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The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the division of household labour could continue to lock down or start to break gender roles. Using time-use data of n = 473 individuals collected during the lockdown restrictions in Belgium from March to May 2020, we analyse the gendered division of routine and non-routine household labour in absolute time use and relative shares. We compare against the Belgian time-use data of 2013 for the same time period ( n = 678 individuals). A time-demanding work and living situation associate with an increase in men’s time spent on household labour during the lockdown but not with a change in women’s time use. The gender gap closes in absolute time but not in relative shares of routine and non-routine household labour. The limited impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the gender division of household labour indicates a temporal rather than a substantial change in gender roles.

Previous research has shown that a prolonged recall period is associated with lower data quality in time-diary research. In these studies, the recall period is roughly estimated on the basis of the period between the assigned diary day and the agreed collection day. Because this is so rudimentary, little is known about the duration of the mean recall period and its consequences for data quality. Recent advances in online methodology now allow a better investigation of the recall period using time stamps. Using a refined indicator, the authors examine the duration of the recall period, to what extent this duration is related to socioeconomic characteristics, and how a prolonged recall period affects data quality. The authors demonstrate that using online time-diary data collected from 8,535 teachers in Belgium, the mean recall period is less than 24 hr for most respondents, although respondents with many time constraints have extended recall periods. Additionally, a prolonged recall period indeed has negative consequences for data quality. Quality deterioration already arises several hours after an activity has been completed, much sooner than previous research has indicated.

Due to the diversification and fragmentation of working time arrangements, the organisation of working weeks now differ substantially from each other. To account for week-to-week variability in working time estimates in time diary research, it is important that respondents keep their time diaries on designated registration days. At the same time, this week-to-week variability might lead respondents to postpone their participation to convenient registration days. Research shows that, due to diverse time cycles, postponing participation leads to substantial bias. However, these findings pre-date online time diary methodologies. In online time diary studies, algorithms assign registration days and, therefore, postponement is solely done at the convenience of the respondent and no longer relies on the availability of the interviewer. Analyses of online time diary data from Flemish (Belgian) teachers (ndiary days = 59,969; nteachers = 8567) reveal that postponement depends on (the day in) the time cycle. This postponement is partially selective and thus leads to biased working time estimates. Some oversampling strategies are suggested to account for this possible bias, but a designated, consecutive 7-day time diary approach with postponement remains the recommended standard for collecting reliable working time estimates.

There are recognised cross-national differences in the average amount and gender division of paid work and unpaid domestic work and care, but country differences between men and women in the timing and intensity of this daily workload remain under-investigated. Using couple-level time-use data from Australia, the UK, Finland, Korea and Spain (n=1838), we probe cross-national differences in gendered time availability and constraint, focusing particularly on the early evening ‘family rush hour’. We identify daily time periods during which one partner in a fulltime dual-earner parent couple performs routine time-critical household labor and care, whilst the other partner is simultaneously at leisure. In all five countries fathers in dual fulltime earner couples are more likely than mothers to be at lei- sure whilst their partner does unpaid work, and this disparity occurs most in the early even- ing. Multivariate analyses reveal the unpaid work-leisure gap is widest in Korea and nar- rowest in the UK, confounding expectations that social democratic Finland would be most equitable in this measure.

Active participation of the elderly is a recognized response to address the societal and individual challenges of rising life expectancy such as releasing the pressure of age-related public spending, reducing social isolation and improving well-being. How much time older people devote to active participation and whether their time allocation is associated with well-being remains under-investigated. Using time-use data from Belgium (n = 1384) and the USA (n = 2133), we investigate the time older people (65–80 years) spent on active participation and examine how this relates to their life satisfaction as an indicator of well-being. The countries vary in the amount of time spent on paid employment and volunteering, but not on informal help. Belgian older people spend much less time on paid employment than their American counterparts. This implies more are available to volunteer and provide informal help. Yet participation rates in these activities are higher in the USA. Multivariate analyses show that associations between active participation and life satisfaction vary between both countries and within both countries by gender and age. Overall, positive associations between paid work and volunteering and life satisfaction suggest that governments would do well to mobilize elderly into active participation, especially in Belgium. Negative associations between informal help and life satisfaction suggest governments should provide greater support for informal carers.

How teachers spend their working time is crucial for the quality of teaching and teachers’ well-being. For this reason, teacher surveys generally measure the number of hours worked. By comparing estimates from survey questions and time-diaries, we argue that commonly used survey methods are prone to bias. We use results of a unique, large-scale study where 7,486 teachers kept a diary for seven days resulting in 1,250,000 hours of registered activities. Large differences in the accuracy of estimating working time exist in sub-activities (e.g., school organisation) and job characteristics (e.g., part-time versus full-time). Implications for research and policy are discussed.

How much do young people’s daily activities differ according to where they live? As a global generation, young people are disproportionally subject to the risks and insecurity of globalization. However, countries differ in their support for young people’s inclusion through economic and social participation. Using time use surveys from Australia, Italy, Finland, France, Korea, Spain, the UK and the USA (n = 23,271), this paper investigates national differences in the amount of time young people (20–34 years) spend on paid and unpaid work, study and leisure in each country. Gender gaps in market work and non-market work were widest in the Anglo and southern European countries. In France and Finland, gender differences in daily market and non-market activity were narrower. Young women spent more daily time in study than young men in all countries except Korea, where study time was highest. Young men and young women in social democratic Finland had more leisure time than young people elsewhere. Results suggest that young people’s experience of the consequences of globalization is not universal, but that nation-states remain relevant in determining their welfare.

Daily mobility varies by gender and is likely related to contextual factors including the gender division of employment and family work, options for modes of transport, and support for work-family reconciliation. This paper compares travel time patterns of men and women using nationally representative time-diary data from Australia, the UK, Spain and Finland (n = 14,176). Despite similarities in men and women's total travel time within countries, results show substantial gender variation in the purpose of daily travel, the transport mode used, who is present, and the way parents in couple-headed households share travel with and for children in relative terms. The extent of the gender gaps vary cross-nationally in ways consistent with prevalent patterns in the gendered division of labour and social parenting norms, but relative gaps in child-serving travel were universal, attesting to the ubiquity of gendered mobility constraints in households with children.

Everyday life is neither the result of mundane, common-sense, habitual human behaviour as theorized by the agency-centred approach of methodological individualism nor the sheer result of the conformation to temporal norms of the structural approach of social holism. In fact, everyday life is marked by a rhythmic, temporal structure that is brought into effect by the modality of repetitive action. In this article, a praxeological approach is used to conceptualize everyday life as a social structure in terms of its underlying stable practices. Multi-day time-diary data and optimal matching with clustering techniques show empirically that everyday life consists of stable practices that vary in function of temporal and social demands, in function of handling coordination of practice, and in function of embedding these practices in collectively shared temporal orders.

The question when people work is almost always reduced to the question how much people work on (non-)standard working hours. In this contribution, we applied optimal matching techniques using Belgian data from a weekly work grid ( n = 6330) to identify individuals’ work timing patterns, offering a richer analytical approach than most previous studies on (non-)standard work time. Results show that such analysis captures much more and much more relevant variation in the timing of work than simple questions. Three general and 10 more detailed weekly work patterns are identified based on two dimensions of paid work: the number of hours worked and the percentage of hours worked on non-standard periods of time. Additional analyses show that men’s work patterns depend only on job characteristics. For women, work patterns are also explained by socio-economic factors including education, presence of working partner and presence of children.

Background Globally, the International Classification of Activities for Time-Use Statistics (ICATUS) is one of the most widely used time-use classifications to identify time spent in various activities. Comprehensive 24-h activities that can be extracted from ICATUS provide possible implications for the use of time-use data in relation to activity-health associations; however, these activities are not classified in a way that makes such analysis feasible. This study, therefore, aimed to develop criteria for classifying ICATUS activities into sleep, sedentary behaviour (SB), light physical activity (LPA), and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), based on expert assessment. Method We classified activities from the Trial ICATUS 2005 and final ICATUS 2016. One author assigned METs and codes for wakefulness status and posture, to all subclass activities in the Trial ICATUS 2005. Once coded, one author matched the most detailed level of activities from the ICATUS 2016 with the corresponding activities in the Trial ICATUS 2005, where applicable. The assessment and harmonisation of each ICATUS activity were reviewed independently and anonymously by four experts, as part of a Delphi process. Given a large number of ICATUS activities, four separate Delphi panels were formed for this purpose. A series of Delphi survey rounds were repeated until a consensus among all experts was reached. Results Consensus about harmonisation and classification of ICATUS activities was reached by the third round of the Delphi survey in all four panels. A total of 542 activities were classified into sleep, SB, LPA, and MVPA categories. Of these, 390 activities were from the Trial ICATUS 2005 and 152 activities were from the final ICATUS 2016. The majority of ICATUS 2016 activities were harmonised into the ICATUS activity groups (n = 143). Conclusions Based on expert consensus, we developed a classification system that enables ICATUS-based time-use data to be classified into sleep, SB, LPA, and MVPA categories. Adoption and consistent use of this classification system will facilitate standardisation of time-use data processing for the purpose of sleep, SB and physical activity research, and improve between-study comparability. Future studies should test the applicability of the classification system by applying it to empirical data.

UNLABELLED: Limiting the number of days until achievement of full enteral feeding in extremely low birth weight neonates (ELBW

Background and aims Serum creatinine is traditionally used as a marker of renal function in neonates and relates to gestational age and disease severity in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants. Creatinine is commonly used as a biomarker for early morbidity, but we aim to compare postnatal creatinemia trends as a biomarker for subsequent cognitive outcome. We hypothesize that impaired microcirculation not only in the kidney, but also in general (i.e. brain development) can explain this possible link. Study design and outcome measures A cohort of ELBW infants was analyzed by Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID-II) at the corrected age of 2 years old. Besides other perinatal indicators, neonatal creatinemia trends of survivors (n = 140) and BSID scores (n = 96) are compared and analyzed using optimal matching analysis. Hierarchical clustering analysis is applied to identify createnimia trends. Results Four different creatinemia trends were identified (persistently high, normal, low, high but normalizing). A low creatinemia trend is significantly associated with the lowest percentages of postnatal corticosteroids, NSAIDS and intraventricular hemorrhage (p = 0.005, p = 0.013 and p = 0.041 respectively) compared to a normal or persistently high creatinemia trend and associated with the best cognitive outcome (+ 13 points compared to the mean creatinemia trend and + 23 points compared to a persistently high creatinemia trend). Conclusions Creatinemia trends after birth are not only useful to predict renal function, but are also associated with cognitive outcome in extremely low birth weight infants. Neonates who have low creatinemia trends after birth, have the highest BSID scores at the age of two years old.

The interdisciplinary Time Use Observatory workshops learned that transportation research and social sciences strive for the same multi-day time-diary data in order to make interferences about human habitual (travel) behavior. It also is learned that when it comes to the mathematics and analytics involved both disciplines are miles apart, though both with founded reasons to do so. In brief, transportation research relies on modeling to make predictions whereas social sciences apply statistics to their data to draw conclusions. In line with the interdisciplinary philosophy of the Time Use Observatory workshops, this contribution aims to communicate 30 years of experience in analyzing time-diary data. To do so, it demonstrates the latter by calculation transportation habits and aims to illustrate that multi-day time-diary data might have some additional benefits for computing temporal regularities. It shows that including a flexible notion of both regular tempo (or recurrence) of activities (e.g. every day) and regular timing of activities (e.g. always at 6 am) produces different results for different kind of transportation purposes. It also shows that these calculations using multi-day time-diary data result in an indicator at the individual level that can be analyzed in terms of socio-demographic and socio-economic characteristics. This work concludes that partitioning temporal regularities in regular reoccurrence and regular timing is a crucial element of (transportation) habits.

Background Retinal microvessels can be visualized non-invasively and mirror the status of the cerebral microvasculature. Aims To investigate whether in young children born prematurely or at term cognitive performance is related to retinal microvascular traits. Study design, subjects In 93 prematurely born infants (birth weight, Highlights • Head circumference, IQ, spatial span and matrix reasoning decrease with smaller retinal arteriolar diameter. • These associations with retinal arteriolar diameters persisted after adjustment for risk factors of cognitive impairment. • Cognitive impairment in prematurely born children might be caused by microvascular maldevelopment in the perinatal period.

Background: The retinal microvasculature can be visualized noninvasively and mirrors the status of the cerebral vasculature. We therefore investigated in 93 prematurely born infants (birth weight < 1000 g) and 87 controls born at term whether neurocognitive performance at ∼11 years is associated with the diameter of retinal microvessels. Methods: We post-processed retinal photographs by a semi-automated software (Singapore I Vessel Assessment, version 3.6) and administered the Wechsler Non-Verbal test, Dutch version (Pearson, The Netherlands) to estimate the intelligence quotient (IQ) by combining matrix reasoning and spatial span. Results: Compared with the controls, cases had lower IQ (92.5 vs. 108.7; P < 0.001), smaller central retinal arteriolar (CRAE; 162.7 vs. 174.0 mm; P < 0.001) and venular (CRVE; 234.7 vs. 242.7 mm; P = 0.003) diameters and CRAE/CRVE ratio (AVR; 0.70 vs. 0.72; P = 0.002) and lower body mass index (17.0 vs. 17.7 kg/m2; P = 0.044), but higher mean arterial pressure (82.7 vs. 77.7 mmHg; P < 0.001). In all children, the effect sizes associated with a 1-SD increase in CRAE were +3.87 (P < 0.001), +1.80 (P = 0.004) and +2.26 (P = 0.003) for total IQ, matrix reasoning, and spatial span, respectively. In models adjusted for body mass index and mean arterial pressure, these estimates were +3.21 (P = 0.009), +1.57 (P = 0.020), and +1.84 (P = 0.024), respectively. The associations of IQ and matrix reasoning with AVR also attained significance (P ≤ 0.031). Conclusions: In conclusion, our findings suggest that underdevelopment of the microcirculation in prematurely born children might have lasting effects on their cognitive performance.

Low birth weight and prematurity are risk factors for hypertension in adulthood. Few studies in preterm or full-term born children reported on plasma renin activity (PRA). We tested the hypothesis that renin might modulate the incidence of hypertension associated with prematurity. We enrolled 93 prematurely born children with birth weight 2 (6.4–16.6) lower in cases, whereas their systolic/diastolic blood pressure (BP) was 7.5 mm Hg (4.8–10.3)/4.0 mm Hg (2.1–5.8) higher ( P P P =0.002). Twenty-four hours of urinary sodium excretion was similar in cases and controls (102.1 versus 106.8 mmol; P =0.47). Sodium load per nephron was estimated as sodium excretion divided by kidney length (mmol/cm). PRA was 0.54 ng/mL per hour (0.23–0.85; P =0.001) lower in cases. PRA, systolic BP, and sodium load were available in 43 cases and 56 controls. PRA decreased with systolic BP (slope −0.022 ng/mL per hour/ − mm Hg ; P =0.048), but was unrelated to sodium load (slope +0.13 mmol/cm − mm Hg ; P =0.54). The slope of PRA on systolic BP was similar ( P =0.17) in cases and controls. In conclusion, extremely low birth weight predisposes young adolescents to low-renin hypertension, but does not affect the inverse association between PRA and BP. Clinical Trial Registration— URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT02147457.

In psychiatry, the social zeitgeber theory argues that social life provides important social cues that entrain circadian rhythms. Disturbance of these social cues might lead do dis-entrainment of circadian rhythms and evoke somatic symptoms that increase the risk of mood disorders. In preventing and treating patients with bipolar disorders, the Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy (IPSRT) relies on the Social Rhythm Metric (SRM) to (re)establish patients’ social cues and an re-entrain circadian rhythms. Since the SRM quantifies social rhythms that are derived from a patient’s interaction with a social environment, this contribution (a) calculates the SRM of the social environment of a representative healthy population study (n = 1249), (b) evaluates the robustness of the SRM as a quantifier of social rhythms by matching the scores of the pilot study, revealing the near absence of variance across population characteristics and investigation months—circadian rhythms need to be entrained for every month and for everyone—and (c) examines its use in IPSRT by relating high SRM-scores to lower psychological distress (p = 0.004) and low SRM-scores to higher social and emotional dysfunction (p = 0.018).

La façon dont nous utilisons notre temps en général, et dont nous séparons travail rémunéré et non rémunéré est largement affectée par des influences culturelles et sociales. Cette utilisation est également supposée se modifier en fonction de changements sociaux et culturels, comme l’évolution vers des attitudes plus égalitaires. Ainsi, beaucoup d’études montrent, d’une part une diminution du temps accordé au travail rémunéré par les hommes et une augmentation de leur implication dans le soin des enfants et, d’autre part, une augmentation de la participation des femmes au marché du travail ainsi qu’une diminution de leur charge de travail non rémunéré. Cependant, les mêmes études mettent également en évidence la lenteur de cette convergence dans la division du travail entre hommes et femmes. En comparant la base de données flamande « emploi du temps – 7 jours » de 2013 (n=2,894) à celles de 1999 (n=1,234) et de 2004 (n=1,643) qui présentent des données comparables sur l’emploi du temps, cette contribution analyse les évolutions antérieures et la situation actuelle de la division du travail entre les hommes et les femmes en Flandre, Belgique. Cette contribution montre notamment que les hommes commencent à plus prendre en charge le soin des enfants, et que les femmes accomplissent de plus en plus de travail rémunéré, mais que les corvées domestiques demeurent, tout comme en 2004, principalement à charge des femmes. De plus, bien que la charge de travail ne diffère désormais plus de manière significative entre hommes et femmes, les divergences dans sa composition perdurent néanmoins. La convergence vers une division égalitaire du travail avance doucement, très doucement. The way we use our time in general and how we divide paid and unpaid work is affected to a great extend by social and cultural influences. It is also assumed to change in function of social and cultural changes, like more egalitarian attitudes. Many studies, thus, report a decline in paid work and increase in childcare for men and an increase in paid work and labour market participation of women and a decrease in unpaid work. However, the same studies also report a slow convergence in the division of labour between men and women. By using the Flemish 7-day time-use data form 2013 (n=2,894) and by comparing them with the 1999 (n=1,234) and 2004 (n=1,643) comparable time-use data this contribution analyses the evolutions in and current situation of the division of labour between men and women in Flanders, Belgium. It shows amongst other things that men take up more childcare and women perform more paid work, but that domestic chores remain an equally typical women’s job as in 2004. Additionally, even though the total workload no longer differs significantly between men and women, its composition still does. The convergence to an equal division of labour goes slow, very slow.

BACKGROUND Congenital anomalies of kidneys and urinary tract (CAKUT) are the most predominant developmental disorders comprising ∼20-30% of all anomalies identified in the prenatal period. Mutations in hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-beta (HNF-1β) involved in the development of kidneys, liver, pancreas and urogenital tract are currently the most frequent monogenetic cause of CAKUT found in 10-30% of patients depending on screening policy and study design. We aimed to validate criteria for analysis of HNF1B in a prospective cohort of paediatric and adult CAKUT patients. METHODS We included CAKUT patients diagnosed in our paediatric and adult nephrology departments from January 2010 until April 2013 based on predefined screening criteria. Subjects presenting with at least one major renal criterion or one minor renal criterion combined with one or more extra-renal criteria in the personal history or a familial history of renal or extra-renal manifestations were considered eligible. RESULTS We prospectively screened 205 patients and detected HNF1B mutations in 10% [n = 20, 12 children, median age 4.2 (range 0-13.1) years and 8 adults, median age 34.8 (range 16.6-62) years]. We observed that bilateral renal anomaly, renal cysts from unknown origin, a combination of two major renal anomalies and hypomagnesaemia were predictive for finding HNF1B mutations (P < 0.001; P < 0.001; P = 0.004; P = 0.008, respectively). CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that HNF1B mutations are responsible for ∼10% of CAKUT cases, both in children and in adults. Based on our results we propose adapted criteria for HNF1B analysis to reduce the screening costs without missing affected patients. These criteria should be reaffirmed in a larger validation cohort.

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Cooking is one of the basic activities in our lives. However, people frequently feel they fall short of time to cook when facing problems with the temporal organization of daily life. How people think about home cooking is considered to be important for the time they spend on preparing meals. It is assumed that the meaning of cooking differs for different people, depending on the temporal and social context. This contribution allows us to clarify how the meaning of cooking varies according to individual and household characteristics and the cooking occasion. By using the pooled time-diary data from the Flemish time-use surveys from 1999 and 2004 we can examine people's views on cooking in order to understand how people use time for food preparation. Although the results suggest that people consider cooking primarily as a household chore, preparing food can also be a way to please others, as well as themselves. It seems that feelings of time pressure and the family situation are clearly related to men's and women's cooking experiences. Furthermore, the meaning of cooking also tends to be clearly influenced by the meal situation and (the moment of) the day.

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