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Durant 6 ans, le programme Verger Cidricole de Demain a expérimenté 9 vergers de pommiers à cidre bas-intrants « ECO », implantés chez 9 cidriculteurs du Nord-Ouest de la France. En comparaison à 9 vergers témoin « PROD », le projet visait à évaluer la faisabilité technique et les performances économiques, environnementales, sociales et agronomiques de ces vergers prototypes, où des pratiques culturales ont été combinées dans une approche dite « système ». Grâce à l’enregistrement de près de 40 000 données, des références technico-économiques ont été acquises sur les moyens permettant de réduire les intrants en jeune verger, notamment l’emploi des produits phytosanitaires. Les 9 systèmes « ECO » ont atteint une réduction moyenne des IFT hors biocontrôle de 48%. Combinées aux changements de pratiques de fertilisation et de couverture sur l’inter-rang (implantation de bandes fleuries), les méthodes alternatives au désherbage chimique du rang testées semblent davantage pénaliser l’entrée en production des systèmes « ECO » que la réduction des fongicides et des insecticides. En revanche, les stratégies alternatives testées contre la tavelure ont permis de réduire significativement les IFT fongicides sans conséquence pour la production des vergers « ECO ». Des itinéraires techniques viables à plus bas intrants restent donc possibles en verger cidricole à conditions d’optimiser certains leviers et leur combinaison, parmi lesquels : la génétique (résistance variétale et porte-greffes adaptés), la prophylaxie, le biocontrôle, l’efficience (outils d’aide à la décision et seuils d’intervention), la protection physique (bâche tissée ou mulch de copeaux de bois sur le rang associé à une fertilisation optimale), la lutte biologique (par conservation via l’implantation de bandes fleuries)., The “Verger Cidricole de Demain” (literally: Cider Apple Orchards of the Future) research project had experimented for 6 years with 9 low-input cider apple orchards named “ECO”. These were established under field conditions in 9 cider growers spread out in the north-west of France. With regard to 9 cider apple orchard references named “PROD”, the project aimed at assessing the technical feasibility and the economic, environmental, social and agronomic performances of these orchard prototypes, where cultural practices had been combined in a systemic approach. Thanks to the record of about 40,000 data points, technical and economic references had been acquired to reduce inputs in young cider apple orchards, such as the use of pesticides. The 9 ECO systems reached an average reduction of the chemical treatment frequency index (in French: IFT) of 48 % with regard to the PROD reference. When combined with changes in fertilization and plantation of flower strips in the orchard inter-rows, the alternatives to herbicide use in weed management seem to be more penalizing on the first fruiting than the reduction of fungicides and insecticides. However, thanks to the tested alternative strategies to fight apple scab, fungicide treatment frequency index was significantly reduced without impacting the yields of the ECO orchards. Viable low-input farming practices remain possible in cider apple orchards if some technics and their combinations are optimised. Among these are: genetics (varietal resistance and adapted rootstocks), prophylaxis, biocontrol products, efficiency (models and decision thresholds), physical protections (inert mulches on the tree rows for weed management, such as wood chip mulch or weed fabric, associated with an optimal fertilization), beneficial insects (by preservation with plantation of flower strips).

Chemical signals are important cues throughout the life of an insect especially for mate location and for prey and host finding. The chemical signal, whether pheromone or plant volatile organic compound (VOC), remains specific because of the mixture, of the ratio of the components in mixture and of the release quantity. The plasticity of pheromone emissions is now studied in several insect species in relation to geographic variation, host plant specialization and chemical and light environment. The actual vision is that the pheromone composition is likely to be more plastic than previously assumed. The perception of the environmental odorscape produced by living plants and animals together addressed the question on the specific detection of the pheromone signal in the atmospheric blend of molecules. In agrobiocoenosis, the cultivated plants produce a specific odorscape. The insects rely on plant VOCs to locate the crop or the host plant, after which specific mixtures act as oviposition stimulants. The insect responses to host plants and their odours vary with the physiological status of both actors: the plant and the insect. Chemical signals released by plants vary with plant physiology, diel periodicity, climatic factors and pollution, and these signals can be species or even variety specific. Many of plants signalling compounds detected by insects have important roles as warning signals, which can also function in plant–plant communication.

The project CO-FREE (2012-2016) aimed to develop strategies to replace/reduce copper use in organic, integrated and conventional farming. CO-FREE alternative test products (CTPs) were tested and integrated together with decision support systems, disease-tolerant varieties, and innovative breeding goals (ideotypes) into improved management strategies. CO-FREE focused on apple/apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), grape/downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola), and tomato and potato/late blight (Phytophthora infestans). Starting point of the project were ten CTPs with direct or indirect modes of action including Trichoderma atroviride SC1 and protein extract SCNB, Lysobacter spp., yeast-based derivatives, Cladosporium cladosporioides H39, the oligosaccharidic complex COS-OGA, Aneurinibacillus migulanus and Xenorhabdus bovienii, sage (Salvia officinalis) extract, liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) extract, PLEX- and seaweed plant extracts. As the project progressed, further promising CTPs were included by the partners. Field trials were performed in different European countries in 2012-2015 following EPPO standards. In the first years, stand-alone applications of CTPs were tested. In the following years these were integrated into complete strategies. Effects on main and further diseases, on yield and on non-target organisms were assessed. Here, field trial results with CTPs are summarized.

Le projet « Verger Cidricole de Demain », coordonné par l’IFPC (Institut Français des Productions Cidricoles), vise à concevoir, expérimenter et évaluer des vergers économiquement viables et économes en intrants. Dans une approche dite « système », sont combinées diverses pratiques pour la maitrise des bio-agresseurs et la conduite du verger (entretien du sol, fertilisation, gestion de l’alternance de production…). Le projet s’appuie sur une participation multi-acteurs depuis les étapes de conception et d’implantation des vergers à celles de pilotage et d’évaluation, avec l’originalité d’un dispositif multi-site entièrement implanté chez des producteurs répartis dans le Grand Ouest (9 sites, dont 2 en agriculture biologique). Après 3 ans de suivi, l’enregistrement détaillé des pratiques permet de tirer les premiers enseignements sur les performances, les impacts et le fonctionnement des vergers innovants testés durant leur phase juvénile. Les premiers résultats montrent notamment que les changements de pratiques de fertilisation et d’entretien du sol semblent davantage pénaliser l’entrée en production des systèmes bas-intrants que la réduction des intrants phytosanitaires (hors herbicides). La poursuite des enregistrements, leurs analyses sur plusieurs années et en phase adulte, restent cependant indispensables avant de conclure et de diffuser aux producteurs les combinaisons de pratiques les plus prometteuses., The “Verger Cidricole de Demain” research project (literally: Cider Apple Orchards of the Future), coordinated by the IFPC (French Institute for Cider Productions), aims at designing, testing and assessing the sustainability of low-input cider apple orchards, which combine, in a systemic approach, a wide range of practices regarding pest control, fertilisers use, management of alternate bearing, etc. From conception and planting of those orchards to their monitoring and assessment, the project is based on multi-stakeholders participation, with an original multi-site network, entirely established under field conditions in commercial cider apple orchards spread out in the greater North Western France region (9 sites, including 2 organic farming sites, under the French AB label). After 3 years of detailed record of the practices on each plot, we were able to draw the first conclusions about performances, impacts and functioning of the innovative orchards, especially during the juvenile phase of their development. First results notably indicated that changes in fertilization and weed control management seem to be more damaging on the start fruiting than pesticide use reduction. Before definitely concluding on the most promising combinations of practices and promoting them to the producers, the monitoring of the practices should continue and analysis should be made during several years in the adult phase of orchard development.

[Departement_IRSTEA]Eaux [TR1_IRSTEA]ARCEAU; International audience; We regionalized 12 different scenarios of anthropogenic climate change in the Seine River basin, which were used as input to 5 different hydrological models. The resulting hydrological scenarios all agree on a marked depletion of the water resources during the 21st century, with an annual mean decrease in both water table level and river discharge. At the seasonal scale, the reduction of river flow is more marked on low than on high flows, the decrease of which is also less robust. The response of extreme flows is even more contrasted, and the QJXA10 high-flow quantile (annual daily maximum with an average return period of 10 years) would not change significantly during the 21st century. Our results also suggest that the 100-year flood, extrapolated using the gradex method, would remain of the same order of magnitude as today.; Nous avons régionalisé 12 scénarios de changement climatique d'origine anthropique dans le bassin de la Seine, pour servir en entrée de 5 modèles hydrologiques différents. Les scénarios hydrologiques résultants s'accordent tous sur un assèchement prononcé des bassins étudiés d'ici à la fin du 21ème siècle, avec une baisse des nappes et des débits en moyenne annuelle. A l'échelle saisonnière, la baisse des débits se répercute davantage sur les basses eaux que sur les hautes eaux, dont la baisse est moins robuste. La réponse des valeurs extrêmes est plus contrastée, et les crues extrêmes, identifiées par les quantiles décennaux QJXA10, ne changeraient pas significativement au cours du 21ème siècle. Nos résultats suggèrent aussi que la crue centennale, extrapolée selon la méthode du gradex, resterait du même ordre de grandeur qu'actuellement.