member who used Medicare for coverage. Although potentially significant component of disparities is related to patients’ clinical characteristics and socioeconomic factors, these vulnerable groups are at increased risk for suboptimal care, particularly for patients with cardiovascular disease. In a random sample from South Florida, one quarter of all households had at least 1 member who had a heart attack or acute cardiovascular illness within 5 years of the study.1 Within Miami-Dade County and South East Florida, the presence of 6 EMS response systems with different directors and administrative staff, the …

Background Healthcare organizations and their employees are critical role models for healthy living in their communities. The American Heart Association (AHA) 2020 impact goal provides a national framework that can be used to track the success of employee wellness programs with a focus on improving cardiovascular (CV) health. This study aimed to assess the CV health of the employees of Baptist Health South Florida (BHSF), a large nonprofit healthcare organization. Hypothesis HRAs and wellness examinations can be used to measure the cardiovascular health status of an employee population. Methods The AHA's 7 CV health metrics (diet, physical activity, smoking, body mass index, blood pressure, total cholesterol, and blood glucose) categorized as ideal, intermediate, or poor were estimated among employees of BHSF participating voluntarily in an annual health risk assessment (HRA) and wellness fair. Age and gender differences were analyzed using χ2 test. Results The sample consisted of 9364 employees who participated in the 2014 annual HRA and wellness fair (mean age [standard deviation], 43 [12] years, 74% women). Sixty (1%) individuals met the AHA's definition of ideal CV health. Women were more likely than men to meet the ideal criteria for more than 5 CV health metrics. The proportion of participants meeting the ideal criteria for more than 5 CV health metrics decreased with age. Conclusions A combination of HRAs and wellness examinations can provide useful insights into the cardiovascular health status of an employee population. Future tracking of the CV health metrics will provide critical feedback on the impact of system wide wellness efforts as well as identifying proactive programs to assist in making substantial progress toward the AHA 2020 Impact Goal.

Objectives: To synthesize evidence of the association between low vitamin D levels and subclinical coronary atherosclerosis measured by coronary artery calcium (CAC). Methods: A systematic MEDLINE search was conducted for relevant published literature. Ten studies (7 cross-sectional, 3 longitudinal) met the inclusion criteria. Results: Three of 6 studies showed association with CAC prevalence (CAC > 0o r >10). Four of 8 studies found an association with CAC severity. One of two studies reported an association with CAC progression, while the only study that assessed CAC incidence did not find a significant relationship. Several of the studies had small sample sizes, many did not adjust for confounders and the cutoff for low vitamin D was inconsistent. Conclusion: There is insufficient evidence to support a consistent association between low vitamin D levels and CAC. Further high-quality studies are needed to examine serum 25-OH vitamin D in relation to subclinical coronary atherosclerosis.

Background There is increasing evidence of the role psychosocial factors play as determinants of cardiovascular health (CVH). We examined the association between self-rated health (SRH) and ideal CVH among employees of a large healthcare organization. Methods Data were collected in 2014 from employees of Baptist Health South Florida during an annual voluntary health risk assessment and wellness fair. SRH was measured using a self-administered questionnaire where responses ranged from poor, fair, good, very good to excellent. A CVH score (the proxy for CVH) that ranged from 0 to 14 was calculated, where 0-8 indicate an inadequate score, 9-10, average and 11-14, optimal. A multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the association between SRH and CVH. Results Of the 9056 participants, 75% were female and mean age (SD) was 43 ± 12 years. The odds of having a higher CVH score increased as SRH improved. With participants who reported their health status as poor-fair serving as reference, adjusted odds ratios for having an optimal CVH score by the categories of SRH were: excellent, 21.04 (15.08-29.36); very good 10.04 (7.25-13.9); and good 3.63 (2.61-5.05). Conclusion Favorable SRH was consistently associated with better CVH.

Background Despite the progress made to decrease risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, disparities still exist. We examined how education and ethnicity interact to determine disparities in cardiovascular health (CVH) as defined by the American Heart Association. Hypothesis Education modifies the effect of ethnicity on CVH. Methods Individual CVH metrics (smoking, physical activity, body mass index, diet, total cholesterol, blood pressure, and blood glucose) were defined as ideal, intermediate, or poor. Combined scores were categorized as inadequate, average, or optimal CVH. Education was categorized as postgraduate, college, some college, and high school or less; ethnicity was categorized as white, Hispanic, black, and other. Main and interactive associations between education, ethnicity, and the measures of CVH were calculated with multinomial logistic regression. Results Of 9056 study participants, 74% were women, and mean age was 43 (±12) years. Over half were Hispanic, and two-thirds had at least a college education. With postgraduate education category as the reference, participants with less than a college education were less likely to achieve ideal status for most of the individual CVH metrics, and also less likely to achieve 6 to 7 ideal metrics, and optimal CVH scores. In most of the educational categories, Hispanic participants had the highest proportion with optimal CVH scores and 6 to 7 ideal metrics, whereas black participants had the lowest proportion. However, there were no statistically significant interactions of education and ethnicity for ideal CVH measures. Conclusions Higher educational attainment had variable associations with achieved levels of ideal CVH across race/ethnic groups. Interventions to improve CVH should be tailored to meet the needs of target communities.

Introduction: Psychological factors including stress are associated with adverse cardiovascular (CV) disease outcomes. Gender differences exist in both the perception of stress and the magnitude of the stress response. We hypothesize that self-perceived psychological stressors would have a greater impact on women compared to men as measured by the American Heart Association Life’s Simple Seven (LS7) health metrics. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted among employees of BHSF. The LS7 metrics (smoking, physical activity, diet, body mass index, blood pressure, cholesterol and glucose) were each scored as ideal (2), intermediate (1), or poor (0), with composite scores ranging from 0 to 14. Total scores were categorized as optimal (11-14), average (9-10) and inadequate (0-8). We used multinomial logistic regression to compare psychological factors obtained by questionnaire (self-perceived stress, life satisfaction, hopelessness, sadness, depression, anxiety) with the LS7 score (inadequate score served as reference). The model was stratified by gender and adjusted for age, ethnicity, and education level. Results: Of the 9,056 participants, 74% were female, 17% white, 57% Hispanic, 16% black, with a mean age of 43±12 years. Self-perceived adverse psychological factors were associated with being less likely to achieve adequate and optimal LS7 scores (Table). For example both women and men, respectively, with self-perceived stress were less likely to have optimal LS7 metrics [OR 0.47 (95% CI 0.40-0.56) vs. 0.50 (0.36-0.69)]. There were some interactions by gender (P Conclusions: In an ethnically diverse population, participants with negative self-perceived psychological factors are more likely to have inadequate CV health as measured by LS7. Contrary to our hypothesis, in general, men and women were similarly affected by adverse psychological factors. Addressing psychological stressors may be one mechanism to improve CV health.

The current study aimed to determine the relationship between self-reported sleep duration and morbid obesity in an employee population.Baptist Health South Florida conducts an annual Health Risk Assessment (HRA) for its employees. Data for this cross-sectional study was collected via this HRA in 2014, and included information on self-reported sleep duration, height and weight for body mass index (BMI), and other biometric measures. Average sleep duration was categorized as short sleep (6 hr), optimal sleep (6-7.9 hr), and long sleep duration (≥8 hr), while obesity status was categorized as nonobese (BMI30 kg/mA total of 9505 participants (mean age 42.8 ± 12.1 years, 75% females, and 55% Hispanic) were included in this study. Prevalence of morbid obesity was about 24% among employees who were sleeping for less than 6 hr compared to 13% and 14% among those sleeping for 6-7.9 hours, and 8 or more hours respectively. In regression analyses, persons who slept less than 6 hr had almost twice the odds of morbid obesity compared to those who slept 6-7.9 hr (odds ratio = 1.8; 1.5-2.2).Our finding that short sleep duration (6 hr) is significantly associated with a higher risk of morbid obesity should facilitate the development of workplace-based programs that focus on improving sleep among at-risk employees, especially those who work in shift duties to reduce the risk of morbid obesity and other comorbid conditions. Future studies are needed to further explore the relationship of sleep duration and morbid obesity in employee populations.

Objective The goals of this systematic analysis are to determine the association between family history of coronary heart disease (CHD) and markers of subclinical cardiovascular disease as well as to discuss the inclusion of CHD family history in the frequently used coronary risk prediction algorithms. Background Individuals with a family history of CHD are at high risk for developing atherosclerosis and events related to CHD, regardless of the presence of other coronary risk factors. They form a target population that might benefit from primary prevention strategies; however, family history data is not a part of the frequently used risk prediction algorithms. Methods Medline and PubMed databases were searched for all studies evaluating the relationship between measures of subclinical atherosclerosis and family history of CHD, published till June 2010. Results Thirty-two studies met the above criteria and were included in this review. Coronary artery calcium, carotid intima thickness, vascular function, and inflammatory markers including C reactive protein, fibrinogen, and D-dimer were used as measures of subclinical atherosclerosis. Studies differed in design, demographic data of the population, techniques and validation of family history information. Most studies established a statistically significant relationship between the above markers and family history of CAD; further, the association was noted to be independent of traditional risk factors. Conclusion Family history of CAD is associated with markers of subclinical atherosclerosis, and this relationship remains statistically significant after adjusting for traditional risk factors. The above data suggest these individuals should be considered strongly as candidates for assessment of subclinical CVD to further refine risk and treatment goals.

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and diabetes confer a high risk for developing subsequent cardiovascular disease (CVD). Persons with MetS constitute 24-34 % of the employee population at Baptist Health South Florida (BHSF), a self-insured healthcare organization. The Baptist Employee Healthy Heart Study (BEHHS) aims to assess the addition of a personalized, interactive, web-based, nutrition-management and lifestyle-management program to the existing health-expertise web platform available to BHSF employees in reducing and/or stabilizing CVD and lifestyle risk factors and markers of subclinical CVD. Methods/design: Subjects with MetS or Type II Diabetes will be recruited from an employee population at BHSF and randomized to either an intervention or a control arm. The intervention arm will be given access to a web-based personalized diet-modification and weight-modification program. The control arm will be reminded to use the standard informational health website available and accessible to all BHSF employees. Subjects will undergo coronary calcium testing, carotid intima-media thickness scans, peripheral arterial tonometry, and advanced lipid panel testing at visit 1, in addition to lifestyle and medical history questionnaires. All tests will be repeated at visits 2 and 4 with the exception of the coronary calcium test, which will only be performed at baseline and visit 4. Visit 3 will capture vitals, anthropometrics, and responses to the questionnaires only. Conclusion: Results of this study will provide information on the effectiveness of personalized, web-based, lifestyle-management tools in reducing healthcare costs, promoting healthy choices, and reducing cardiovascular risk in an employee population. It will also provide information about the natural history of carotid atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction in asymptomatic but high-risk populations. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov registry, NCT01912209. Registered on 3 July 2013.

Background Serum Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT), a marker of oxidative stress, has been suggested to be independently associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. We examined the association of serum GGT levels with the burden of subclinical inflammation across a spectrum of metabolic conditions. Methods We evaluated 5,446 asymptomatic subjects (43 ± 10 years, 78 % males) who had an employer-sponsored physical between 2008 and 2010. Highly sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) was measured as a marker of underlying systemic inflammation. A linear regression of GGT quartiles with log transformed hsCRP and a multivariate logistic regression of GGT quartiles with elevated hsCRP (≥3 mg/L) were performed. Results Median GGT was 31 IU/l (IQR: 22–45 IU/l), 1025 (19 %) had hsCRP ≥ 3 mg/L. The median hsCRP increased with GGT quartiles (Q1: 0.9 mg/L, Q2: 1.1 mg/L, Q3: 1.4 mg/L, Q4: 1.6 mg/L, p

Background: Ethnic differences in obesity are well documented; however, the epidemiological evidence of the impact of socioeconomic and educational status on its relationship is sparse. We sought to assess the impact of educational attainment, as a proxy of socioeconomic status, on the association between ethnicity and morbid obesity (MO) among employees of Baptist Health South Florida (BHSF), a large nonprofit healthcare organization. Methods: Data was collected from employees participating in an annual Health Risk Assessment in 2014. Educational attainment was self-reported while weight, height and other biometric measures were measured in person. MO was categorized using eligibility criteria for bariatric surgery as outlined by the 1991 NIH consensus guidelines for surgery for the obese. Results: Data was collected for 9361 participants (mean age 42.8 ± 12.1 years, 74% females, 63% Hispanic). Overall, 7% meet criteria for MO (Non-Hispanic White [NHW]: 5%; Hispanics: 6%; Non-Hispanic Black [NHB]: 12%). A lower education was associated with a greater prevalence of morbid obesity (Post graduate/ professional: 4.2%; completed college: 5.2%; some college or lower: 9.8%) The highest (18%) and lowest (4%) prevalence of MO were observed in NHB with some college education or lower (SCL), and in Hispanics with post-graduate or professional educational (PG) attainment respectively. Among PG, compared to NHW, the odd ratios (95% CI) for presence of MO among NHB was 1.3 (0.6 - 2.5). Conversely, the respective MO risk for NHB vs. NHW was 4 fold higher (2.5 - 6.4) among those with SCL. Interaction of ethnicity and educational attainment for predicting MO was significant (p Conclusion: Underlying differences in educational status significantly impact ethnic disparities in morbid obesity. The co-existing influence of education and racial disparities should be jointly addressed to maximize yield of future wellness efforts aimed at optimizing CV health.

Introduction: To date, there is paucity of evidence describing the long-term effects of health promotion programs in the workplace. In the current study, we present weight changes over 2 years of follow-up after participation in a 12-month lifestyle improvement program (My Unlimited Potential, [MyUP]) among high metabolic risk employees of Baptist Heath South Florida. Methods: The MyUP program is a 1 year lifestyle improvement program with an initial intensive phase of 12 weeks, and subsequent monthly checks up to 12 months from commencement of the program. To assess weight changes beyond one year, data from participants who began the program in 2011 and 2012 and subsequently participated in a voluntary health risk assessment (HRA) in 2013 and 2014 was analyzed. We excluded follow-up data less than 18 months or more than 3 years, as well as participants who did not complete the 12-week intensive phase. Baseline weight was measured at the beginning of the MyUP in each participant and follow-up weight was obtained via the HRA. Results: There were 138 participants with follow-up data, with a median follow-up of 25 months (range 22-27months). At baseline, the mean weight was 212.4 ± 45.1 lbs. At follow-up, mean weight change (in lbs) from baseline was -1.9 (95%CI: -4.1, 0.4). By contrast, there was a mean weight reduction from baseline to 1 yr prior to the end of follow-up was 9.8 lbs, with an average weight increase of 8 lbs in the 12 month period prior to the end of follow-up. At the end of follow-up, 18% achieved ≥ 5% weight loss from baseline, compared to 46% a year preceding the follow-up date. Completing the 12 month period of program was not associated with achieving ≥5% weight loss at 2 years. Conclusion: An intensive workplace lifestyle program remains effective at maintaining significant weight loss in a nearly 20% individuals even after 2 years. More studies are needed to understand factors that determine how to achieve and maintain long term gains achieved in lifestyle intervention wellness programs.

This is a single-arm, pre and post effectiveness study that evaluated the impact of a comprehensive workplace lifestyle program on severe obesity among high cardiovascular disease risk individuals in a large, diverse employee population. Employees of Baptist Health South Florida were considered eligible to participate if they had 2 or more of the following cardiometabolic risk factors: total cholesterol ≥200 mg/dL, systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, hemoglobin A1c ≥6.5%, body mass index ≥30kg/m(2). Participants received a personalized diet plan and physical activity intervention, and were followed for 1 year. Data on anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, blood glucose, and other biochemical measures were collected. Participants' body mass index was calculated and their eligibility for bariatric surgery (BS) also assessed. A total of 297 persons participated in the program; 160 participants completed all procedures through 12 months of follow-up. At baseline, 34% (n = 100) of all participants were eligible for BS. In an intention-to-treat analysis, 27% (n = 27) of BS eligible participants at baseline became ineligible after 12 months. Considering program completers only, 46% of BS eligible participants at baseline became ineligible. Irrespective of BS eligibility at 12 months, mean values of cardiometabolic risk factors among program completers improved after the follow-up period. Workplace wellness programs provide an important option for weight loss that can obviate the need for BS, reduce cardiovascular disease risk, and potentially reduce costs. However, in designing future worksite lifestyle interventions, measures should be taken to improve participation and retention rates in such programs.

Literature shows strong association of abnormal sleep duration with obesity & increased CVD morbidity& mortality, but less is known how abnormal sleep duration is related to obesity among racial groups. The purpose of this study is to predict relationship of self-reported sleep duration with obesity

Background: Healthcare disparities are a major public health concern. It is known that ethnicity and educational status independently predict health outcomes. Higher numbers of the American Heart Association's (AHA) ideal Life’s Simple 7 metrics (LS7) are associated with better cardiovascular health. In this study, we investigated the interplay of ethnicity and education on the attainment of ideal cardiovascular health (ICH) among employees of Baptist Health South Florida (BHSF), a large nonprofit health care organization. Methods: The data collected during BHSF annual voluntary wellness examination included age, gender, race, ethnicity and education. We assessed cardiovascular health using the LS7 metrics. Components of the LS7 metrics (smoking, physical activity, body mass index, diet, total cholesterol, blood pressure, and blood glucose) were categorized into ideal, intermediate and poor, according to AHA criteria. Study participants who met 6-7 ideal metrics were considered to have attained ICH. Results: The study population consisted of 9056 individuals (Mean age 43 ± 12 years, 74% women). Among employees with postgraduate education, 12% of white employees met the ideal for 6-7 LS7 metrics, 15% for Hispanic and 4% for Black employees. For employees with college degrees, the prevalence of 6-7 ideal LS7 metrics was 14%, 16% and 8% for white, Hispanic and black employees respectively (Figure). Overall, the odds of meeting 6-7 ideal LS7 metrics was lower for Hispanic and black employees compared to white employees of similar education (Table). These differences were especially large in those with high school education or less. Conclusion: Minorities are at an increased risk of poor cardiovascular health particularly those with the lowest educational achievement. Comprehensive workplace wellness programs that target these groups will improve cardiovascular health and employee productivity, in addition to saving health care costs.

Introduction: There has been increased focus on the relationship between sleep duration and cardiovascular disease, however, there is limited understanding of the association of sleep duration with cardiovascular health (CVH). In this study we examine the relationship between sleep duration and the American Heart Association’s ideal CVH in a large employee population. Methods: Data for this study was collected from participants at the 2014 health risk assessment in which they reported their average hours of sleep, their dietary patterns. In person, participants were weighed and their heights were measured. They also had blood pressure, blood glucose, total cholesterol measurements as well as breath carbon monoxide tests for smoking. The ideal for each CVH metric was estimated for each of the 7 metrics. Sleep duration was grouped into less than 6 hours, 6 to 7.9 hours and 8 or more hours. Ideal CVH was classified as presence of 6-7 ideal metrics. Results: A total of 9700 participants (mean age 43yrs, 74% female) completed the 2014 health risk assessment and had complete data on the variables of interest. Overall, more females and persons without college degrees slept for less than 6 hours. Compared to those with less than 6 hours of sleep, those with 8 or more hours of sleep had 1.6 times the odds of ideal diet (95% CI: 1.1-2.6), 1.7 times the odds of having ideal BMI (95% CI: 1.4-2.1), 1.3 times the odds of having ideal BP (95% CI: 1.1-1.5) and 2.4 times the odds of achieving ideal physical activity (95% CI: 2.4 - 2.9) after controlling for age, sex and educational levels. Comparing to those with less than 6 hours of sleep and with a reference of 0-2 ideal metrics, participants with 8 or more hours of sleep were 2.7 times as likely to have ideal CVH (see figure). Conclusions: Our study findings underscore the importance of promoting sleep health for optimizing ideal CVH. Further studies are needed to determine generalizability of our results.

Introduction: There is limited evidence relating lipoprotein subfractions or their composite measures to subclinical markers of atherosclerosis. In this study, we tested whether combinations of lipoprotein subfractions independently predict the presence of Coronary Artery Calcification (CAC) among presumably healthy people with high cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Methods: Cardio IQ™ Ion Mobility lipoprotein fractionation was measured at baseline in 172 high CVD risk participants of the Baptist Employee Healthy Heart Study (BEHHS). Principal component analysis was used to check for eventual components of CVD risk. Using bootstrap techniques, we created 1000 data sets of size 5000 and analyzed results of logistic regression. Results: Three principal components (PC) accounted for 88% variability. PC1 represented an increase in all lipoprotein measures; PC2 a decrease in HDL, large and medium LDL with an increase in VLDL and small and very small LDL; PC3 an increase in HDL, and a decrease in LDL subfractions and large IDL particles. The adjusted odds ratios for the presence of CAC were: 1.01(0.98 - 1.03) for PC1, 1.22(1.17-1.27) for PC2 and 0.90 (0.85 - 0.97) for PC3. PC2 and PC3 were associated with p-values smaller than 0.05 in 100% and 88% of all models. Conclusion: PCA of lipoprotein subfractions identified 3 independent components of CVD risk. PC2, proxy for the “atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype”, was consistently associated with the presence of underlying coronary artery calcification. There is potential to explore how lipoprotein subfractions as determined by a safe, inexpensive blood test can be used to stratify CVD risk in younger but high risk individuals.

Background: Self reporting of health information by participants in employer sponsored programs may result in under reporting of this data. Since policies are formulated on the basis of analysis of available data, underreported data may adversely inform healthcare policy decisions in workplace and other relevant settings. In this study, we examine the disparity in measured versus self reported body mass index (BMI) in a large, diverse working population participating in a work-based Health Risk Assessment (HRA). Methods: Baptist Health South Florida, a large not-for-profit health care organization, conducts a HRA annually for its employees. The HRA consists of an online health questionnaire and an in-person assessment of biometric measures. Participants report their height and weight in the online questionnaire, and height and weight is measured during collection of biometric information, from which BMI is calculated. BMI was categorized as: not obese (2 ), obese (30 - 34.9kg/m 2 ) and morbidly obese (≥35kg/m 2 ). Results: A total of 9536 persons self reported their BMI and subsequently had BMI measured. Mean age of the participants was 43.1 years (± 12.1). Mean BMI was 28.6 (± 6.2) and 27.8 (± 5.9) respectively for measured and self reported BMI respectively. Among all participants, 90% self reported accurately in their respective weight categories, while 9% underreported their weight. However, among obese participants (n=3168), 72% correctly self-reported their BMI. Approximately 29% of obese class I participants reported BMIs in the non-obese category, while about 22% of those with BMI ≥35 kg/m 2 reported as being in Obese class I (2 ). There was a high degree of agreement overall observed between measured and self reported BMI (κ = 0.84; Intra Class Coefficient = 0.89). Conclusion: Despite of a high degree of overall agreement between measured and self reported BMI, obese participants considerably underreport BMI. Thus, underreporting of self-reported data should be taken into account during program planning and formulation of healthcare policy decisions in the workplace.

Background: A major shortcoming of lifestyle improvement programs has been the difficulty in understanding the recruitment and follow-up strategies that yield the best results in terms of targeted health outcomes and retention rates. In this study, we compare the retention rates, short and long-term outcomes of a tailored workplace lifestyle intervention program targeted at high CVD risk working populations before and after implementation of changes made to the program based on a behavioral assessment (BA) analysis. Methods: The My Unlimited Potential (MyUP) is a year long lifestyle intervention program conducted among high-CVD risk employees of Baptist Health South Florida. The program was initially designed to have a 9-week intensive phase, with a year long follow-up period. During the intensive phase, participants had supervised structured physical fitness training as well as nutritional counseling. Due to concerns about sub-optimal retention rates and outcomes, the program was modified based on the results of a behavioral assessment of the initial participants (see figure). An additional level of participant screening was introduced with the aim of recruiting those who were least likely to drop-out and most likely to succeed in the program. The program was also modified to have a 12-week intensive phase. Results: At all follow-up periods, the retention rate was higher among those in the post BA group (see table). Although persons in the post-BA group achieved significantly greater reduction in weight, BMI and body fat the absolute differences between groups was minimal. The measured reduction in systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressures (DBP) were greater in the pre-BA group at the end of the intensive phase but this was reversed by 1 year in which only those who received the revised intervention had sustained reduction in DBP. There was no significant between-group difference in the laboratory parameter changes, including HbA1c and hsCRP. Conclusion: Using a behavioral assessment modification module improves retention rates with minimal improvement in outcomes. BA modification should be used in programs with low retention rates but may be of minimal impact on long term outcomes.

Introduction: A recent meta-analysis showed that erectile dysfunction (ED) was associated with elevated cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. However, findings from studies examining the relationship between ED and sub-clinical CVD have been conflicting. This study summarizes the current evidence related to the association of ED and vascular disease as measured by flow mediated dilation (FMD) of the endothelium and carotid intima media thickness (CIMT). Methods: We searched multiple internet databases for published literature on studies assessing the association of ED and FMD, and CIMT between 1964 and 2014. A total of 11 studies met the inclusion criteria for examining the association between ED and FMD, while 7 studies met criteria for assessing the association with CIMT. Fixed-effect and random-effect models were used to assess and compare the standardized mean difference (SMD) of FMD and CIMT between persons with and without ED. Results: From a total of 795 individual participant data (590 with and 205 without ED), persons with ED had a 0.66mm (0.49, 0.83) increase in CIMT by fixed effects model or 0.67mm (0.44, 0.90) by random effects model compared to those without ED. Similarly, from 1055 individual participant data (536 with and 419 without ED), ED was associated with a significant reduction in FMD by both fixed effect (-1.10% (95% CI: -2.10, -0.95)) and random effect models (-1.53% (95% CI: -2.10, -0.95)). There was significant heterogeneity among studies assessing the relationship between ED and FMD (I2 = 93.2%, p Conclusion: This study confirms that ED is associated with both worsening endothelial function and increased CIMT. Thus, worsening vascular function may be a pathogenic mechanism for increased CVD morbidity and mortality in persons with ED. A diagnosis of ED should prompt a thorough CV work-up and aggressive preventive management.

Background: The Life’s simple 7 (LS7) health metrics were introduced by the American Heart Association (AHA) to assess cardiovascular health. Studies have linked higher numbers of ideal LS7 health metrics to lower incidence of both cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular diseases. In the workplace, employees typically complete a health risk assessment (HRA) to assess their health status. In this study, we examined the association between an individual’s perception of overall health using an HRA and the LS7 health metrics. Methods: Data for the LS7 health metrics and the perception of overall health were collected during the annual voluntary wellness fairs and HRAs for employees of a large nonprofit health care organization in South Florida. Each LS7 health metric (smoking, physical activity, body mass index, blood pressure, total cholesterol and blood glucose) was classified as ideal, intermediate or poor according to AHA criteria. On the HRA questionnaire, participants rated their overall health as poor to fair, good to very good or excellent. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and kappa statistics (k) were computed to determine the agreement between the LS7 classification and perception of overall health status taken from the HRA. Results: 9364 employees had complete wellness fair and HRA data in 2014. Mean age (SD) was 43 years (12), 75% were women. The table below shows the categories of overall health by LS7 and HRA classification. Approximately 43% of study participants differed in the assessment of their health status using the HRA when compared to the LS7 categories with nearly one-third of study participants overestimating and 11% underestimating their overall health. ICC was 0.13. K and weighted k were 0.06 and 0.01 respectively (P Conclusion: In this study, we noted significant variation between the perception of overall health and the classification of health status based upon LS7 health metrics with only 57% of employees classifying their health status in agreement with their achievement of LS7 metrics. Further public health efforts should be directed towards increasing the awareness and use of the LS7 in the workplace as a measure of overall health.

Introduction: Arterial stiffness is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality, and has been shown to be of prognostic value in CVD. A risk factor independent association between arterial stiffness and traditional lipids has been described extensively but it is unclear whether an independent relationship exists with lipoprotein subclasses. Methods: The Baptist Employee Healthy Heart Study (BEHHS) is a lifestyle intervention study examining the effects of web-based programs on reducing CVD risk in high-risk persons. Participants had their brachial arterial augmentation index (AIx, a measure arterial stiffness) assessed using the EndoPAT 2000 device. The AIx is standardized to gender-matched non-selective populations. Cardio IQ™ Ion Mobility lipoprotein fractionation was utilized for advanced lipid subclass measurement. Results: The population consisted of 182 participants, (74% women, 49% Hispanic) with a mean age of 52 ± 9 years. There was a significant trend association between quartiles of AIx and total LDL, small LDL, small and large IDL, small, large and total HDL, and small VLDL. In multivariate analysis, only small and large IDL, total LDL and small VLDL showed independent significant association with AIx. Conclusions: Several lipoprotein subclasses demonstrate independent significant associations with arterial stiffness. Thus, a safe and relatively inexpensive blood test may be useful in identifying probable vascular disease in a relatively young high traditional CVD risk population. Longitudinal studies are required to fully understand the temporal relationship between the lipoprotein subclasses and arterial stiffness.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is strongly related to chronic health problems and concomitant increased healthcare costs for employers. The aim of the study is to explore the distribution of obesity categories and estimate associated health costs among self-insured employees of Baptist Health South Florida (BHSF), a large not-for-profit health care organization. METHODS: Distribution of BMI categories was determined among individuals participating in a voluntary health risk assessment (HRA) available to employees eligible for health benefits. The potential estimates of obesity related costs to BHSF were imputed using CDC's Obesity Cost Calculator based on data from NHIS and MEPS (http://www.cdc.gov/leanworks/costcalculator/disclaimer.html). RESULTS: Overall 9996 (aged 43.1±12.1 years, 75% females, 75% Hispanic, 35% hypertensive, 4% diabetic) employees participated in 2013 annual HRA and wellness fair. The age-adjusted mean BMI was 29.3 (95% CI, 29.1-29.5) for men and 28.3 (95% CI, 28.15-28.45) kg/m2 for women. The table describes distribution of BMI categories according to gender and age groups. The age-adjusted prevalence of obesity (BMI>30 kg/m2) was 36% (95% CI, 34%-37%) among men and 32% (95% CI, 31%-33 %) among women. In BHSF employee population, 6% (n=581) were classified as morbidly obese (BMI>=40) and 7% (n=748) individuals met criteria for bariatric surgery. Total annual estimated cost attributable to high BMI (>25) were $8.05 million (74% medical and 26% work lost) of which 41% were contributed by 14% employees with BMI>35. The average attributable cost per high BMI employee ranged from $598 among those with BMI 25-29.9 to $2695 with BMI>=40. CONCLUSIONS: One third of employees (predominantly female and Hispanic) in a large health care organization (BHSF) were obese. Given the significant financial burden imposed by obesity large self-insured organizations like BHSF have a lot to gain by introducing evidence-driven weight reduction programs, and tracking the success of these programs in the workforce.

Introduction: With the development of new health metrics to define ideal cardiovascular health (CVH), several studies have examined the distribution of the American Heart Association (AHA) 2020 ideal CVH metrics both within and outside the United States (US). In this meta-analysis of proportions, we synthesized available data on ideal CVH metrics distribution in US cohorts and compared them with non-US populations. Methods: A MEDLINE database search was conducted using relevant free text terms such as “life’s simple 7”, “AHA 2020”, “American Heart Association 2020” and “ideal cardiovascular health” between January 2000 and October 2014. Studies were included in the meta-analysis if the proportions achieving ideal for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or ≥6 ideal CVH metrics were known or could be estimated. A meta-analysis of proportions was conducted for US and non-US studies using a random effect model (REM). REM models were chosen because of the significant heterogeneity among studies. Results: Overall the pooled data consisted of 10 US cohorts with a total population of 94,761 participants and 6 non-US cohorts with a total of 130,242 participants. The table shows the pooled prevalence of ideal CVH factors in this population. Overall the pooled estimates of US cohorts showed 15% had 0-1 ideal CVH metrics (inter-study range: 7-22%), while 3% (inter-study range: 1-10%) had 6-7 ideal CVH metrics. This is comparable to 12% (inter-study range 1-17%) and 2% (inter-study range: 1-12%) for 0-1 and 6-7 ideal CVH metrics in the non-US studies. Conclusion: The proportion of persons achieving 6 or more ideal CVH metrics in both US and non-US cohorts is very low and the distribution of CVH metrics is similar in both US and non-US populations. Considering the strong association with worse outcomes, a coordinated global effort at improving CVH should be considered a priority.

OBJECTIVES To determine the relationship between clinically relevant blood pressure (BP) groups and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) presence and severity especially in the milieu of other metabolic risk factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS From a Brazilian cohort of 5362 healthy middle-aged men and women who presented for yearly physical examination and testing, the cross-sectional relationship between BP categories and NAFLD was assessed. BP groups were categorized as normal, prehypertension (PHT), and hypertension (HTN) according to the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure classification. NAFLD was ultrasound diagnosed, excluding persons with alcohol consumption more than 20 g/day. NAFLD severity was estimated using the Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) risk score. RESULTS The prevalence of NAFLD was 36.2%. Participants with NAFLD were older (mean 46 vs. 42 years, P

This study details 6- and 12-month cardio-metabolic outcomes of an intense 12-week workplace lifestyle intervention program, the My Unlimited Potential (MyUP), conducted in a large healthcare organization.This study was conducted among 230 employees of Baptist Health South Florida with high cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Employees were considered at high risk and eligible for the study if they had two or more of the following cardio-metabolic risk factors: total cholesterol ≥ 200 mg/dl, systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 90 mmHg, hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) ≥ 6.5%, body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m(2) .At the end of 12 weeks, there was significant reduction in the mean BMI, SBP and DBP, serum lipids, and HbA1c among persons with diabetes. At 1 year, there was significant decline in the mean BMI, SBP and DBP, HbA1c, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and in the prevalence of poor BP control, BMI ≥ 35 kg/m(2) , and abnormal HbA1c among all persons and those with diabetes.This intensive 12-week lifestyle change program was successful at improving cardio-metabolic risk factors at 1 year. This study provides a template for other workplace programs aimed at improving CVD risk in high-risk employees.