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In 2014, the Pathology and Laboratory Quality Center for Evidence-Based Guidelines ('The Center') of the College of American Pathologists (CAP) published a clinical practice guideline that created recommendations for analytic [...], * Context.--In 2014, the College of American Pathologists developed an evidence-based guideline to address analytic validation of immunohistochemical assays. Fourteen recommendations were offered. Per the National Academy of Medicine standards for developing trustworthy guidelines, guidelines should be updated when new evidence suggests modifications. Objective.--To assess evidence published since the release of the original guideline and develop updated evidence-based recommendations. Design.--The College of American Pathologists convened an expert panel to perform a systematic review of the literature and update the original guideline recommendations using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. Results.--Two strong recommendations, 1 conditional recommendation, and 12 good practice statements are offered in this updated guideline. They address analytic validation or verification of predictive and nonpredictive assays, and recommended revalidation procedures following changes in assay conditions. Conclusions.--While many of the original guideline statements remain similar, new recommendations address analytic validation of assays with distinct scoring systems, such as programmed death receptor-1 and analytic verification of US Food and Drug Administration approved/ cleared assays; more specific guidance is offered for validating immunohistochemistry performed on cytology specimens. (Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2024;148:e111-e153; doi: 10.5858/arpa.2023-0483-CP

Natural Selection is prevalent throughout life science learning standards across K-12 contexts. Additionally, undergraduates who are interested in the fields of biology and education must also be well informed on the topic, as it is foundational to some biology research and necessary to touch upon within elementary and secondary classrooms. This pilot study explores the understanding of undergraduate preservice teachers' understanding of evolution mediated by a simulation called SEPUP, which explains evolution within generations of bird populations. By utilizing this simulation, we were able to identify how students engaged with a simulation to think about natural selection. Through analyzing student artifacts, findings suggest that employing a simulation to teach natural selection afforded students' a positive learning experience which likely could not have been easily achieved otherwise. This work provides recommendations for technology usage (e.g. creating meaningful reflection questions which target content) and development (e.g. ensure simulations provide a clear scope and scale around time) for evolution simulations.

Although most students in nonmajor biology courses will not enter careers in science, they will need a working understanding of biology and how it relates to their lives to make informed decisions on important topics that will affect their lives, including food, environment, energy, and health. This research seeks to improve on nonmajors' understanding of biology and how it relates to their personal lives. This study was conducted in a biology course for nonmajors at a large urban university in the mid-South. Students were asked to provide written responses and thoughts on a curated set of popular science articles. Student participants provided a total of three article reviews and two reflection papers over the course of 1 semester. These data were qualitatively coded and assessed for recurring themes both on an individual student level as well as across student cases. Our findings suggest that the students who were able to establish personal connections to biology through reading and reflection were more likely to form an interest and understanding of biology as a whole over the course of the semester.

Context.—The diagnosis and clinical management of patients with diffuse gliomas (DGs) have evolved rapidly over the past decade with the emergence of molecular biomarkers that are used to classify, stratify risk, and predict treatment response for optimal clinical care.Objective.—To develop evidence-based recommendations for informing molecular biomarker testing for pediatric and adult patients with DGs and provide guidance for appropriate laboratory test and biomarker selection for optimal diagnosis, risk stratification, and prediction.Design.—The College of American Pathologists convened an expert panel to perform a systematic review of the literature and develop recommendations. A systematic review of literature was conducted to address the overarching question, "What ancillary tests are needed to classify DGs and sufficiently inform the clinical management of patients?" Recommendations were derived from quality of evidence, open comment feedback, and expert panel consensus.Results.—Thirteen recommendations and 3 good practice statements were established to guide pathologists and treating physicians on the most appropriate methods and molecular biomarkers to include in laboratory testing to inform clinical management of patients with DGs.Conclusions.—Evidence-based incorporation of laboratory results from molecular biomarker testing into integrated diagnoses of DGs provides reproducible and clinically meaningful information for patient management.

ObjectiveThis study evaluated the effects of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) combined with family behavioral intervention (CGM+FBI) and CGM alone (Standard-CGM) on glycemic outcomes and parental quality of life compared with blood glucose monitoring (BGM) in children ages 2 to

Recent advances in rare disease research are accelerated by the work of consortia that have been supported by the National Institutes of Health. Development of such consortia rely on multidisciplinary relationships and engagement with patient advocacy groups, as well as the National Institutes of Health and industry and academic partners. In this rostrum we present the development of such a process that focuses on eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases. Principal investigators, patient advocacy groups, research assistants, and trainees work together to perform natural history studies that promote clinical trial readiness tools, conduct clinical trials, train a new generation of investigators, and perform innovative pilot studies.

We present a qualitative comparison between the host and black hole properties of radio galaxies in the MeerKAT International GHz Tiered Extragalactic Exploration (MIGHTEE) survey with the radio galaxy population in the simba suite of cosmological hydrodynamical simulations. The MIGHTEE data include a |$\sim$| 1 deg |$^{2}$| pointing of the COSMOS field observed at 1.28 GHz with the MeerKAT radio telescope and cross-matched with multiwavelength counterparts to provide classifications of high- and low-excitation radio galaxies (HERGs and LERGs) along with their corresponding host properties. We compare the properties of the MIGHTEE HERGs and LERGs with that predicted by the simba simulations where HERGs and LERGs are defined as radio galaxies dominated by cold or hot mode accretion, respectively. We consider stellar masses |$\,\,{M}_{*}$|⁠ , star formation rates SFR, AGN bolometric luminosity |$L_{\rm bol}$|⁠ , and Eddington fraction |$f_{\rm Edd}$|⁠ , as a function of 1.4 GHz radio luminosity and redshift. In both MIGHTEE and simba , the properties of HERGs and LERGs are similar across all properties apart from SFRs due to differences in host cold gas content in simba. We predict a population of HERGs with low |$f_{\rm Edd}$| in simba that are confirmed in the MIGHTEE observations and tied to the faint population at low z. The predictions from simba with the MIGHTEE observations describe a regime where our understanding of the radio galaxy dichotomy breaks down, challenging our understanding of the role of AGN accretion and feedback in the faint population of radio galaxies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type II CRISPR endonucleases are widely used programmable genome editing tools. Recently, CRISPR-Cas systems with highly compact nucleases have been discovered, including Cas9d (a type II-D nuclease). Here, we report the cryo-EM structures of a Cas9d nuclease (747 amino acids in length) in multiple functional states, revealing a stepwise process of DNA targeting involving a conformational switch in a REC2 domain insertion. Our structures provide insights into the intricately folded guide RNA which acts as a structural scaffold to anchor small, flexible protein domains for DNA recognition. The sgRNA can be truncated by up to ~25% yet still retain activity in vivo. Using ancestral sequence reconstruction, we generated compact nucleases capable of efficient genome editing in mammalian cells. Collectively, our results provide mechanistic insights into the evolution and DNA targeting of diverse type II CRISPR-Cas systems, providing a blueprint for future re-engineering of minimal RNA-guided DNA endonucleases. Ocampo et al. present several structures and the biochemical characterization of a compact Cas9 nuclease, shedding light on how these enzymes function and evolve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Aim Design Data Source Methods Results Conclusion Implications Impact Reporting Method Patient or Public Contribution To synthesise literature on the aging characteristics of people with long‐term physical disabilities and inform future nursing research, education, practice and health policy.Scoping review.Literature searches were performed in the CINAHL, PubMed, and PsycINFO databases in April 2024.A systematic scoping review was conducted, beginning with the initial screening of titles and abstracts, followed by full‐text analysis. Eligibility criteria focused on the population (people with long‐term physical disabilities), concept (biopsychosocial characteristics of aging), context (individual/population‐level) and publications from 2000 to 2024. Selected articles underwent thematic analysis.Of the 814 identified articles, 31 met the inclusion criteria, from which 8 themes emerged. Physically, people with long‐term physical disabilities experience accelerated aging, increased secondary conditions and a heightened falls risk. Psychologically, they exhibit both negative affectivity and resilience, alongside psychological growth. Socially, they encounter persistent barriers, leading to socioeconomic disadvantages, notably in education, employment, income and transportation.This review provides a comprehensive understanding of the biopsychosocial aging characteristics of people with long‐term physical disabilities, elucidating their diverse experiences and adaptations throughout their life course.Future research should focus on understanding the multidimensional aging trajectory of this population longitudinally and identifying factors related to accelerated aging to develop tailored interventions at optimal time points to improve their aging experience. Increased attention to nursing education and training in disability‐cultural competence is required to alleviate attitudinal barriers in healthcare services. Policy efforts must enhance disability data justice and improve transportation accessibility.The study highlights that people with long‐term physical disabilities may have less optimal aging experiences, findings that could guide development of nursing interventions and changes to policy designed to enhance their well‐being.This review adheres to the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews and the Joanna Briggs Institute's scoping reviews guideline.None. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Aim(s) Design Methods Results Conclusion Implications for Nursing This discursive article aims to examine how systemic factors (both) reproduce the structure of settler colonialism and influence health outcomes among Indigenous peoples in the United States through settler colonial determinants of Indigenous health (SCDoIH).Discursive paper.This discursive paper demonstrates how settler colonialism and health relate to each other within a nursing context. The concept of settler colonialism that was consolidated into a scholarly field beginning in the late 1990s is used to identify and contextualize SCDoIH for individuals residing in the United States as an entry point to advance scholarship on settler colonialism and nursing.A research framework that identifies factors of settler colonialism and SCDoIH within the United States is presented.The structure of settler colonialism in the United States includes settler colonial determinants of health for Indigenous populations that have detrimental effects on health outcomes.To provide holistic nursing care, nurses must be aware of settler colonialism as a determinant of health. Nurses providing care to Indigenous peoples need to be attuned to the pathways and processes through which settler colonialism leads to exposures that may affect their patients’ health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2013, the Pathology and Laboratory Quality Center for Evidence-based Guidelines (the Center) of the College of American Pathologists (CAP) released a guideline on the validation of whole slide imaging [...], Context.--The original guideline, "Validating Whole Slide Imaging for Diagnostic Purposes in Pathology," was published in 2013 and included 12 guideline statements. The College of American Pathologists convened an expert panel to update the guideline following standards established by the National Academies of Medicine for developing trustworthy clinical practice guidelines. Objective.--To assess evidence published since the release of the original guideline and provide updated recommendations for validating whole slide imaging (WSI) systems used for diagnostic purposes. Design.--An expert panel performed a systematic review of the literature. Frozen sections, anatomic pathology specimens (biopsies, curettings, and resections), and hematopathology cases were included. Cytology cases were excluded. Using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach, the panel reassessed and updated the original guideline recommendations. Results.--Three strong recommendations and 9 good practice statements are offered to assist laboratories with validating WSI digital pathology systems. Conclusions.--Systematic review of literature following release of the 2013 guideline reaffirms the use of a validation set of at least 60 cases, establishing intraobserver diagnostic concordance between WSI and glass slides and the use of a 2-week washout period between modalities. Although all discordances between WSI and glass slide diagnoses discovered during validation need to be reconciled, laboratories should be particularly concerned if their overall WSI-glass slide concordance is less than 95%.

This article describes a graduate student-led effort to develop a climate survey to assess, advocate for, and improve the well-being and mental health of graduate students and postdocs in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Wisconsin--Madison. Graduate students have an increased incidence of depression relative to the general population, and given the transient nature of the student population, understanding and addressing mental health concerns can be challenging. The goal of this article is to illustrate how students, with the support of departmental faculty, staff, and existing on-campus mental health resources, can take the lead to investigate and assess issues related to the challenging graduate school environment. We describe the student-led development and implementation of and the subsequent follow-up to a department-wide survey aimed at destigmatizing the subject of mental health and fostering a more supportive community. This article serves as a framework to assist other interested and motivated graduate students who, with the support of local faculty, wish to develop and initiate a similar process in their own departments. We demonstrate that student-led actions can effectively tackle department-level problems and encourage other interested students to initiate a similar effort.

Purpose: Access to credible information can facilitate parental engagement in wheelchair prescription for their child with a neuromuscular condition (NMC). In this study, we developed and evaluated acceptability, perceived usefulness and emotional responses to a psychoeducational booklet for parents of children with a NMC. Methods: Australian parents of children who had been recommended a wheelchair and clinicians caring for children with NMCs were invited to evaluate the booklet, Getting Wheels. The booklet included 11 chapters, each covering distinct aspects of wheelchair prescription and supportive care. Participants completed one online survey including validated and study-specific measures. Results: Twenty-seven parents (71% response rate, 78% mothers) and nine clinicians (90% response rate, 89% women) participated. All parents endorsed the booklet as addressing their information and support needs, and 93% agreed it would help parents engage in the wheelchair prescription process. All clinicians endorsed the booklet as addressing parents' information and support needs and agreed they could use the booklet in clinical practice. Conclusions: Parents and clinicians rate Getting Wheels as acceptable for use in the context of wheelchair recommendation for children with a neuromuscular condition. Next steps include prospective examination of booklet use in clinical practice and adaptation to culturally and linguistically diverse populations. Implications for rehabilitation: The co-designed "Getting Wheels" booklet provides tailored information for use in the context of wheelchair recommendation for children with a neuromuscular condition. The emotions elicited throughout wheelchair prescription endorse the need for integrated psychosocial multidisciplinary care to improve access and support the ongoing emotional needs of this population. Parents of children who receive wheelchair recommendation between zero and two years require greater support from clinicians regarding their thoughts and feelings about wheelchair prescription. Parents of children with a neuromuscular condition and treating clinicians support provision of a tailored psychoeducational resource when a child is recommended a wheelchair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policy PointsOpioid treatment agreements (OTAs) are controversial because of the lack of evidence that their use reduces opioid‐related harms and the potential risks they pose of stigmatizing patients and undermining the clinician–patient relationship.Even so, their use is now required in most jurisdictions, and their use is influencing the outcomes of civil and criminal lawsuits.More research is needed to evaluate how OTAs are implemented given existing requirements. If additional research does not resolve the current level of uncertainty regarding OTA benefits, then policymakers in jurisdictions where they are required should consider eliminating OTA mandates or providing flexibility in the legal requirements to make room for clinicians and health care institutions to implement best practices. Context: Opioid treatment agreements (OTAs) are documents that clinicians present to patients when prescribing opioids that describe the risks of opioids and specify requirements that patients must meet to receive their medication. Notwithstanding a lack of evidence that OTAs effectively mitigate opioids' risks, professional organizations recommend that they be implemented, and jurisdictions increasingly require them. We sought to identify the jurisdictions that require OTAs, how OTAs might affect the outcomes of lawsuits that arise when things go wrong, and instances in which the law permits flexibility for clinicians and health care institutions to adopt best practices. Methods: We surveyed the laws and regulations of all 50 states and the District of Columbia to identify which jurisdictions require the use of OTAs, the circumstances in which OTA use is mandatory, and the terms OTAs must include (if any). We also surveyed criminal and civil judicial decisions in which OTAs were discussed as evidence on which a court relied to make its decision to determine how OTA use influences litigation outcomes. Findings: Results show that a slight majority (27) of jurisdictions now require OTAs. With one exception, the jurisdictions' requirements for OTA use are triggered at least in part by long‐term prescribing. There is otherwise substantial variation and flexibility within OTA requirements. Results also show that even in jurisdictions where OTA use is not required by statute or regulation, OTA use can inform courts' reasoning in lawsuits involving patients or clinicians. Sometimes, but not always, OTA use legally protects clinicians from liability. Conclusions: Our results show that OTA use is entwined with legal obligations in various ways. Clinicians and health care institutions should identify ways for OTAs to enhance clinician–patient relationships and patient care within the bounds of relevant legal requirements and risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]