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Aims. Intercropping cereals and grain legumes has the potential to increase grain yield in comparison to the respective sole crops, but little is known about mixture effects at the early crop developmental stage. In cereal legume mixtures, the cereal is usually the dominating partner. We aimed to find out when domination starts, which factors may enhance early domination, and if there is a legacy effect of early domination on later growth stages. Methods. We set up field trials at a low input conventional site in 2020 and an organic site in 2020 and 2021. Treatments included all possible monocultures and 1:1 mixtures of twelve spring wheat (SW) entries, and two faba bean (FB) cultivars. All combinations were each sown in two sowing densities. To measure the effect of the mixture on early crop development, we counted crop emergence (plant m− 2) at ~ 23 days after sowing (DAS) and crop biomass dry matter at ~ 52 and ~ 82 DAS. Results. We found positive mixture effects on SW emergence at the conventional site and on SW and FB emergence at the organic site in 2021. SW was the dominating partner in all three environments; SW domination, without suppressing FB, was already noticed at emergence at the conventional site. There, a small head start of SW at emergence favored dominance at later growth stages and lead to superiority over FB in terms of plant biomass. Conclusions. Understanding early dominancy in intercropping may help in managing competition in mixture to enhance complementarity and improve total productivity.

Land is a limited resource that provides food and cooking fuel to the rural population. In this paper, we determine the land required for food production and compare it with the land required for cooking fuel (i.e., fuelwood) for six different regions of India. We use regional data to assess the land requirements for both food and fuelwood. Dietary patterns and agricultural yields are the major drivers of land demand for food production. The average land requirement for food is about 1808 m2/cap/yr, but the values range between 851-2589 m2/ cap/yr. The greatest proportion of this land requirement is for cereals, especially rice and wheat. Determining the land needed for cooking fuel requires biomass productivity and fuelwood use. We found that the average land requirement for fuelwood is about 3 to 7 times larger than the area required to produce food. Thus, there is a wide disparity in land demand between all the regions of India. Dietary change is not an option as rural inhabitants are already consuming less than their urban counterparts. Changes to cooking fuels could be another option. This comparative study shows the high demand for land for cooking fuel in comparison to food. It implies that, from a land requirement perspective, reducing the fuelwood consumption and shifting to a more efficient cooking fuel would be a better option.

The present study has tried to address the impact of subsidised rice distribution through the public distribution system on dietary diversity and nutrition intake in the state of Tamil Nadu in India as the state is considered a pioneer in introducing a number of food security programmes in India. We used National Sample Survey Organisation’s data for the years 2004-05 and 2011-12, and the propensity score matching technique to estimate the actual impact of the subsidy programme on food consumption patterns and nutrient intake, as the data-set used for analysis was subjected to non-randomisation and selection bias. The estimated results reveal that the subsidy on rice has significantly and positively impacted food consumption and nutritional intake across households, irrespective of income groups. The increased purchasing power of the poor due to the subsidy is limited to the staple food commodities—rice, millets, pulses and vegetables—whereas middle- and high-income households are more likely to consume high-value commodities such as fruits, processed food and livestock products, with a resultant higher gain in fat and calcium. Our study indicates that extending the price subsidy to nutritious foods, besides rice can help the poor diversify their diets towards healthy and nutrient-rich foods. JEL Codes: C5, C54, D01, D11, D12, Q11, Q18

Internet of Things (IoT) was at the outset called as Internet of Everything (IoE). Objects in the IoT are assigned unique IDs. They have the ability to transmit data over a network of physical and virtual objects without the need for human-to-human or system-to-system communication. Devices linked to the internet may talk to one other and other internet-connected gadgets using this technology. IoT is also described as Web-connected objects orThings. IoT Systems middleware can be defined as a software intermediary betweenIoT devices and applications. IoT intends to unite everything under a common infrastructure within the world. The main purpose of this article is to make an IoT survey, sorts of architectures, therefore the technologies utilized in our lifestyle, and smart environment. 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The association between the dissemination of scientific articles on Twitter and online visibility (as assessed by the Altmetric Score) is still controversial, and the impact on citation rates has never been rigorously addressed for cardiovascular medicine journals using a randomized design. The ESC Journals Study randomized 695 papers published in the ESC Journal Family (March 2018–May 2019) for promotion on Twitter or to a control arm (with no active tweeting from ESC channels) and aimed to assess whether Twitter promotion was associated with an increase in citation rates (primary endpoint) and of the Altmetric Score. This is the final analysis including 694 articles (one paper excluded due to retraction). After a median follow-up of 994 days (interquartile range: 936–1063 days), Twitter promotion of articles was associated with a 1.12 (95% confidence interval: 1.08–1.15) higher rate of citations, and this effect was independent of the type of article. Altmetric Attention Score and number of users tweeting were positive predictors for the number of citations. A social media strategy of Twitter promotion for cardiovascular medicine papers seems to be associated with increased online visibility and higher numbers of citations.

Humuseigenschaften von Waldb��den werden von der forstlichen Standortserkundung den Zustandseigenschaften zugeordnet, da sie relativ rasch ver��nderbare Standortsmerkmale widerspiegeln. Die Zustandseigenschaften werden durch fr��here Nutzungsformen (Streunutzung, Waldweide), Bewirtschaftung (Baumartenwahl, Durchforstungsgrad, Nutzungsintensit��t und Bestandesalter), anthropogene Stoffeintr��ge aber auch den voranschreitenden Klimawandel gepr��gt. Besonders bodenchemische Kennwerte und der Feuchtezustand der Grenzschicht zwischen Mineralboden und Atmosph��re sind von gro��er Bedeutung f��r die Beurteilung der aktuellen N��hrstoffverf��gbarkeit in Verbindung mit einer typischen Vegetationsausbildung. Dar��ber hinaus k��nnen Humuseigenschaften auch als Indikatoren f��r die Bewertung der bodenbiologischen Aktivit��t, der Einstufung der Naturn��he, der Absch��tzung des Keimverhaltens von Baumarten und von Folgewirkungen auf die Biodiversit��t herangezogen werden. Damit ist die Verf��gbarkeit dieser Informationen essentiell f��r die Steuerung der Waldbewirtschaftung und die Entwicklung von angepassten Bewirtschaftungsstrategien. Der vorliegende Methodenleitfaden stellt ein auf Stichprobenbasis entwickeltes Verfahren zur Erfassung und Regionalisierung von Humuseigenschaften vor. Es bietet dem Waldbewirtschafter f��r Planung und Umsetzung reproduzierbare Auswertungen und Kartendarstellungen zum Standortszustand. Die Interpretation kann in engem Kontext zur Methodik des ostdeutschen Standortskartierungsverfahrens erfolgen. Das vorgestellte Verfahren besitzt dabei das Potenzial, den bislang erforderlichen intensiven Gel��ndearbeitsanteil deutlich zu verringern. Humus properties of forest soils reflect relatively rapidly changing site characteristics and are seen asstate properties by forest site survey. These are influenced by former forest use (use of litter, forestpasture), management (choice of tree species, degree of thinning, intensity of use and age of stands), anthropogenic element inputs, but also by climate change. Especially chemical properties and soil moisture of the boundary layer between mineral soil and atmosphere are crucial for the assessment of the current nutrient availability with respect to a typical vegetation formation. In addition, humus properties can also be used as indicators for evaluating soil biological activity, classifications of naturalness, estimation of tree species germination behavior, and subsequent effects on biodiversity. Thus, the availability of this information is essential for the control of forest management and the development of adapted management strategies. This methodological guide presents a sample-based method for the assessment and spatial prediction of humus properties. It provides forest managers with reproducible evaluations and map representations of site conditions for planning and implementation of mangement goals. The interpretation can be done in context to the methodology of the East German site mapping procedure. The presented method has the potential to significantly reduce the required intensive field work.