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Atmospheric precipitable water vapor (PWV) is a critical quantity in fast-changing weather processes. Current retrieval techniques lack the spatial and/or temporal resolution necessary for a full PWV characterization. Here we investigate a retrieval method using an all-sky ground-based camera comprising a 14-bit 644 × 512-pixel microbolometer sensor array. The radiometrically calibrated infrared downwelling spectral radiance, Lλ, was acquired at rates of up to 3 min−1. For the studied site (23.56∘ S, 46.74∘W; 786 m a.s.l.) and spectral interval, Lλ is sensitive to the PWV; the vertical distribution of humidity; and their temporal, spatial, or seasonal variations. By comparing measured and simulated Lλ, we show that the PWV can be retrieved from prior knowledge of the local humidity profile. This information can originate from radiosonde data or statistical analysis of past vertical humidity distributions. Comparison with sun photometer PWV retrievals, for stable atmospheric conditions, showed an agreement of the average PWV within 2.8 % and a precision of subsequent retrievals of 1.9 %. The PWV was also retrieved as a bi-dimensional array, allowing for the investigation of spatial inhomogeneities of humidity distribution. The method can be used for daytime or nighttime retrievals, under partly cloudy sky conditions. Potential applications include studies on convection initiation processes.

The atmospheric precipitable water vapor (PWV) is a critical quantity in fast-changing weather processes. Current retrieval techniques lack the spatial and/or temporal resolution necessary for a full PWV characterization. Here we investigate a retrieval method using an all-sky ground camera comprising a 14-bit 644 x 512-pixel microbolometer sensor array. The radiometrically calibrated infrared downwelling spectral radiance, Lλ, was acquired at rates of up to 3 min−1. For the studied site (23.56° S, 46.74° W, 786 m asl) and spectral interval, Lλ is sensitive to the PWV, the vertical distribution of humidity, and their temporal, spatial, or seasonal variations. By comparing measured and simulated Lλ, we show the PWV can be retrieved from prior knowledge about the local humidity profile. This information can originate from radiosonde data or statistical analysis of past vertical humidity distributions. Comparison with sunphotometer PWV retrievals, for stable atmospheric conditions, showed an agreement of the average PWV within 2.8 % and a precision of subsequent retrievals of 1.9 %. The PWV was also retrieved as a bidimensional array, allowing the investigation of spatial inhomogeneities of humidity distribution. The method can be used for day or nighttime retrievals, under partly cloudy sky conditions. Potential applications include studies on convection initiation processes.

In 2018, a truck-driver strike in Sao Paulo, Brazil, provided conditions for conducting a real-world experiment on the relationship between vehicle emissions, air quality, and public health. During the strike, no truck traffic, a 40–70% bus-traffic reduction, and a reduction in auto traffic was observed. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of vehicle-traffic reduction on the air quality and public health in Sao Paulo by taking advantage of the truck-driver strike. The corresponding analysis was based on the comparison of the air quality (NOx (nitrogen oxides), PM10 (particle matter of diameter less than 10 μm), and O3 (ozone) concentrations) during the strike and that registered on days having similar meteorological conditions. A relative-risk function was used to associate the decrease in the PM10 concentration during the strike with avoided mortality. The results demonstrated that, on workdays, the reduction in vehicle traffic during the strike was responsible for a 29.4%–40.9% improvement in NOx air quality and 19.2%–21.4% in PM10 concentration. The reduction in the PM10 concentration resulted in the prevention of between six and eight deaths during the strike, which implies between 321 and 442 avoided deaths in a year. In terms of the O3 concentration, no difference was identified between strike days and the comparative ones. An analysis of different sites of the city revealed that the greatest air-quality improvement was observed near an arterial road and near a bus terminal. Air-quality improvement was also detected in a park that was distant from the main roads. The results of the study provide evidence for supporting cleaner transportation investments and traffic restriction policies.

A large part of the population and the economic activities of South America are located in eastern continent (ESA). ESA is affected by the South American monsoon system, and most of the region belongs to the Amazon, Araguaia-Tocantins, and La Plata basins. The precipitation over ESA may be modulated by the moisture transported from the Atlantic Ocean, mainly the subtropical South Atlantic along the year, and particularly the tropical North portion during the Austral Summer. Extreme climate dry and wet episodes are a recurrent phenomenon in areas of ESA, with environmental and socio-economic impacts, and a quantitative assessment of occurrence of extreme climate events is essential for understanding, monitoring and mitigation of such episodes. This study aims to analyze the extreme climate events at domain-scale occurring over ESA over the last four decades through the multi-scalar Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). Based on the results of a Lagrangian approach developed for moisture analysis, the study area consists in the major continental sink of the moisture transported from the Subtropical South Atlantic Ocean towards South America, comprising the Amazonia, almost all the Brazilian territory, and La Plata regions. The SPEI was calculated for the period 1980-2018 using monthly CRU (TS4.03) precipitation and potential evapotranspiration time series (at an original spatial resolution of 0.5 degrees) averaged over the study area. The extreme episodes affecting different components of the hydrological cycle were identified through the SPEI-1, SPEI-3, SPEI-6, and SPEI-12 time series, and their respective indicators (duration, severity, intensity, and peak) were then computed. Preliminary results indicate the predominance of dry episodes in the 2010 decade, while the wet ones prevailed in the middle of the 1990s. The role of the moisture transport from the South Atlantic on the occurrence of these extreme episodes will be investigated in a further study.

Extraterrestrial spectral response calibration of a multi-filter rotating shadow band radiometer (MFRSR) under pristine Amazonian Forest atmosphere conditions was performed using the Langley plot method. The MFRSR is installed in central Amazonia as part of a long-term monitoring site, which was used in the context of the GoAmazon2014/5 experiment. It has been operating continuously since 2011 without regular extraterrestrial calibration, preventing its application to accurate monitoring of aerosol particles. Once calibrated, the MFRSR measurements were applied to retrieve aerosol particle columnar optical properties, specifically aerosol optical depth (AODλ) and Ångström exponent (AE), which were evaluated against retrievals from a collocated Cimel Sun photometer belonging to the AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET). Results obtained revealed that pristine Amazonian conditions are able to provide MFRSR extraterrestrial spectral response with relative uncertainty lower than 1.0 % in visible channels. The worst estimate (air mass =1) for absolute uncertainty in AODλ retrieval varied from ≈0.02 to ≈0.03, depending on the assumption regarding uncertainty for MFRSR direct normal irradiance measured at the surface. The obtained root mean square error (RMSE ≈0.025) from the evaluation of MFRSR retrievals against AERONET AODλ was, in general, lower than estimated MFRSR AODλ uncertainty, and close to the uncertainty of AERONET field Sun photometers (≈0.02).

Understanding the impact on human health during peak episodes in air pollution is invaluable for policymakers. Particles less than PM2.5 can penetrate the respiratory system, causing cardiopulmonary and other systemic diseases. Statistical regression models are usually used to assess air pollution impacts on human health. However, when there are databases missing, linear statistical regression may not process well and alternative data processing should be considered. Nonlinear Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are not employed to research environmental health pollution even though another advantage in using ANN is that the output data can be expressed as the number of hospital admissions. This research applied ANN to assess the impact of air pollution on human health. Three well-known ANN were tested: Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Extreme Learning Machines (ELM) and Echo State Networks (ESN), to assess the influence of PM2.5, temperature, and relative humidity on hospital admissions due to respiratory diseases. Daily PM2.5 levels were monitored, and hospital admissions for respiratory illness were obtained, from the Brazilian hospital information system for all ages during two sampling campaigns (2008–2011 and 2014–2015) in Curitiba, Brazil. During these periods, the daily number of hospital admissions ranged from 2 to 55, PM2.5 concentrations varied from 0.98 to 54.2 μg m−3, temperature ranged from 8 to 26 °C, and relative humidity ranged from 45 to 100%. Of the ANN used in this study, MLP gave the best results showing a significant influence of PM2.5, temperature and humidity on hospital attendance after one day of exposure. The Anova Friedman's test showed statistical difference between the appliance of each ANN model (p

Limited studies have reported on in-vitro analysis of PM2.5 but as far as the authors are aware, bioaccessibility of PM2.5 in artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF) has not been linked to urban development models before. The Brazilian cities Manaus (Amazon) and Curitiba (South region) have different geographical locations, climates, and urban development strategies. Manaus drives its industrialization using the free trade zone policy and Curitiba adopted a services centered economy driven by sustainability. Therefore, these two cities were used to illustrate the influence that these different models have on PM2.5in vitro profile. We compared PM2.5 mass concentrations and the average total elemental and bioaccessible profiles for Cu, Cr, Mn, and Pb. The total average elemental concentrations followed Mn > Pb > Cu > Cr in Manaus and Pb > Mn > Cu > Cr in Curitiba. Mn had the lowest solubility while Cu showed the highest bioaccessibility (100%) and was significantly higher in Curitiba than Manaus. Cr and Pb had higher bioaccessibility in Manaus than Curitiba. Despite similar mass concentrations, the public health risk in Manaus was higher than in Curitiba indicating that the free trade zone had a profound effect on the emission levels and sources of airborne PM. These findings illustrate the importance of adopting sustainable air quality strategies in urban planning.

The Amazon rainforest is the world's largest tropical forest, and this biome may be a significant contributor to primary biological aerosol (PBA) emissions on a global scale. These aerosols also play a pivotal role in modulating ecosystem dynamics, dispersing biological material over geographic barriers and influencing climate through radiation absorption, light scattering, or acting as cloud condensation nuclei. Despite their importance, there are limited studies investigating the effect of environmental variables on the bioaerosol composition in the Amazon rainforest. Here we present a 16S rRNA gene-based amplicon sequencing approach to investigate the bacterial microbiome in aerosols of the Amazon rainforest during distinct seasons and at different heights above the ground. Our data revealed that seasonal changes in temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation are the primary drivers of compositional changes in the Amazon rainforest aerosol microbiome. Interestingly, no significant differences were observed in the bacterial community composition of aerosols collected at ground and canopy levels. The core airborne bacterial families present in Amazon aerosol were Enterobacteriaceae, Beijerinckiaceae, Polyangiaceae, Bacillaceae and Ktedonobacteraceae. By correlating the bacterial taxa identified in the aerosol with literature data, we speculate that the phyllosphere may be one possible source of airborne bacteria in the Amazon rainforest. Results of this study indicate that the aerosol microbiota of the Amazon Rainforest are fairly diverse and principally impacted by seasonal changes in temperature and humidity.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:21:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-12-10 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Among the new technologies developed for the heavy-duty fleet, the use of Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) aftertreatment system in standard Diesel engines associated with biodiesel/diesel mixtures is an alternative in use to control the legislated pollutants emission. Nevertheless, there is an absence of knowledge about the synergic behaviour of these devices and biodiesel blends regarding the emissions of unregulated substances as the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Nitro-PAHs, both recognized for their carcinogenic and mutagenic effects on humans. Therefore, the goal of this study is the quantification of PAHs and Nitro-PAHs present to total particulate matter (PM) emitted from the Euro V engine fuelled with ultra-low sulphur diesel and soybean biodiesel in different percentages, B5 and B20. PM sampling was performed using a Euro V – SCR engine operating in European Stationary Cycle (ESC). The PAHs and Nitro-PAHs were extracted from PM using an Accelerated Solvent Extractor and quantified by GC–MS. The results indicated that the use of SCR and the largest fraction of biodiesel studied may suppress the emission of total PAHs. The Toxic Equivalent (TEQ) was lower when using 20% biodiesel, in comparison with 5% biodiesel on the SCR system, reaffirming the low toxicity emission using higher percentage biodiesel. The data also reveal that use of SCR, on its own, suppress the Nitro-PAHs compounds. In general, the use of larger fractions of biodiesel (B20) coupled with the SCR aftertreatment showed the lowest PAHs and Nitro-PAHs emissions, meaning lower toxicity and, consequently, a potential lower risk to human health. From the emission point of view, the results of this work also demonstrated the viability of the Biodiesel programs, in combination with the SCR systems, which does not require any engine adaptation and is an economical alternative for the countries (Brazil, China, Russia, India) that have not adopted Euro VI emission standards. Environmental Engineering Department Federal University of Paraná Mathematics Department Federal University of Technology Paraná Federal University of São Paulo Institute of Technology for Development Lactec Chemical Engineering Department Federal University of Paraná Analytical Chemistry Department Institute of Chemistry São Paulo State University - UNESP Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science School of Science and the Environment Manchester Metropolitan University Molecular Science Institute School of Chemistry University of the Witwatersrand Analytical Chemistry Department Institute of Chemistry São Paulo State University - UNESP CNPq: 402391/2009-8 CNPq: 558697/2012-0

Extraterrestrial spectral response calibration of a Multi-Filter Rotating Shadow band Radiometer (MFRSR) under Amazonian Forest atmosphere pristine conditions using the Langley plot method was performed and evaluated. The MFRSR is installed in central Amazonia as part of a long-term monitoring site, which was used in the context of the GoAmazon2014/5 Experiment. It has been operating continuously since 2011 without regular extraterrestrial calibration, preventing its application to accurate monitoring of aerosol particles. Once calibrated, the MFRSR measurements were applied to retrieve aerosols particles columnar optical properties, specifically Aerosol Optical Depth (AODλ) and Ångström Exponent (AE), which were evaluated against retrievals from a collocated CIMEL sunphotometer belonging to the AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET). Results obtained revealed that Amazonian pristine conditions are able to provide MFRSR extraterrestrial spectral response with relative uncertainty lower than 1.0 % at visible channels. The worst estimate (air mass = 1) for absolute uncertainty in AODλ retrieval varied from ~ 0.02 to ~ 0.03, depending on the assumption regarding uncertainty for MFRSR direct-normal irradiance measured at the surface. Obtained Root Mean Square Errors (RMSE ~ 0.025) from the evaluation of MFRSR retrievals against AERONET AODλ were, in general, lower than estimate MFRSR AODλ uncertainties, and close to AERONET field sunphotometers (~ 0.02).

The complex interactions between water vapor fields and deep atmospheric convection remain one of the outstanding problems in tropical meteorology. The lack of high spatial–temporal resolution, all-weather observations in the tropics has hampered progress. Numerical models have difficulties, for example, in representing the shallow-to-deep convective transition and the diurnal cycle of precipitation. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) meteorology, which provides all-weather, high-frequency (5 min), precipitable water vapor estimates, can help. The Amazon Dense GNSS Meteorological Network experiment, the first of its kind in the tropics, was created with the aim of examining water vapor and deep convection relationships at the mesoscale. This innovative, Brazilian-led international experiment consisted of two mesoscale (100 km × 100 km) networks: 1) a 1-yr (April 2011–April 2012) campaign (20 GNSS meteorological sites) in and around Manaus and 2) a 6-week (June 2011) intensive campaign (15 GNSS meteorological sites) in and around Belem, the latter in collaboration with the Cloud Processes of the Main Precipitation Systems in Brazil: A Contribution to Cloud-Resolving Modeling and to the Global Precipitation Measurement (CHUVA) Project in Brazil. Results presented here from both networks focus on the diurnal cycle of precipitable water vapor associated with sea-breeze convection in Belem and seasonal and topographic influences in and around Manaus. Ultimately, these unique observations may serve to initialize, constrain, or validate precipitable water vapor in high-resolution models. These experiments also demonstrate that GNSS meteorology can expand into logistically difficult regions such as the Amazon. Other GNSS meteorology networks presently being constructed in the tropics are summarized.

Understanding the impact on human health during peak episodes in air pollution is invaluable for policymakers. Particles less than PM

The Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon 2014–2015 (GoAmazon2014/5) experiment took place around the urban region of Manaus in central Amazonia across 2 years. The urban pollution plume was used to study the susceptibility of gases, aerosols, clouds, and rainfall to human activities in a tropical environment. Many aspects of air quality, weather, terrestrial ecosystems, and climate work differently in the tropics than in the more thoroughly studied temperate regions of Earth. GoAmazon2014/5, a cooperative project of Brazil, Germany, and the United States, employed an unparalleled suite of measurements at nine ground sites and on board two aircraft to investigate the flow of background air into Manaus, the emissions into the air over the city, and the advection of the pollution downwind of the city. Herein, to visualize this train of processes and its effects, observations aboard a low-flying aircraft are presented. Comparative measurements within and adjacent to the plume followed the emissions of biogenic volatile organic carbon compounds (BVOCs) from the tropical forest, their transformations by the atmospheric oxidant cycle, alterations of this cycle by the influence of the pollutants, transformations of the chemical products into aerosol particles, the relationship of these particles to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity, and the differences in cloud properties and rainfall for background compared to polluted conditions. The observations of the GoAmazon2014/5 experiment illustrate how the hydrologic cycle, radiation balance, and carbon recycling may be affected by present-day as well as future economic development and pollution over the Amazonian tropical forest.

A permanent UV Raman Lidar station, designed to perform continuous measurements of aerosols and water vapor and aiming to study and monitor the atmosphere on the weather to climatic time scales, became operational in central Amazon in July 2011. The automated data acquisition and internet monitoring enabled extended hours of daily measurements when compared to a manually operated instrument. This paper gives a technical description of the system, presents its experimental characterization and the algorithms used for obtaining the aerosol optical properties and identifying the cloud layers. Data from one week of measurements during the dry season of 2011 were analyzed as a mean to assess the overall system capability and performance. A comparison of the aerosol optical depth from the Lidar and a co-located AERONET sun photometer showed a root mean square error of about 0.06, small compared to the range of observed AOD values (0.1 to 0.75) and to the typical AERONET AOD uncertainty (0.02). By combining nighttime measurements of the aerosol lidar ratio (50–65 sr), backtrajectories calculations and fire spots observed from satellites we showed that observed particles originated from biomass burning. Cirrus clouds were observed in 60% of our measurements. Most of the time they were distributed into three layers between 11.5 and 13.4 km a.g.l. The systematic and long-term measurements being made by this new scientific facility have the potential to significantly improve our understanding of the climatic implications of the anthropogenic changes in aerosol concentrations over the pristine Amazônia.

The intercontinental transport of aerosols from the Sahara desert plays a significant role in nutrient cycles in the Amazon rainforest, since it carries many types of minerals to these otherwise low-fertility lands. Iron is one of the micronutrients essential for plant growth, and its long-range transport might be an important source for the iron-limited Amazon rainforest. This study assesses the bioavailability of iron Fe(II) and Fe(III) in the particulate matter over the Amazon forest, which was transported from the Sahara desert (for the sake of our discussion, this term also includes the Sahel region). The sampling campaign was carried out above and below the forest canopy at the ATTO site (Amazon Tall Tower Observatory), a near-pristine area in the central Amazon Basin, from March to April 2015. Measurements reached peak concentrations for soluble Fe(III) (48 ng m−3), Fe(II) (16 ng m−3), Na (470 ng m−3), Ca (194 ng m−3), K (65 ng m−3), and Mg (89 ng m−3) during a time period of dust transport from the Sahara, as confirmed by ground-based and satellite remote sensing data and air mass backward trajectories. Dust sampled above the Amazon canopy included primary biological aerosols and other coarse particles up to 12 µm in diameter. Atmospheric transport of weathered Saharan dust, followed by surface deposition, resulted in substantial iron bioavailability across the rainforest canopy. The seasonal deposition of dust, rich in soluble iron, and other minerals is likely to assist both bacteria and fungi within the topsoil and on canopy surfaces, and especially benefit highly bioabsorbent species. In this scenario, Saharan dust can provide essential macronutrients and micronutrients to plant roots, and also directly to plant leaves. The influence of this input on the ecology of the forest canopy and topsoil is discussed, and we argue that this influence would likely be different from that of nutrients from the weathered Amazon bedrock, which otherwise provides the main source of soluble mineral nutrients.

CNPq fellowship program CAPES project on the program Science without Frontiers SAVERNET project FAPESP Research Program on Global Climate Change Cirrus clouds cover a large fraction of tropical latitudes and play an important role in Earth's radiation budget. Their optical properties, altitude, vertical and horizontal coverage control their radiative forcing, and hence detailed cirrus measurements at different geographical locations are of utmost importance. Studies reporting cirrus properties over tropical rain forests like the Amazon, however, are scarce. Studies with satellite profilers do not give information on the diurnal cycle, and the satellite imagers do not report on the cloud vertical structure. At the same time, ground-based lidar studies are restricted to a few case studies. In this paper, we derive the first comprehensive statistics of optical and geometrical properties of upper-tropospheric cirrus clouds in Amazonia. We used 1 year (July 2011 to June 2012) of ground-based lidar atmospheric observations north of Manaus, Brazil. This dataset was processed by an automatic cloud detection and optical properties retrieval algorithm. Uppertropospheric cirrus clouds were observed more frequently than reported previously for tropical regions. The frequency of occurrence was found to be as high as 88% during the wet season and not lower than 50% during the dry season. The diurnal cycle shows a minimum around local noon and maximum during late afternoon, associated with the diurnal cycle of precipitation. The mean values of cirrus cloud top and base heights, cloud thickness, and cloud optical depth were 14.3 +/- 1.9 (SD) km, 12.9 +/- 2.2 km, 1.4 +/- 1.1 km, and 0.25 +/- 0.46, respectively. Cirrus clouds were found at tem-peratures down to 90 degrees C. Frequently cirrus were observed within the tropical tropopause layer (TTL), which are likely associated to slow mesoscale uplifting or to the remnants of overshooting convection. The vertical distribution was not uniform, and thin and subvisible cirrus occurred more frequently closer to the tropopause. The mean lidar ratio was 23.3 +/- 8.0 sr. However, for subvisible cirrus clouds a bimodal distribution with a secondary peak at about 44 sr was found suggesting a mixed composition. A dependence of the lidar ratio with cloud temperature (altitude) was not found, indicating that the clouds are vertically well mixed. The frequency of occurrence of cirrus clouds classified as subvisible (tau < 0 : 03) were 41.6 %, whilst 37.8% were thin cirrus (0 : 03 < tau < 0 : 3) and 20.5% opaque cirrus (tau > 0 : 3). Hence, in central Amazonia not only a high frequency of cirrus clouds occurs, but also a large fraction of subvisible cirrus clouds. This high frequency of subvisible cirrus clouds may contaminate aerosol optical depth measured by sun photometers and satellite sensors to an unknown extent. Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Phys, Dept Appl Phys, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil Meteorol Inst Cuba, Atmospher Opt Grp Camaguey, Camaguey, Cuba Univ Magallanes, Atmospher Res Lab, Punta Arenas, Chile Leibniz Inst Tropospher Res TROPOS, Leipzig, Germany Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Environm Sci, Diadema, SP, Brazil Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Environm Sci, Diadema, SP, Brazil CAPES: A016_2013 FAPESP Research Program on Global Climate Change: 2008/58100-1 FAPESP Research Program on Global Climate Change: 2009/15235-8 FAPESP Research Program on Global Climate Change: 2012/16100-1 FAPESP Research Program on Global Climate Change: 2013/50510-5 FAPESP Research Program on Global Climate Change: 2013/05014-0 Web of Science

The intercontinental transport of aerosols from the Sahara is likely to play a significant role in nutrient cycles in the Amazon rainforest, since it carries many types of minerals to these otherwise low-fertility lands. Iron is one of the micronutrients essential for plant growth, and the Amazon rainforest is iron-limited. The main aim of this study was to assess the input and potential impact of iron bioavailability from Saharan dust, namely, the soluble fraction Fe(II)/Fe(III). Seven other soluble elements that are also essential for plants were measured. Dust particles entrained in the air were collected and analyzed, but not dust deposited in rainfall as atmospheric washout. The sampling campaign was carried out at the ATTO site (Amazon Tall Tower Observatory), from March to April 2015, and samplers were placed both above and below the canopy. Mineral dust aerosol at ATTO showed peak concentrations for Fe(III) (47.6 ng m−3), Fe(II) (16.2 ng m−3), Na (470 ng m−3), Ca (194 ng m−3), K (64.7 ng m−3), and Mg (88.8 ng m−3) during the presence of dust transported from the Sahara, as determined by remote ground-based and satellite sensing data and backward trajectories. Atmospheric transport of weathered Saharan dust, followed by surface deposition, results in substantial iron bioavailability across the rainforest canopy. The seasonal deposition of dust rich in soluble iron and other minerals is likely to affect both bacteria and fungi within the topsoil and on canopy surfaces, and especially benefit highly bioabsorbent epiphytes, such as lichens. In this scenario, Saharan dust can provide essential macronutrients and micronutrients to plant roots, and also directly to plant leaves. The influence on the ecology of the forest canopy and topsoil would likely be different from that of nutrients from the weathered Amazon bedrock, which provides the main source of soluble mineral nutrients.

A global vertically resolved aerosol data set covering more than 10 years of observations at more than 20 measurement sites distributed from 63° N to 52° S and 72° W to 124° E has been achieved within the Raman and polarization lidar network PollyNET. This network consists of portable, remote-controlled multiwavelength-polarization-Raman lidars (Polly) for automated and continuous 24/7 observations of clouds and aerosols. PollyNET is an independent, voluntary, and scientific network. All Polly lidars feature a standardized instrument design with different capabilities ranging from single wavelength to multiwavelength systems, and now apply unified calibration, quality control, and data analysis. The observations are processed in near-real time without manual intervention, and are presented online at http://polly.tropos.de/. The paper gives an overview of the observations on four continents and two research vessels obtained with eight Polly systems. The specific aerosol types at these locations (mineral dust, smoke, dust-smoke and other dusty mixtures, urban haze, and volcanic ash) are identified by their Ångström exponent, lidar ratio, and depolarization ratio. The vertical aerosol distribution at the PollyNET locations is discussed on the basis of more than 55 000 automatically retrieved 30 min particle backscatter coefficient profiles at 532 nm as this operating wavelength is available for all Polly lidar systems. A seasonal analysis of measurements at selected sites revealed typical and extraordinary aerosol conditions as well as seasonal differences. These studies show the potential of PollyNET to support the establishment of a global aerosol climatology that covers the entire troposphere.

Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-28T14:07:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000305281600014.pdf: 981451 bytes, checksum: 04a2e67b30b20f6ba19be342b06e9bb7 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:23:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 WOS000305281600014.pdf: 981451 bytes, checksum: 04a2e67b30b20f6ba19be342b06e9bb7 (MD5) WOS000305281600014.pdf.txt: 110131 bytes, checksum: 629df767de4a68ce503ae0896ac7aaaf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-01-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:34:09Z No. of bitstreams: 2 WOS000305281600014.pdf: 981451 bytes, checksum: 04a2e67b30b20f6ba19be342b06e9bb7 (MD5) WOS000305281600014.pdf.txt: 110131 bytes, checksum: 629df767de4a68ce503ae0896ac7aaaf (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:34:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 WOS000305281600014.pdf: 981451 bytes, checksum: 04a2e67b30b20f6ba19be342b06e9bb7 (MD5) WOS000305281600014.pdf.txt: 110131 bytes, checksum: 629df767de4a68ce503ae0896ac7aaaf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-01-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) In this analysis a 3.5 years data set of aerosol and precipitation chemistry, obtained in a remote site in Central Amazonia (Balbina, (1A degrees 55' S, 59A degrees 29' W, 174 m a.s.l.), about 200 km north of Manaus) is discussed. Aerosols were sampled using stacked filter units (SFU), which separate fine (d < 2.5 mu m) and coarse mode (2.5 mu m < d < 10.0 mu m) aerosol particles. Filters were analyzed for particulate mass (PM), Equivalent Black Carbon (BCE) and elemental composition by Particle Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE). Rainwater samples were collected using a wet-only sampler and samples were analyzed for pH and ionic composition, which was determined using ionic chromatography (IC). Natural sources dominated the aerosol mass during the wet season, when it was predominantly of natural biogenic origin mostly in the coarse mode, which comprised up to 81% of PM10. Biogenic aerosol from both primary emissions and secondary organic aerosol dominates the fine mode in the wet season, with very low concentrations (average 2.2 mu g m(-3)). Soil dust was responsible for a minor fraction of the aerosol mass (less than 17%). Sudden increases in the concentration of elements as Al, Ti and Fe were also observed, both in fine and coarse mode (mostly during the April-may months), which we attribute to episodes of Saharan dust transport. During the dry periods, a significant contribution to the fine aerosols loading was observed, due to the large-scale transport of smoke from biomass burning in other portions of the Amazon basin. This contribution is associated with the enhancement of the concentration of S, K, Zn and BCE. Chlorine, which is commonly associated to sea salt and also to biomass burning emissions, presented higher concentration not only during the dry season but also for the April-June months, due to the establishment of more favorable meteorological conditions to the transport of Atlantic air masses to Central Amazonia. The chemical composition of rainwater was similar to those ones observed in other remote sites in tropical forests. The volume-weighted mean (VWM) pH was 4.90. The most important contribution to acidity was from weak organic acids. The organic acidity was predominantly associated with the presence of acetic acid instead of formic acid, which is more often observed in pristine tropical areas. Wet deposition rates for major species did not differ significantly between dry and wet season, except for NH4+, citrate and acetate, which had smaller deposition rates during dry season. While biomass burning emissions were clearly identified in the aerosol component, it did not present a clear signature in rainwater. The biogenic component and the long-range transport of sea salt were observed both in aerosols and rainwater composition. The results shown here indicate that in Central Amazonia it is still possible to observe quite pristine atmospheric conditions, relatively free of anthropogenic influences. Univ Fed São Paulo, Dept Ciencias Exatas & Terra, Diadema, SP, Brazil Fac Engn Arquitetura & Urbanismo UNIMEP, Santa Barbara, CA USA Univ Estadual Paulista, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil Univ São Paulo, Inst Fis, BR-01498 São Paulo, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil

The Amazon Basin provides an excellent environment for studying the sources, transformations, and properties of natural aerosol particles and the resulting links between biological processes and climate. With this framework in mind, the Amazonian Aerosol Characterization Experiment (AMAZE-08), carried out from 7 February to 14 March 2008 during the wet season in the central Amazon Basin, sought to understand the formation, transformations, and cloud-forming properties of fine- and coarse-mode biogenic aerosol particles, especially as related to their effects on cloud activation and regional climate. Special foci included (1) the production mechanisms of secondary organic components at a pristine continental site, including the factors regulating their temporal variability, and (2) predicting and understanding the cloud-forming properties of biogenic particles at such a site. In this overview paper, the field site and the instrumentation employed during the campaign are introduced. Observations and findings are reported, including the large-scale context for the campaign, especially as provided by satellite observations. New findings presented include: (i) a particle number-diameter distribution from 10 nm to 10 μm that is representative of the pristine tropical rain forest and recommended for model use; (ii) the absence of substantial quantities of primary biological particles in the submicron mode as evidenced by mass spectral characterization; (iii) the large-scale production of secondary organic material; (iv) insights into the chemical and physical properties of the particles as revealed by thermodenuder-induced changes in the particle number-diameter distributions and mass spectra; and (v) comparisons of ground-based predictions and satellite-based observations of hydrometeor phase in clouds. A main finding of AMAZE-08 is the dominance of secondary organic material as particle components. The results presented here provide mechanistic insight and quantitative parameters that can serve to increase the accuracy of models of the formation, transformations, and cloud-forming properties of biogenic natural aerosol particles, especially as related to their effects on cloud activation and regional climate.

Clean or Dirty Aerosols strongly affect atmospheric properties and processes—including visibility, cloud formation, and radiative behavior. Knowing their effects in both clean and polluted air is necessary in order to understand their influence (see the Perspective by Baltensperger ). Clarke and Kapustin (p. 1488 ) examine vertical atmospheric profiles collected above the Pacific Ocean, where air quality is affected by the transport of polluted air from the west, and find significant regional enhancements in light scattering, aerosol mass, and aerosol number associated with combustion. Aerosol particle concentrations in this region can exceed values in clean, unperturbed regions by over an order of magnitude. Thus combustion affects hemispheric aerosol optical depth and the distribution of cloud condensation nuclei. Pöschl et al. (p. 1513 ) discuss the composition of aerosols above the Amazon Basin, in the pristine conditions of the rainy season. The aerosols in this region are derived mostly from gaseous biogenic precursors, plants, and microorganisms, and particle concentration is orders of magnitude lower than in polluted continental regions.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:02:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016-08-01 Although the particulate matter (PM) emissions from biodiesel fuelled engines are acknowledged to be lower than those of fossil diesel, there is a concern on the impact of PM produced by biodiesel to human health. As the oxidative potential of PM has been suggested as trigger for adverse health effects, it was measured using the Electron Spin Resonance (OPESR) technique. Additionally, Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (EDXRF) was employed to determine elemental concentration, and Raman Spectroscopy was used to describe the amorphous carbon character of the soot collected on exhaust PM from biodiesel blends fuelled test-bed engine, with and without Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR). OPESR results showed higher oxidative potential per kWh of PM produced from a blend of 20% soybean biodiesel and 80% ULSD (B20) engine compared with a blend of 5% soybean biodiesel and 95% ULSD (B5), whereas the SCR was able to reduce oxidative potential for each fuel. EDXRF data indicates a correlation of 0.99 between concentration of copper and oxidative potential. Raman Spectroscopy centered on the expected carbon peaks between 1100 cm-1 and 1600 cm-1 indicate lower molecular disorder for the B20 particulate matter, an indicative of a more graphitic carbon structure. The analytical techniques used in this study highlight the link between biodiesel engine exhaust and increased oxidative potential relative to biodiesel addition on fossil diesel combustion. The EDXRF analysis confirmed the prominent role of metals on free radical production. As a whole, these results suggest that 20% of biodiesel blends run without SCR may pose an increased health risk due to an increase in OH radical generation. Environmental Engineering Department Federal University of Parana Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science School of Science and the Environment Manchester Metropolitan University LAVIE - Institute of Chemistry São Paulo State University - UNESP Chemical Engineering Department Federal University of Parana Vehicle Emissions Laboratory Institute of Technology for Development (LACTEC) Analytical Chemistry Department Institute of Chemistry São Paulo State University - UNESP Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution Department of Pathology School of Medicine University of São Paulo Department of Natural and Earth Sciences Federal University of São Paulo LAVIE - Institute of Chemistry São Paulo State University - UNESP Analytical Chemistry Department Institute of Chemistry São Paulo State University - UNESP

Real-time mass spectra of the non-refractory species in submicron aerosol particles were recorded in a tropical rainforest in the central Amazon Basin during the wet season from February to March 2008, as a part of the Amazonian Aerosol Characterization Experiment (AMAZE-08). Organic material accounted on average for more than 80% of the non-refractory submicron particle mass concentrations during the period of measurements. There was insufficient ammonium to neutralize sulfate. In this acidic, isoprene-rich, HO2-dominant environment, positive-matrix factorization of the time series of particle mass spectra identified four statistical factors to account for the 99% of the variance in the signal intensities of the organic constituents. The first factor was identified as associated with regional and local pollution and labeled "HOA" for its hydrocarbon-like characteristics. A second factor was associated with long-range transport and labeled "OOA-1" for its oxygenated characteristics. A third factor, labeled "OOA-2," was implicated as associated with the reactive uptake of isoprene oxidation products, especially of epoxydiols to acidic haze, fog, or cloud droplets. A fourth factor, labeled "OOA-3," was consistent with an association with the fresh production of secondary organic material (SOM) by the mechanism of gas-phase oxidation of biogenic volatile organic precursors followed by gas-to-particle conversion of the oxidation products. The suffixes 1, 2, and 3 on the OOA labels signify ordinal ranking with respect to the extent of oxidation represented by the factor. The process of aqueous-phase oxidation of water-soluble products of gas-phase photochemistry might also have been associated to some extent with the OOA-2 factor. The campaign-average factor loadings had a ratio of 1.4:1 for OOA-2 : OOA-3, suggesting the comparable importance of particle-phase compared to gas-phase pathways for the production of SOM during the study period.

The understanding of the natural processes that regulate atmospheric composition in Amazonia is critical to the establishment of a sustainable development strategy in the region. The large emissions of trace gases and aerosols during the dry season, as a result of biomass burning, profoundly change the composition of the atmosphere in most of its area. The concentration of trace gases and aerosols increases by a factor of 2 to 8 over large areas, affecting the natural mechanisms of several key atmospheric processes in the region. Cloud formation mechanisms, for instance, are strongly affected when the concentration of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) changes from 200-300 CCN/cc in the wet season to 5,000-10,000 CCN/cc in the dry season. The cloud droplet radius is reduced from values of 18 to 25 micrometers in the wet season to 5 to 10 micrometers in the dry season, suppressing cloud formation and the occurrence of precipitation under some conditions. Ozone is a key trace gas for changes in the forest health, with concentrations increasing from 12 parts per billion (ppb), at the wet season, to values as high as 100 ppb (in the dry season in areas strongly affected by biomass burning emissions). At this level, ozone could be damaging the vegetation in regions far from the emissions. The atmospheric radiation balance is also strongly affected, with a net loss of up to 70% of photosynthetic active radiation at the surface.

Real-time mass spectra of non-refractory species in submicron aerosol particles were recorded in a tropical rainforest in the central Amazon Basin during the wet season from February to March 2008, as a part of the Amazonian Aerosol Characterization Experiment (AMAZE-08). Organic material accounted on average for more than 80% of the non-refractory submicron particle mass concentrations during the period of measurements. Ammonium was present in sufficient quantities to partially neutralize sulfate. In this acidic, isoprene-rich, HO2-dominant environment positive-matrix factorization (PMF) of the time series of particle mass spectra identified four statistical factors to account for the 99% variance of the signal intensities of the organic constituents: an HOA factor having a hydrocarbon-like signature and identified as regional and local pollution, an OOA-1 factor associated with long-range transport, an OOA-2 factor implicated as associated with the reactive uptake of isoprene oxidation products, especially of epoxydiols to acidic haze, fog or cloud droplets, and an OOA-3 factor consistent with the fresh production of secondary organic material (SOM) by a mechanism of gas-phase oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) followed by gas-to-particle conversion of the oxidation products. The OOA-1, -2, and -3 factors had progressively less oxidized signatures. Aqueous-phase oxidation of water-soluble products of gas-phase photochemistry might have been also involved in the formation of the OOA-2 factor. The campaign-average mass concentrations were in a ratio of 7 : 5 for the OOA-2 compared to the OOA-3 pathway, suggesting the comparable importance of particle-phase compared to gas-phase pathways for the production of SOM during the study period.

Covariances between experimental data are as significant as variances both in the evaluation of uncertainties and to perform statistical tests. If standard data are used in calibrations, covariances must be taken into account. Covariances are also necessary in order to update values every time when new data are obtained. In this paper we determined covariances between the most important gamma-ray energies for use in Ge-semiconductor detectors calibration recently published by Helmer and van der Leun (Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 450 (2000) 35).

[1] For the first time, multiwavelength polarization Raman lidar observations of optical and microphysical particle properties over the Amazon Basin are presented. The fully automated advanced Raman lidar was deployed 60 km north of Manaus, Brazil (2.5°S, 60°W) in the Amazon rain forest from January to November 2008. The measurements thus cover both the wet season (Dec–June) and the dry or burning season (July–Nov). Two cases studies of young and aged smoke plumes are discussed in terms of spectrally resolved optical properties (355, 532, and 1064 nm) and further lidar products such as particle effective radius and single-scattering albedo. These measurement examples confirm that biomass burning aerosols show a broad spectrum of optical, microphysical, and chemical properties. The statistical analysis of the entire measurement period revealed strong differences between the pristine wet and the polluted dry season. African smoke and dust advection frequently interrupt the pristine phases during the wet season. Compared to pristine wet season conditions, the particle scattering coefficients in the lowermost 2 km of the atmosphere were found to be enhanced, on average, by a factor of 4 during periods of African aerosol intrusion and by a factor of 6 during the dry (burning) season. Under pristine conditions, the particle extinction coefficients and optical depth for 532 nm wavelength were frequently as low as 10–30 Mm−1 and

We measured the mixing ratios of NO, NO2, O-3, and volatile organic carbon as well as the aerosol light-scattering coefficient on a boat platform cruising on rivers downwind of the city of Manaus (Amazonas State, Brazil) in July 2001 (Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia-Cooperative LBA Airborne Regional Experiment-2001). The dispersion and impact of the Manaus plume was investigated by a combined analysis of ground-based (boat platform) and airborne trace gas and aerosol measurements as well as by meteorological measurements complemented by dispersion calculations (Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model). For the cases with the least anthropogenic influence (including a location in a so far unexplored region similar to 150 km west of Manaus on the Rio Manacapuru), the aerosol scattering coefficient, sigma(s), was below 11 Mm(-1), NOx mixing ratios remained below 0.6 ppb, daytime O-3 mixing ratios were mostly below 20 ppb and maximal isoprene mixing ratios were about 3 ppb in the afternoon. The photostationary state (PSS) was not established for these cases, as indicated by values of the Leighton ratio, Phi, well above unity. Due to the influence of river breeze systems and other thermally driven mesoscale circulations, a change of the synoptic wind direction from east-northeast to south-southeast in the afternoon often caused a substantial increase of ss and trace gas mixing ratios (about threefold for sigma(s), fivefold for NOx, and twofold for O-3), which was associated with the arrival of the Manaus pollution plume at the boat location. The ratio F reached unity within its uncertainty range at NOx mixing ratios of about 3 ppb, indicating "steady-state" conditions in cases when radiation variations, dry deposition, emissions, and reactions mostly involving peroxy radicals (XO2) played a minor role. The median midday/afternoon XO2 mixing ratios estimated using the PSS method range from 90 to 120 parts per trillion (ppt) for the remote cases (sigma(s)

[1] Polarization-Raman-lidar observations of vertical aerosol profiles were performed 60 km north of Manaus, Brazil, in the Amazon rain forest during Amazonia's wet season from January to May 2008. Very clean background conditions with a mean AOD (532 nm) of 0.03 ± 0.02 were frequently found. However, in about one third of all lidar measurements advection of smoke and dust aerosol from Africa were observed. The contribution of African smoke and Saharan dust particles to the total backscatter and extinction coefficient was determined by means of the measured particle depolarization ratio. A decreasing contribution of smoke particles to the total particle extinction coefficient from values around 60%–80% in January and February 2008, to values of 0%–50% in May 2008 was observed. Smoke–related extinction coefficients and optical depths up to 80 Mm−1 and 0.15 at 532 nm, respectively, were recorded.

This review provides a comprehensive account of what is known presently about Amazonian aerosol particles and concludes by formulating outlook and priorities for further research. The review is organized to follow the life cycle of Amazonian aerosol particles. It begins with a discussion of the primary and secondary sources relevant to the Amazonian particle burden, followed by a presentation of the particle properties that characterize the mixed populations present over the Amazon Basin at different times and places. These properties include number and mass concentrations and distributions, chemical composition, hygroscopicity, and cloud nucleation ability. The review presents Amazonian aerosol particles in the context of natural compared to anthropogenic sources as well as variability with season and meteorology. This review is intended to facilitate an understanding of the current state of knowledge on Amazonian aerosol particles specifically and tropical continental aerosol particles in general and thereby to enhance future research in this area. Copyright © 2010 by the American Geophysical Union.

Submicron atmospheric particles in the Amazon Basin were characterized by a high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometer during the wet season of 2008. Patterns in the mass spectra closely resembled those of secondary-organic-aerosol (SOA) particles formed in environmental chambers from biogenic precursor gases. In contrast, mass spectral indicators of primary biological aerosol particles (PBAPs) were insignificant, suggesting that PBAPs contributed negligibly to the submicron fraction of particles during the period of study. For 40% of the measurement periods, the mass spectra indicate that in-Basin biogenic SOA production was the dominant source of the submicron mass fraction, contrasted to other periods (30%) during which out-of-Basin organic-carbon sources were significant on top of the baseline in-Basin processes. The in-Basin periods had an average organic-particle loading of 0.6 mu g m(-3) and an average elemental oxygen-to-carbon (O:C) ratio of 0.42, compared to 0.9 mu g m(-3) and 0.49, respectively, during periods of out-of-Basin influence. On the basis of the data, we conclude that most of the organic material composing submicron particles over the Basin derived from biogenic SOA production, a finding that is consistent with microscopy observations made in a concurrent study. This source was augmented during some periods by aged organic material delivered by long-range transport. Citation: Chen, Q., et al. (2009), Mass spectral characterization of submicron biogenic organic particles in the Amazon Basin, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L20806, doi: 10.1029/2009GL039880.

[1] Quasi-simultaneous vertically resolved multiwavelength aerosol Raman lidar observations were conducted in the near field (Praia, Cape Verde, 15°N, 23.5°W) and in the far field (Manaus, Amazon basin, Brazil, 2.5°S, 60°W) of the long-range transport regime between West Africa and South America. Based on a unique data set (case study) of spectrally resolved backscatter and extinction coefficients, and of the depolarization ratio a detailed characterization of aerosol properties, vertical stratification, mixing, and aging behavior during the long-distance travel in February 2008 (dry season in western Africa, wet season in the Amazon basin) is presented. While highly stratified aerosol layers of dust and smoke up to 5.5 km height were found close to Africa, the aerosol over Manaus was almost well-mixed, reached up to 3.5 km, and mainly consisted of aged biomass burning smoke.

The aerosol characterization experiment performed within the Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia-Smoke, Aerosols, Clouds, Rainfall and Climate (LBA-SMOCC) field experiment carried out in Rondonia, Brazil, in the period from September to November 2002 provides a unique data set of size-resolved chemical composition of boundary layer aerosol over the Amazon Basin from the intense biomass-burning period to the onset of the wet season. Three main periods were clearly distinguished on the basis of the PM(10) concentration trend during the experiment: (1) dry period, with average PM(10) well above 50 mu g m(-3); (2) transition period, during which the 24-hour-averaged PM(10) never exceeded 40 mu g m(-3) and never dropped below 10 mg m(-3); (3) and wet period, characterized by 48-hour-averaged concentrations of PM(10) below 12 mu g m(-3) and sometimes as low as 2 mu g m(-3). The trend of PM(10) reflects that of CO concentration and can be directly linked to the decreasing intensity of the biomass- burning activities from September through November, because of the progressive onset of the wet season. Two prominent aerosol modes, in the submicron and supermicron size ranges, were detected throughout the experiment. Dry period size distributions are dominated by the fine mode, while the fine and coarse modes show almost the same concentrations during the wet period. The supermicron fraction of the aerosol is composed mainly of primary particles of crustal or biological origin, whereas submicron particles are produced in high concentrations only during the biomass-burning periods and are mainly composed of organic material, mostly water-soluble, and similar to 10% of soluble inorganic salts, with sulphate as the major anion. Size-resolved average aerosol chemical compositions are reported for the dry, transition, and wet periods. However, significant variations in the aerosol composition and concentrations were observed within each period, which can be classified into two categories: (1) diurnal oscillations, caused by the diurnal cycle of the boundary layer and the different combustion phase active during day (flaming) or night (smouldering); and (2) day-to-day variations, due to alternating phases of relatively wet and dry conditions. In a second part of the study, three subperiods representative of the conditions occurring in the dry, transition, and wet periods were isolated to follow the evolution of the aerosol chemical composition as a function of changes in rainfall rate and in the strength of the sources of particulate matter. The chemical data set provided by the SMOCC field experiment will be useful to characterize the aerosol hygroscopic properties and the ability of the particles to act as cloud condensation nuclei.

[1] As part of the Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA), a large study of aerosol and trace gas properties was conducted in Amazonia during the dry and wet seasons and for pasture and primary forest sites. Aerosol mass and elemental composition were measured on filters for both fine (dp 10 nm) every minute. A 55-m tower in a primary forest in Rondonia and a facility built on a pasture site were used to operate the instrumentation for 4 months in the wet season and 3 months in the dry season of 1999. Particle-Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE) was used to measure the concentration of 22 trace elements for fine- and coarse-mode aerosol. During the wet season, very clean atmospheric conditions were observed at both sites. Particle concentration averaged 900 cm−3, black carbon averaged 250 ng m−3, and mean fine-mode mass concentration was 2.9 μg m−3. In sharp contrast, very high concentrations were observed in the dry season for all the parameters at both sampling sites. Aerosol mass concentrations up to 250 μg m−3 and particle number concentrations of more than 40,000 cm−3 were observed, while the CO peaked at 8 ppm and NO2 reached 16 ppb. High correlation was observed between BCE, NO2, CO, aerosol particle number, mass, aerosol optical thickness, and other properties linked to biomass-burning emissions. Relatively large concentrations of phosphorus in the coarse-mode particles were observed, especially at nighttime. The emission of biogenic particulate P could have an effect in the nutrient cycling of this essential and key nutrient, which is present almost exclusively in the form of aerosol particles. Phosphorus is exchanged in the aerosol phase and mostly for coarse-mode particles and during nighttime.

Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11565, 2010 www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/11565/2010/ doi:10.5194/acp-10-11565-2010 © Author(s) 2010. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Corrigendum to “An overview of the Amazonian Aerosol Characterization Experiment 2008 (AMAZE-08)” published in Atmos. Chem. Phys., S. T. Martin 1 , M. O. Andreae 2 , D. Althausen 3 , P. Artaxo 4 , H. Baars 3 , S. Borrmann 2 , Q. Chen 1 , D. K. Farmer 5 , 3 , T. Pauliquevis 9,* , A. Guenther 6 , S. S. Gunthe 2 , J. L. Jimenez 5 , T. Karl 6 , K. Longo 7 , A. Manzi 8 , T. M uller M. D. Petters , A. J. Prenni , U. P¨oschl , L. V. Rizzo , J. Schneider , J. N. Smith , E. Swietlicki 12 , J. Tota 8 , J. Wang 13 , A. Wiedensohler 3 , and S. R. Zorn 2 1 School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA 2 Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany 3 Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany 4 Institute of Physics, University of S˜ ao Paulo, Brazil 5 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA 6 NCAR Earth System Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA 7 Center of Weather Forecast and Climatic Studies (CPTEC-INPE), Cachoeira Paulista, S˜ ao Paulo, Brazil 8 National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Brazil 9 Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Science, University of S˜ ao Paulo, Brazil 10 Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA 11 Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA 12 Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden 13 Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA * now at: Earth and Natural Sciences Department, Federal University of Sao Paulo at Diadema, Diadema, Brazil A wrong data has occured in the published manuscript titled “An overview of the Amazonian Aerosol Characteriza- tion Experiment 2008 (AMAZE-08)”. The error has occured in Sect. 2 on page 11417, line 3: “The principal measurement site of AMAZE-08 was tower TT34 (02 ◦ 35.657 0 S, 060 ◦ 12.557 0 W, 110 m a.s.l.) (Fig. 1).” 02 ◦ 35.657 0 S should be corrected as: 02 ◦ 35.675 0 S. Correspondence to: S. T. Martin (scot martin@harvard.edu) Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union.