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Influenza remains one of the most significant public health threats due to its ability to cause high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although understanding of influenza viruses has greatly increased in recent years, shortcomings remain. Additionally, the continuous mutation of influenza viruses through genetic reassortment and selection of variants that escape host immune responses can render current influenza vaccines ineffective at controlling seasonal epidemics and potential pandemics. Thus, there is a knowledge gap in the understanding of influenza viruses and a corresponding need to develop novel universal vaccines and therapeutic treatments. Investigation of viral pathogenesis, transmission mechanisms, and efficacy of influenza vaccine candidates requires animal models that can recapitulate the disease. Furthermore, the choice of animal model for each research question is crucial in order for researchers to acquire a better knowledge of influenza viruses. Herein, we reviewed the advantages and limitations of each animal model—including mice, ferrets, guinea pigs, swine, felines, canines, and non-human primates—for elucidating influenza viral pathogenesis and transmission and for evaluating therapeutic agents and vaccine efficacy.

This study investigated the effects of processing three types of texts, namely expository texts, narrative texts, and a combination of both known as twin texts, on incidental vocabulary acquisition and retention in L2 learners. College freshmen (N = 109), who were lower to upper intermediate learners of English, were assigned into a control group and three experimental groups representing different reading conditions. Over a period of seven weeks, the experimental groups engaged in two reading sessions to read their assigned texts accompanied by output tasks and input enhancement. The participants' receptive and productive vocabulary gains were measured with an immediate posttest and a delayed posttest to assess retention. Results revealed significant impacts of text genres on L2 incidental vocabulary learning and retention. Processing twin texts and expository texts yielded significantly greater vocabulary gains than processing narrative texts alone. These effects might be due to different processing mechanisms required for texts structured in distinct ways. Expository texts are informative and explanatory in nature, providing explicit and contextually rich information for word comprehension and retention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, coinfection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and influenza A virus (IAV) is a major concern for public health. However, the immunopathogenic events occurring with coinfections of SARS-CoV-2 and IAV remain unclear. Here, we report the pathogenic and immunological consequences of SARS-CoV-2 and IAV H1N1 coinfection in the K18-hACE2 transgenic mouse model. Compared with a single infection with SARS-CoV-2 or IAV, coinfections not only prolonged the primary virus infection period but also increased immune cell infiltration and inflammatory cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid leading to severe pneumonia and lung damage. Moreover, coinfections caused severe lymphopenia in peripheral blood, resulting in reduced total IgG, neutralizing antibody titers, and CD41 T cell responses against each virus. This study sheds light on the immunopathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and IAV coinfection, which may guide the development of effective therapeutic strategies for the treatment of patients coinfected with these viruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chất lượng nước (CLN) sông Hương được đánh giá sơ bộ qua so sánh các thông số quan trắc với quy định kỹ thuật Việt Nam về CLN mặt. Tiếp theo, CLN sông được đánh giá qua Chỉ số chất lượng nước (WQI). Phương pháp phân tích thành phần chính (PCA) được áp dụng cho dữ liệu CLN sông giai đoạn 2017–2020 để xác định trọng số (wi) của thông số CLN i trong tính toán WQI. Chỉ số chất lượng nước được tính từ cả trọng số và chỉ số phụ (qi). Các thông số được lựa chọn để tính WQI gồm (n = 11): pH, EC (độ dẫn điện), DO, TSS, BOD5, COD, N-NH4+, N-NO3–, P-PO43–, Fe (tổng sắt tan) và TC (tổng coliform). Các thông số đó được quan trắc ở 8–10 vị trí trong 4–5 đợt (tháng 2, 5, 8 và 11). Kết quả cho thấy, 95% các giá trị WQI nằm trong khoảng 90–100, ứng với CLN loại ‘tốt’ và ‘rất tốt’; chỉ 5% các giá trị WQI nằm trong khoảng 49–77 (chủ yếu vào tháng 11/2020), ứng với CLN loại ‘xấu’ đến ‘tốt’. Vào mùa mưa lũ, nồng độ TSS và Fe tăng lên, nồng độ DO giảm, dẫn đến làm giảm WQI. Chất lượng nước sông không khác nhau có ý nghĩa thống kê theo không gian/vị trí quan trắc (p > 0,05) với WQI trung vị 97–100 nhưng khác nhau theo thời gian: năm 2017 và 2019 có WQI trung vị (99) lớn hơn năm 2018 và 2020 (WQI trung vị 97) với p < 0,01.