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Most animals store energy as long-chain triacylglycerols (lcTAGs). Trace amounts of acetylated triacylglycerols (acTAGs) have been reported in animals, but are not accumulated, likely because they have lower energy density than lcTAGs. Here we report that acTAGs comprise 36% of the neutral lipid pool of overwintering prepupae of the goldenrod gall fly, Eurosta solidaginis, while only 17% of the neutral lipid pool is made up of typical lcTAGs. These high concentrations of acTAGs, present only during winter, appear to be synthesized by E. solidaginis and are not found in other freezetolerant insects, nor in the plant host. The mixture of acTAGs found in E. solidaginis has a significantly lower melting point than equivalent lcTAGs, and thus remains liquid at temperatures at which E. solidaginis is frozen in the field, and depresses the melting point of aqueous solutions in a manner unusual for neutral lipids. We note that accumulation of acTAGs coincides with preparation for overwintering and the seasonal acquisition of freeze tolerance. This is the first observation of accumulation of acTAGs by an animal, and the first evidence of dynamic interconversion between acTAGs and lcTAGs during development and in response to stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastrointestinal symptoms and altered blood phospholipid profiles have been reported in patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Most of the phospholipid analyses have been conducted on the fatty acid composition of isolated phospholipid classes following hydrolysis. A paucity of information exists on how the intact phospholipid molecular species are altered in ASD. We applied ESI/MS to determine how brain and blood intact phospholipid species were altered during the induction of ASD-like behaviors in rats following intraventricular infusions with the enteric bacterial metabolite propionic acid. Animals were infused daily for 8 days, locomotor activity assessed, and animals killed during the induced behaviors. Propionic acid infusions increased locomotor activity. Lipid analysis revealed treatment altered 21 brain and 30 blood phospholipid molecular species. Notable alterations were observed in the composition of brain SM, diacyl mono and polyunsaturated PC, PI, PS, PE, and plasmalogen PC and PE molecular species. These alterations suggest that the propionic acid rat model is a useful tool to study aberrations in lipid metabolism known to affect membrane fluidity, peroxisomal function, gap junction coupling capacity, signaling, and neuroinflammation, all of which may be associated with the pathogenesis of ASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Triacylglycerides (TAGs) are the most important stored energy reserve in eukaryotes and are regularly measured in insects. Quantitative analysis of TAGs is complicated by their diversity of structure, and there are concerns with the quantitative accuracy of commonly used analytical methods. We used thin layer chromatography coupled to a flame ionisation detector (TLC-FID), an accurate method that is not sensitive to saturation or chain length of fatty acids, to quantify TAG content in small amounts of insect tissue, and used it to validate three high-throughput lipid assays (gravimetric, vanillin, and enzymatic). The performance of gravimetric assays depended on the solvent used. Folch reagent (chloroform: methanol 2:1 v/v) was a good index of TAG content, but overestimated lipid content due to the extraction of structural lipid and non-lipid components. Diethyl ether produced reasonable quantitative measurements but lacked precision and could not produce a repeatable rank-order of samples. The vanillin assay was accurate both as a quantitative method and as an index, preferably with a standard of mixed fatty acid composition. The enzymatic assay did not accurately or precisely quantify TAGs under our assay conditions. We conclude that the vanillin assay is suitable as a high-throughput method for quantifying TAG providing fatty acid composition does not change among treatment groups. However, if samples contain significant quantities of di- or mono-acylglycerides, or the fatty acid composition differs across treatment groups, TLC-FID is recommended. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

During arousal from hibernation, body temperature (Tb) increases by ~30°C and liver mitochondrial respiration increases threefold in as little as 2 h. We analyzed liver mitochondria purified from ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecernlineatus) to see whether membrane phospholipids were remodeled during spontaneous arousal. Cardiolipin content did not change among animals in torpor (Tb ~ 5°C), the early phase of arousal (Tb ~15°C), late arousal (Tb~30°C), interbout euthermia (Tb ~37°C), and summer-active animals (Tb~37°C) that do not hibernate. Phosphatidylcholine content increased in late arousal relative to interbout euthermia, while phosphatidylethanolamine decreased. Phospholipid monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) did not change throughout arousal, but polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and MUFA/PUFA decreased and increased, respectively. In the fatty acid conjugates of phospholipids, neither unsaturation index nor n-3/n-6 differed. Few changes in individual fatty acids were noted, but palmitoleic acid (16:1, n-7) was higher in interbout euthermia and summer. Although 16:1 accounted for less than 1.5% of phospholipid fatty acids, it correlated strongly and positively with succinate-fueled state 3 mitochondrial respiration. No other phospholipid characteristic measured here correlated with mitochondrial respiration. These data show that mitochondrial membranes are remodeled rapidly during arousal, but the contribution to reversible suppression of mitochondrial respiration remains unclear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The effects of cooking and a combination of marinating (chicken) and cooking, on the lipophilic (LAA), hydrophilic (HAA), total (TAA) antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents of seven popular herb- and spice-based marinating sauces were determined using ABTS/HRP decolorisation assay and Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, respectively. Marinating chicken prior to cooking had the greatest effect on antioxidant activity and phenolic contents. It reduced the HAA (46–75%), TAA (45–70%), aqueous phenol (31–83%) and total phenols (45–71%), but increased or decreased the LAA (+7 to +98%, or −26 to −53%) and organic phenolic contents (+27 to +100% or −30 to −93%), respectively, in all seven sauces. Even though a large percentage of the antioxidant activity was lost following marinating and cooking, both sesame ginger teriyaki and jerk sauces retained very high antioxidant activities (96 and 98μmol Trolox equivalents/mL sauce, respectively) and could be very good sources of antioxidants in the diet. These results indicate that marinating and cooking significantly reduce the antioxidant activities of marinating sauces, and consequently reduce the amounts of antioxidant available to the consumer from this source. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

J. Neurochem. (2010) 113, 515–529. Recent studies have demonstrated intraventricular infusions of propionic acid (PPA) a dietary and enteric short-chain fatty acid can produce brain and behavioral changes similar to those observed in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The effects of PPA were further evaluated to determine if there are any alterations in brain lipids associated with the ASD-like behavioral changes observed following intermittent intraventricular infusions of PPA, the related enteric metabolite butyric acid (BUT) or phosphate-buffered saline vehicle. Both PPA and BUT produced significant increases ( p < 0.001) in locomotor activity (total distance travelled and stereotypy). PPA and to a lesser extent BUT infusions decreased the levels of total monounsaturates, total ω6 fatty acids, total phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogens, the ratio of ω6 : ω3 and elevated the levels of total saturates in separated phospholipid species. In addition, total acylcarnitines, total long-chain (C12–C24) acylcarnitines, total short-chain (C2 to C9) acylcarnitines, and the ratio of bound to free carnitine were increased following infusions with PPA and BUT. These results provide evidence of a relationship between changes in brain lipid profiles and the occurrence of ASD-like behaviors using the autism rodent model. We propose that altered brain fatty acid metabolism may contribute to ASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytophthora sojae is thee causal agent of root and stem rot of soybean (Glycine max). Various cultivars with partial resistance to the pathogen have been developed to mitigate this damage. Herein, two contrasting genotypes, the cultivar Conrad (with strong partial resistance) and the line OX760-6 (with weak partial resistance), were compared regarding their amounts of preformed and induced suberin components, and to early events during the P. sojae infection process. To colonize the root, hyphae grew through the suberized middle lamellae between epidermal cells. This took 2 to 3 h longer in Conrad than in OX760-6, giving Conrad plants more time to establish their chemical defenses. Subsequent growth of hyphae through the endodermis was also delayed in Conrad. This cultivar had more preformed aliphatic suberin than the line OX760-6 and was induced to form more aliphatic suberin several days prior to that of OX760-6. However, the induced suberin was formed subsequent to the initial infection process. Eventually, the amount of induced suberin (measured 8 days postinoculation) was the same in both genotypes. Pre-formed root epidermal suberin provides a target for selection and development of new soybean cultivars with higher levels of expression of partial resistance to P. sojae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blackberries are an excellent source of natural antioxidants. Fully ripened fruit of 'Apache', 'Arapaho', 'Chester', 'Loch Ness', 'Navaho' and 'Triple Crown' thornless blackberries were evaluated for their physicochemical and antioxidative activity. There were no consistent differences for variation in initial pH, titratable acidity (TA), total soluble sugar (TSS) and TSS/TA ratio values determined. Differences among cultivars with respect to reduced ascorbic acid (AA) were established, but there were no differences in either oxidized ascorbic acid (DHA) or total ascorbic acid (TAA) content. The antioxidant activity as determined by ABTS radical cation procedure for fractionated crude fruit extracts varied in response to parameters evaluated. Hydrophilic antioxidant activity (HAA) was not different among cultivars evaluated. In contrast, differences were found in lipophilic antioxidant activity (LAA) and total antioxidant activity (TAA). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Anaerobic liquid dairy digestate is a by-product of dairy waste anaerobic digestion from dairy operations and is associated with environmental risks if not handled properly, particularly nutrient leaching losses, water contaminations, and greenhouse gas emissions. We tested the applications of anerobic digestate (AD) as a biofertilizer and water source in greenhouse vegetable production to integrate food production and industry waste management for sustainable environments. We used a deep water culture system to assess the effects of AD effluent alone, inorganic nutrient solution (NS), and a combination of AD and NS on the growth, yield, and phytonutrient profile and heavy metal contamination assessment of hydroponically produced lettuce. Lettuce produced in AD had a lower leaf area, total chlorophyll content, and fresh biomass; however, it displayed significantly higher chicoric acid (200%), chlorogenic acid (67%), luteolin (800%), quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucuronide (378%), quercetin-3-glucoside (200%), quercetin-3-O-(6″-O-malonyl)-β-D-glucoside (1077%), folate (248%), pantothenic acid (200%), total phenolics (111%), total antioxidants (44%), and soluble sugars (253%) compared to control (inorganic feed). The AD-produced lettuce also showed significantly lower heavy metal bioaccumulation risks associated with the human consumption. Based on various results, we may conclude that AD utilization in hydroponics can offer a sustainable solution to harvest a better lettuce yield, higher phytonutrients, and environmental benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Communication between gut microbiota and the brain is an enigma. Alterations in the gut microbial community affects enteric metabolite levels, such as short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). SCFAs have been proposed as a possible mechanism through which the gut microbiome modulate brain health and function. This study analyzed for the first time the effects of SCFAs at levels reported in human systemic circulation on SH-SY5Y human neuronal cell energy metabolism, viability, survival, and the brain lipidome. Cell and rat brain lipidomics was done using high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Neuronal cells viability, survival and energy metabolism were analyzed via flow cytometer, immunofluorescence, and SeahorseXF platform. Lipidomics analysis demonstrated that SCFAs significantly remodeled the brain lipidome in vivo and in vitro. The most notable remodulation was observed in the metabolism of phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogens, and mitochondrial lipids carnitine and cardiolipin. Increased mitochondrial mass, fragmentation, and hyperfusion occurred concomitant with the altered mitochondrial lipid metabolism resulting in decreased neuronal cell respiration, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, and increased cell death. This suggests SCFAs at levels observed in human systemic circulation can adversely alter the brain lipidome and neuronal cell function potentially negatively impacting brain health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Monoacetyldiglycerides (MAcDG), are acetylated triglycerides (TG) and an emerging class of bioactive or functional lipid with promising nutritional, medical, and industrial applications. A major challenge exists when analyzing MAcDG from other subclasses of TG in biological matrices, limiting knowledge on their applications and metabolism. Methods: Herein a multimodal analytical method for resolution, identification, and quantitation of MAcDG in biological samples was demonstrated based on thin layer chromatography-flame ionization detection complimentary with C30-reversed phase liquid chromatography-high resolution accurate mass tandem mass spectrometry. This method was then applied to determine the MAcDG molecular species composition and quantity in E. solidaginis larvae. The statistical method for analysis of TG subclass composition and molecular species composition of E. solidaginis larvae was one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: The findings suggest that the proposed analytical method could simultaneously provide a fast, accurate, sensitive, high throughput analysis of MAcDG from other TG subclasses, including the fatty acids, isomers, and molecular species composition. Conclusion: This method would allow for MAcDG to be included during routine lipidomics analysis of biological samples and will have broad interests and applications in the scientific community in areas such as nutrition, climate change, medicine and biofuel innovations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ruminant meats contain functional lipids including fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFA), diglycerides (DG), monoacetyldiglycerides (MAcDG) and medium chain triglycerides (McTG) whose consumption in the normal diet can confer benefits for consumer health. However, very little is known concerning how meat processing techniques such as marination and grilling affect the quantity and quality of these functional lipids in ruminant meats. We used ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution accurate mass tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLCHRAM-MS/MS) to show how grilling following marination with either India or Wheat ale unfiltered beer-based marinades affected the quantity and quality of these functional lipids in ruminant meats. We observed MAcDG was completely degraded in grilled meats. Both unfiltered beer-based marinades retained higher (p < 0.05) levels of FAHFA, DG and McTG in grilled meats compared to their unmarinated counterparts. Furthermore, India ale-based marinade was more effective (p < 0.05) compared to Wheat ale-based marinade in preserving these lipids in marinated grilled beef and moose meat. Significantly, strong correlations between antioxidants, polyphenols and oxygenated terpenes present in the marinades and preserved lipid molecular species appear to suggest that antioxidants, polyphenols, and oxygenated terpenes present in the marinades could be associated with preservation of these functional lipids in the grilled meats. These findings appear to suggest that marination could preserve some of these functional lipids with India ale-based marination proving to be more effective. However, further work is required to better improve the retention of MAcDG in grilled ruminant meats. This could potentially increase consumption of FAHFA, DG, MAcDG and McTG in the diet and thereby promote consumer health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined respiration and lipid composition of liver mitochondria purified from a hibernator ( Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) in different stages of a torpor bout. Between interbout euthermia (body temperature, T, 37°C) and early entrance ( T 30°C), state 3 and state 4 respirations, fueled by 6 mM succinate, fell by over 50%. Mitochondrial respiration did not decline any further in the late entrance and torpor stages ( T 15 and 5°C, respectively). Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity declined in a similar pattern as mitochondrial respiration, and there was a significant positive correlation between state 3 respiration and SDH activity. However, unlike during arousal from torpor, oxaloacetate was not a major factor in inhibition of SDH. Analysis of mitochondrial lipids showed little change in neutral lipids or phospholipid classes, except for a transient decrease in phosphatidylethanolamine content in early entrance. In the transition from interbout euthermia to early entrance, we found transient increases in some saturated phospholipid fatty acids (16:0, 18:0) and decreases in some unsaturates (18:2, 20:4). These changes resulted in transient increases in total saturates and the ratio of saturates to unsaturates, and transient decreases in total unsaturates, total polyunsaturates, total n-6, the ratio of monounsaturates to polyunsaturates, and unsaturation index. None of these changes persisted into late entrance or torpor, nor did they correlate with mitochondrial respiration. We conclude that mitochondrial metabolic suppression during entrance into a torpor bout occurs very early and is likely related to acute regulation of electron transport chain enzymes rather than changes in membrane phospholipid composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A combination of vermicast and sawdust mixed medium is commonly used in horticulture, but the added benefit of microbial inoculation and mechanism of nutrient availability are unknown. This study was done to determine nutrient mineralization and nutrient release patterns of different combinations or a mix of vermicast-sawdust growing media amended with or without Trichoderma viride (105 spores/g). The mixed-media treatments were (1) 80% vermicast+20% sawdust; (2) 60% vermicast+40% sawdust; (3) 40% vermicast+60% sawdust; (4) 20% vermicast+80% sawdust; and (5) sawdust alone (control). Total dissolved solids, electric conductivity and salinity increased with each sampling time following submergence in deionized. Nutrients released from media without T. viride were significantly higher than the corresponding media with added T. viride. Overall, the starting total nitrogen of the different media did not change during the incubation period, but nitrate-nitrogen was reduced to a negligible amount by the end of day 30 of incubation. A repeated measures analysis showed a significant effect of Time*T. viride*Treatment on total dissolved solids. Redundancy analysis demonstrated a positive and strong association between media composed of ≥40% vermicast and ≤60% sawdust with or without T. viride and mineral nutrients released, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids and salinity. These findings suggest that fast-growing plants may benefit from 40% to 60% vermicast added to 40% to 60% sawdust without T. viride while slow-growing plants can benefit from the same mixed medium combined with the addition of T. viride. Further investigation is underway to assess microbial dynamics in the mixed media and their influence on plant growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The chemical composition of Handal (Citrullus colocynthis L.) seed oil cultivated in Jordan deserts was characterized, and its bioactivity was evaluated. Methods: The oil was extracted from the grinded seeds in 500 ml Soxhlet extractor for 24 hr using n‐hexane, and the recovered fatty acids were methylated with methanolic‐HCL. The fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) composition was analyzed using GC‐MS and GC‐FID. The anticancer activity associated with the oil was assessed against colon cancer cell lines (Caco‐2 and HCT‐116) and compared to its cytotoxicity on the human skin fibroblast. Multivariate analysis was used to determine relationship of the fatty acid composition with that of the anticancer activity. Results: The results demonstrated that fatty acid composition of Citrullus colocynthis seed oil chiefly contains Linoleic acid, denoted as C18:2n6 (75%), followed by Palmitic acid C16:0 (8%), Stearic acid C18:0 (5%), and Oleic acid C18:1n9 (9%). It is demonstrated as an excellent source of essential fatty acids omega‐6 (e.g., Linoleic acid), whereas omega‐3 (e.g., α‐Linolenic acid) and hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acids are found at small level. Interestingly, the oil exhibited reasonable anticancer effects against colorectal cancer cell lines with IC50 values varying between 4 and 7 mg/ml. The correlation test revealed a relationship between the fatty acid composition and the effectiveness on treatments. Conclusions: Handal plant from Jordan appears to have very high level of Linoleic acid compared to other oils measured in different geographic locations and that there appears to be some anticancer activities associated with the fatty acid content of Handal seed oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biofortification using agronomic practices can be used to improve the nutritional quality of food crops. Three natural media amendments (dry vermicast, potassium (K)-humate and volcanic minerals) were assessed under greenhouse conditions to determine the effects on the chemical composition of kale ( Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala ‘Ripbor’). The results indicated that K-humate had low pH, while the volcanic minerals had high pH. Plants grown in the dry vermicast amended media had the highest levels of macronutrients and micronutrients except for zinc and iron. However, the glycolipid: phospholipid ratio was lower in kale plants cultivated in dry vermicast compared to plants cultivated in the volcanic minerals or K-humate. Conversely, plants cultivated in the dry vermicast had enhanced levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The omega-3 fatty acid content was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in plants cultivated in dry vermicast and potassium humate, while the omega-6 fatty acids were unaffected by media amendments. Dry vermicast was the most effective at increasing plant tissue oleic acid content. The total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity were highest in plants treated with K-humate, but lowest in the dry vermicast treated plants. In conclusion, dry vermicast proved to be the most effective in enhancing the phytochemical composition of kale ‘Ripbor’. These results suggest dry vermicast could be a potential target natural media amendment for biofortifying kale plants during cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new low global warming potential(GWP) fluid hydrochlorofluoroolefintrans-isomer of 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-propene (HCFO-1233zd(E))has been developed in our laboratory. HCFO-1233zd(E) has a very shortatmospheric lifetime of 26 days and a global warming potential (GWP)of less than 5 (Wong et al., http://www.honeywell-solsticelba.com.product-info/environmental-regulatory/#atmospheric-impact, 2012). This makes it an excellent environmentally friendly candidatefor many applications including refrigeration, foam expansion agents,and as solvents. In this work we have presented our measurements ofphysical properties like the boiling point, critical temperature,vapor pressure, liquid density, and surface tension of HCFO-1233zd(E).We have also provided our calculated ideal gas heat capacity at constantpressure using quantum mechanical theory. Temperature-dependent propertiesare correlated with standard forms of equations and described in thepaper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between fruit maturation and accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lipid peroxidation, ethylene (C2H4) production, antioxidant activity (hydrophilic, lipophilic and total) and the antioxidant enzyme ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11) in fruit pericarp tissue of 'Chandler' (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) strawberry were measured. 'Chandler' fruit pericarp maturation and ripening were accompanied by a decline in H2O2 content early in fruit development followed by a rapid accumulation. An increase in membrane lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS) coincided with accumulation of H2O2, which preceded a rise in C2H4 production. In general, antioxidant activity declined as fruit matured and ripened. APX enzyme activity increased by 2-fold and peaked at the pink stage of development and then gradually declined with ripening. H2O2 may serve as a signal molecule to initiate the cascade of oxidative processes during maturation and ripening. APX enzyme activity during maturation and ripening was not substantial and thus, may not have a role in alleviating accumulation of H2O2 and subsequent events related to oxidative senescence in fruit pericarp. To our knowledge, this is the first study to present fractionated antioxidant activities (HAA, LAA and TAA) from strawberry pericarp as assessed by the ABTS•+ radical cation assay. A fundamental understanding of the mechanisms involved in the senescent related-oxidative changes during strawberry fruit ontogeny in relation to quality and nutrition is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

• Big game cervids are excellent natural sources of plasmalogens. • The lipid profile is distinctive for moose and caribou skeletal muscle tissues. • Cervid meat or antlers could be used as potential ingredients in plasmalogen supplements. • Alternative uses as natural sources of plasmalogen. Plasmalogen deficiency is associated with increased risks for diabetes mellitus, cancer, cardiac and respiratory diseases, and more recently Alzheimer's disease (AD). Diet remains one of the most important sources of plasmalogen for humans. There is increasing interest in finding unique natural sources of plasmalogen to be used in the development of functional foods, as well as to improve plasmalogen intake during normal food consumption. Big game cervids meat is gaining popularity as a superior source of protein with enhanced levels of functional lipids. Herein, we show that moose (Alces alces) and caribou (Rangifer tarandus) contain high levels of plasmalogens in their polar lipid composition, e.g., 50–59 % of plasmalogen phosphatidylcholine (pPC) and 56–61 % plasmalogen phosphatidylethanolamine (pPE). Caribou was found to be rich in plasmalogen pPC content (59 %), while moose was dominant in plasmalogen pPE content (61 %). Moose meat is characterized by having ten-folds higher concentration of lyso-plasmalogen pLPE at 417 ± 55 μg/g as compared to 42 ± 4 μg/g and 36 ± 7 μg/g in caribou meat and moose antler, respectively. The phospholipid composition with high plasmalogen content reported in caribou and moose meat/antler suggests that they may serve as natural dietary sources of plasmalogens during normal food consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ruminant meats contain ester and ether-linked phosphatidylcholines-(PC) and phosphatidylethanolamines-(PE) enriched with ω3 and ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids-(PUFA) essential for human health and nutrition. Oxidative degradation of these lipids during grilling compromises meat quality and safety. The effect of marinades containing unfiltered session ales, herbs and spices on these lipids in grilled beef and moose meat was investigated in current study. Marination preserved (P < 0.05) ester and ether linked PUFA-enriched PC and PE in moose, and PUFA-enriched ether PC and diacyl PE in beef against oxidative degradation. Furthermore, India ale-based marinated meats retained higher (P < 0.05) PUFA-enriched lysophosphatidylcholines-(LPC) and lysophosphatidylethanolamines-(LPE) compared to Wheat ale-based marinated meats. The preserved PUFA-enriched lipids were positively correlated with phenolics, oxygenated terpenes, and antioxidants present in the marinades, and negatively correlated to oxidation status. These findings appear to suggest that unfiltered beer-based marination could be a useful precooking technique to increase dietary access and consumption of essential fatty acids while preserving grilled meat nutritional quality and safety. • Marination preserved PUFA ether and ester PC and PE lipids in grilled moose meats. • Marination retained PUFA ePC, ePE, dPE, LPC, and LPE lipids in grilled beef. • PUFA PC and PE contained ω3 and ω6 fatty acids essential for health and nutrition. • Preserved PUFA lipids strongly associated with antioxidants, polyphenols, terpenes. • Marination suppressed oxidation of PUFA ether and ester PC and PE in grilled meats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Fermentation of yoghurts from ovine milk using specific cultures altered the phospholipidome. • Compositional changes increased the antithrombotic properties of polar lipids (PL) in vitro. • Specific PL molecular species correlate with the antithrombotic properties against thrombin and PAF. Dairy polar lipids (PL) seem to exhibit antiplatelet effects. However, it is not known what molecular species may be responsible. In this study, we confirmed using C30 reversed-phase (C30RP) ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to high resolution accurate mass tandem mass spectrometry (HRAM-MS/MS) that fermentation of yoghurts from ovine milk using specific starter cultures altered the PL composition. These lipid alterations occurred concomitant with increased antithrombotic properties of the yoghurts PL fractions against platelet-activating factor (PAF) and thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. Specifically, elevation in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), sphingomyelin (SM), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and their molecular species were observed following yoghurt fermentation. Furthermore, PC(18:0/18:1), PE(18:1/18:2), SM(d18:0/22:0) and several other molecular species were significantly inversely correlated with the inhibition of PAF and thrombin. These molecular species were abundant in the most bioactive yoghurts fermented by S. thermophilus and L. acidophilus , which suggest that fermentation by these microorganisms increases the antithrombotic properties of ovine milk PL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grilled meat consumption is associated with exposure to carcinogenic compounds and increased risk factors for cancers. We investigated the efficacy of novel formulations of unfiltered India session ale and Wheat ale based-marinades enhanced with antioxidant-rich herbs and spices to suppress formation of carcinogenic heterocyclic amines (HCAs) while protecting anticarcinogenic conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) from lipid oxidation in grilled ruminant meats. Both formulations significantly enhanced the polyphenolic content of grilled beef by 54–71% and moose meat by 178–314% compared to their unmarinated controls. The antioxidant activities increased by 57–96% and 58–139% with concomitant suppression of total conjugated linoleic acid oxidation by 30–37% and 432% in grilled beef and moose meats respectively compared to their unmarinated counterparts. Furthermore, 88–97% of HCA suppression and 61–71% of CLAs retention came from phenolics in the marinades. This system could be useful for reducing the risk factors associated with red meat consumption while promoting health. • Novel beer marinates retained high levels of meat anti-carcinogenic linoleic acids. • Marination significantly suppressed formation of carcinogenic heterocyclic amines. • The novel beer marinades enhanced the antioxidant and phenolic content of meats. • Marination with beer marinades suppressed lipid oxidation in grilled meats. • Session beers are novel sources of dietary phenols and antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFA), diglycerides (DG) and monoacetyldiglycerides (MAcDG) are gaining interest as functional lipids in pharmaceuticals and functional food formulations for managing and treating metabolic or inflammatory diseases. Herein, we investigated whether the antler and/or meat of two Cervids (moose and caribou) are novel sources of FAHFA, DG and MAcDG. We observed FAHFA present in moose and caribou composed mainly of polyunsaturated families, and that the esterification occurred frequently at the C5-hydroxy fatty acid moiety, most noticeably arachidonic acid 5-hydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (ARA-5-HERA). Moose antler, caribou and moose meat also contained significant levels of both 1,2-DG and 1,3-DG lipids. The 1,3-DG molecular species consisted mainly of 16:0/18:1, 18:0/16:0, and 18:0/18:1. On the other hand, major 1,2-DG species consisted of DG 18:0/18:0, 16:0/16:0 and 18:1/18:1 molecular species with higher levels in the antler compared to the meat. The molecular species composition of MAcDG was very simple and consisted of 14:2/18:2/2:0, 16:0/18:2/2:0, 16:0/18:1/2:0 and 18:0/18:1/2:0 with the first species 14:2/18:2/2:0 predominating in the tip of moose antlers. Increasing access to and knowledge of the presence of these functional lipids in foods will enhance their intake in the diet with potential implications in improving personal and population health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]