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In a thoughtful comment on our paper (Zellweger & Zenger, 2022), Sergeeva, Bhardwaj, and Dimov (2022) join us in advocating for a pragmatist perspective on entrepreneurship. The authors however offer two closely related critiques of our pragmatist perspective. They suggest entrepreneurs are more than scientists seeking to understand their world, but rather engineers, designers, and artists who act to produce value within it. They also situate our pragmatist perspective within the epistemological creation vs. discovery debate, and cast us into the discovery camp where entrepreneurs merely seek to discover a future that already objectively exists in the present. In our comments below, we develop two responses. First, while we wholeheartedly agree that entrepreneurs act to create value as they solve problems, in doing so, all humans, including entrepreneurs, engineers, and artists act as scientists. Second, while we reject the placement of our perspective in the discovery camp, we argue that our entrepreneur as scientist perspective and pragmatism more generally find little use for the made vs. found distinction.

TEMPO radical functionalized polyvinylphosphonates are synthesized via rare-earth metal-mediated group transfer polymerization (REM-GTP) of alkoxyamine protected vinylphosphonates and post-polymerization deprotection. Reactive polymer end groups are introduced by variation of the REM-GTP initiator and enable immobilization of the polymers on carbon and gold surfaces. Afterwards, the generated radical polyvinylphosphonates are investigated in their performance as redox active cathode material in different battery setups. TEMPO-Radikal funktionalisierte Polyvinylphosphonate werden mittels Seltenerdmetall mediierter Gruppentransferpolymerisation (REM-GTP) von Alkoxyamin geschützten Vinylphosphonaten und Post-Polymerisation Schutzgruppenentfernung synthetisiert. Reaktive Polymer Endgruppen werden durch Variation des REM-GTP Initiators erhalten und ermöglichen die Immobilisation der Polymere auf Kohlenstoff- und Gold-Oberflächen. Anschließend werden die erzeugten radikalischen Polyvinylphosphonate bezüglich ihrer Leistungsfähigkeit als redox-aktives Kathodenmaterial in verschiedenen Batteriedesign untersucht.

Monitoring and treatment of intracranial pressure are extremely important procedures in the management of patients with traumatic brain injury. The monitoring methods currently marketed are invasive and are not suitable for all patients. In addition to the risks offered, they are not available on all services. This study aims to describe the cases of five patients with traumatic brain injury of different severity who underwent noninvasive monitoring of intracranial pressure in the acute phase of the injury, relating the changes identified with the clinical picture presented. Patients showed important changes in intracranial pressure wave morphology, possibly related to the lesions, clinical presentation and therapeutic interventions used. La monitorización y el tratamiento de la presión intracraneal son procedimientos extremadamente importantes en el manejo de pacientes con lesión cerebral traumática. Los métodos de monitorización comercializados actualmente son invasivos y no son adecuados para todos los pacientes. Además de los riesgos ofrecidos, no están disponibles en todos los servicios. Este estudio tiene como objetivo describir los casos de cinco pacientes con traumatismo craneoencefálico de diferente gravedad a los que se les realizó monitorización no invasiva de la presión intracraneal en la fase aguda de la lesión, relacionando las alteraciones identificadas con el cuadro clínico presentado. Los pacientes mostraron cambios importantes en la morfología de la onda de presión intracraneal, posiblemente relacionados con las lesiones, la presentación clínica y las intervenciones terapéuticas utilizadas. A monitorização e o tratamento da pressão intracraniana são procedimentos de extrema importância no manejo do paciente com traumatismo cranioencefálico. Os métodos de monitoramento atualmente comercializados são invasivos, não sendo indicados para todos os pacientes. Além dos riscos oferecidos, não estão disponíveis em todos os serviços. Este estudo tem como objetivo descrever os casos de cinco pacientes com traumatismo cranioencefálico de diferentes gravidades submetidos a monitorização não invasiva da pressão intracraniana na fase aguda da lesão, relacionando as alterações identificadas com o quadro clínico apresentado. Os pacientes apresentaram alterações importantes na morfologia da onda da pressão intracraniana, possivelmente relacionadas com as lesões, apresentação clínica e intervenções terapêuticas utilizadas.

Brain death is a complex process that alters the physiology of all organ systems. It has been recognized recently, involves a series of clinical disorders, and includes biochemical and cellular changes, which lead to multiple organ dysfunction. Some changes affect the viability of the organs for transplantation by compromising their perfusion, increasing the ischemic injury. The identification of patients progressing to brain death, as well as those with an established diagnosis, must be managed in the best possible way in an attempt to enable, if authorized, organs of good quality.

We report on transport experiments through high-mobility gate-tunable undoped InSb quantum wells (QWs). Due to the elimination of any Si modulation doping, the gate-defined two-dimensional electron gases in the QWs display a significantly increased mobility of 260000cm2/Vs at a rather low density of 2.4×1011cm-2. Using magnetotransport experiments, we characterize spin-orbit interactions by measuring weak antilocalization. Furthermore, by measuring Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations in tilted magnetic fields, we find that the g factor agrees with k·p theory calculations at low magnetic fields but grows with spin polarization and carrier density at high magnetic fields. Additionally, signatures of Ising quantum Hall ferromagnetism are found at filling factor ν=2 for tilt angles where the Landau level energy equals the Zeeman energy. Despite the high mobility, the undoped InSb QWs exhibit no fractional quantum Hall effect up to magnetic fields of 25 T., Physical Review Research, 4 (1), ISSN:2643-1564

Building on pragmatism, we advance an entrepreneur-as-scientist perspective and depict entrepreneurs as engaging in causally inferential action by forming beliefs, testing these beliefs, and responding to the feedback received. However, this sequence of entrepreneurial actions arrives with a set of companion doubts, namely doubt about product-market fit because the entrepreneurs’ beliefs are self-chosen, doubt about feedback validity from false positives or false negatives, and doubt about over- and underfitting in responses to feedback. We discuss the rationality of heuristics deployed by the entrepreneur to overcome these doubts. Our insights contribute to the micro-foundations of entrepreneurial action and strategy by explaining how entrepreneurs generate the information to produce value out of uncertainty.

Background: Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring has been variously explored as a diagnostic and therapeutic modality in many pathological conditions leading neurological injury. This monitoring standardly depends on an invasive procedure such as cranial or lumbar catheterization. The gold standard for ICP monitoring is through an intraventricular catheter, but this invasive technique is associated with certain risks such as haemorrhage and infection. (1) Also, it is a high-cost procedure and consequently not available in a variety of underprivileged places and clinical situations in which intracranial hypertension is prevalent (3). An accurate non-invasive and low-priced method to measure elevated ICP would therefore be desirable. Under these circumstances, Brazilian scientists developed a non-invasive method for intracranial pressure monitoring (ICP-NI), which uses an electric resistance extensometer that measures micro deformations of the skull and transforms it into an electrical signal. In this case report, the authors describe a pediatrician patient with the diagnosis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension who was successfully submitted to a lumbar puncture under monitorization with this device. Case description: 7 year old girl with progressive symptoms that lead to the diagnosis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. The patient was submitted to a lumbar punction with continuous non-invasive ICP monitoring. Conclusion: Estimating ICP (non-invasive) from LP monitoring (invasive) often reflect inaccurate ICP results, and affects negatively on IIH diagnosis and a non-invasive diagnostic method could reduce the requirement for invasive approaches, improving patient health outcomes.

Graphene has evolved as a platform for quantum transport that can compete with the best and cleanest semiconductor systems. Here, we report on the observation of distinct electronic jets emanating from a narrow split-gate-defined channel in bilayer graphene. We find that these jets, which are visible via their interference patterns, occur predominantly with an angle of 60 degrees between each other. This observation is related to the trigonal warping in the band structure of bilayer graphene, which, in conjunction with electron injection through a constriction, leads to a valley-dependent selection of momenta. This experimental observation of electron jetting has consequences for carrier transport in two-dimensional materials with a trigonally warped band structure in general, as well as for devices relying on ballistic and valley-selective transport., Physical Review Letters, 127 (4), ISSN:0031-9007, ISSN:1079-7114