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Additional file 2: Table S1. Pigment recovery of all-trans-β-Car, Lut and Chl a. Table S2. Reproducibility of ΣDoL and NLP calculated from TQ-MS data. Table S3. Peak assignment and calculation of BPIi, BPIi(norm) and DoLi for individual isotopologs of all-trans-β-Car from a non-labeled Arabidopsis plant obtained by FTICR-MS. Table S4. Peak assignment and calculation of BPIi, BPIi(norm) and DoLi for individual isotopologs of all-trans-β-Car from a non-labeled Arabidopsis plant obtained by TQ-MS. Table S5. Peak assignment and calculation of BPIi, BPIi(norm) and DoLi for individual isotopologs of all-trans-β-Car from a 13C-labeled Arabidopsis plant obtained by FTICR-MS. Table S6. Peak assignment and calculation of BPIi, BPIi(norm) and DoLi for individual isotopologs of all-trans-β-Car from a 13C-labeled Arabidopsis plant obtained by TQ-MS. Table S7. Peak assignment and calculation of BPIi, BPIi(norm) and DoLi for individual isotopologs of Lut from a non-labeled Arabidopsis plant obtained by FTICR-MS. Table S8. Peak assignment and calculation of BPIi, BPIi(norm) and DoLi for individual isotopologs of Lut from a non-labeled Arabidopsis plant obtained by TQ-MS. Table S9. Peak assignment and calculation of BPIi, BPIi(norm) and DoLi for individual isotopologs of Lut from a 13C-labeled Arabidopsis plant obtained by FTICR-MS. Table S10. Peak assignment and calculation of BPIi, BPIi(norm) and DoLi for individual isotopologs of Lut from a 13C-labeled Arabidopsis plant obtained by TQ-MS. Table S11. Peak assignment and calculation of BPIi, BPIi(norm) and DoLi for individual isotopologs of Chl a from a non-labeled Arabidopsis plant obtained by FTICR-MS. Table S12. Peak assignment and calculation of BPIi, BPIi(norm) and DoLi for individual isotopologs of Chl a from a non-labeled Arabidopsis plant obtained by TQ-MS. Table S13. Peak assignment and calculation of BPIi, BPIi(norm) and DoLi for individual isotopologs of Chl a from a 13C-labeled Arabidopsis plant obtained by FTICR-MS. Table S14. Peak assignment and calculation of BPIi, BPIi(norm) and DoLi for individual isotopologs of Chl a from a 13C-labeled Arabidopsis plant obtained by TQ-MS. Table S15. Peak assignment and calculation of BPIi, BPIi(norm) and DoLi for individual isotopologs of Chl b from a non-labeled Arabidopsis plant obtained by FTICR-MS. Table S16. Peak assignment and calculation of BPIi, BPIi(norm) and DoLi for individual isotopologs of Chl b from a non-labeled Arabidopsis plant obtained by TQ-MS. Table S17. Peak assignment and calculation of BPIi, BPIi(norm) and DoLi for individual isotopologs of Chl b from a 13C-labeled Arabidopsis plant obtained by FTICR-MS. Table S18. Peak assignment and calculation of BPIi, BPIi(norm) and DoLi for individual isotopologs of Chl b from a 13C-labeled Arabidopsis plant obtained by TQ-MS.

Additional file 1: Fig. S1. Cultivation of Arabidopsis plants in plastic cups. Fig. S2. Rosette leaves of Arabidopsis plants before and after 7-d exposure to the different airs (day 8). Fig. S3. 15 Arabidopsis plants before and after 7-d exposure to 13CO2 in the labeling chamber. Fig. S4. 15 Arabidopsis plants before and after 7-d exposure to normal CO2 in the labeling chamber. Fig. S5. Flow rates of CO2-free air and CO2 as well as real-time readings of the CO2 concentration and overpressure inside the labeling chamber. Fig. S6. CO2 concentration measured by LI-840. Fig. S7. Conditions inside the 13CO2 labeling chamber. Fig. S8. Simulation of carotenoid isotopolog distribution based on the natural 13C abundance. Fig. S9. Mass spectra of Lut, all-trans-β-Car and Chl a from the spike tests of TQ-MS. Fig. S10. Mass spectra of 9-cis-β-Car extracted from non-labeled and 13C-labeled Arabidopsis plants. Fig. S11. Correlation between ΣDoL of different pigments extracted from Arabidopsis leaves after 7-d 13CO2 labeling.

Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 69(23), 6431-6443 (2021). doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00908, Published by American Chemical Society Publications, Washington, DC [u.a.]

At the end of the annual horticultural production cycle of greenhouse-grown crops, large quantities of residual biomass are discarded. Here, we propose a new value chain to utilize horticultural leaf biomass for the extraction of secondary metabolites. To increase the secondary metabolite content of leaves, greenhouse-grown crop plants were exposed to low-cost abiotic stress treatments after the last fruit harvest. As proof of concept, we evaluated the production of the flavonoid rutin in tomato plants subjected to nitrogen deficiency. In an interdisciplinary approach, we observed the steady accumulation of rutin in young plants under nitrogen deficiency, tested the applicability of nitrogen deficiency in a commercial-like greenhouse, developed a high efficiency extraction for rutin, and evaluated the acceptance of the proposed value chain by its key actors economically. On the basis of the positive interdisciplinary evaluation, we identified opportunities and challenges for the successful establishment of horticultural leaf biomass as a novel source for secondary metabolites.

Understanding the effects of root temperature on plant growth and key food components of horticultural crops under greenhouse conditions is important. Here, we assess the impact of root cooling on plant growth and fruit quality of two cocktail tomato cultivars (Lycopersicon esculentum cv “Amoroso” and cv “Delioso”) during the winter of 2017-2018 and the summer of 2018. Plants were grown hydroponically on rockwool under different root temperatures (16–27°C and 10°C) from the 2nd inflorescence to harvest inside the greenhouse. A root temperature of 10°C was controlled independently from air temperature (18–23°C in winter and 21–29°C in summer) by circulating cooling water. Reductions of marketable yield per plant (7.9–20.9%) in both cultivars were observed in response to root cooling in winter, but not significantly in summer. In most cases, root cooling had a positive effect on the functional quality (sugars, vitamin C, and carotenoids levels). In the case of “Delioso,” glucose concentration increased by 7.7–10.3%, vitamin C by 20–21%, and lycopene by 16.9–20.5% in both seasons. “Amoroso” exhibited only higher consistent values in glucose with increments between 6.9 and 7.8% in the two seasons. The levels of elements decreased by root cooling, with statistically significant reduction of N, P, S, and Fe by 12.1–15.7% in “Delioso” in winter and P and Zn by 9.1–22.2% in both cultivars in summer. Thus, manipulation of root temperature could be a feasible method to improve the overall fruit quality of cocktail tomato; however, this effect was also dependent on cultivars and other environmental factors.

Die Blätter vieler Nutzpflanzen, insbesondere Nachtschattengewächse, enthalten wertvolle Sekundärmetabolite, die industriell genutzt werden könnten (Taylor und Fraser, 2011). Nichtsdestotrotz sind die Gehalte in Nutzpflanzen geringer als in den üblicherweise zu Ihrer Gewinnung angebauten Pflanzen (Oksman-Caldentey und Inzé, 2004). Eine erhöhte Biosynthese von Sekundärmetaboliten wird unter anderem durch abiotischen Stress induziert (Cramer et al., 2011; Ramakrishna und Ravishankar, 2011). Das interdisziplinäre BioSC-Projekt InducTomE untersucht das Potential, die Blattbiomasse von nach der Tomatenernte verbleibenden Pflanzen im Unterglasanbau durch gezielte Stressbehandlungen zur Gewinnung hochwertiger Sekundärmetaboliten zu nutzen. Dazu wird der Einfluss gezielter Stressbehandlungen auf den Sekundärmetabolitgehalt von unter kommerziellen Bedingungen angebauten Tomatenpflanzen untersucht und geeignete Extraktionsprozesse entwickelt, um zu evaluieren, ob der vorgeschlagene Wertschöpfungsprozess ökonomisch relevant gestaltet werden kann. Dadurch könnte ein Mehrwert beim gartenbaulichen Anbau von Nutzpflanzen generiert werden, ohne dass der Fruchtertrag beeinflusst wird.