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Scholars have extensively studied whether campaign attack advertisements –messages that attack individual candidates– mobilize or demobilize voters with mixed results. We argue that group-oriented partisan affect in campaigns –messages about the parties in general– is just as important given increasing trends of affective polarization. We use two survey experiments, one right before the 2020 presidential election and the other before the subsequent Georgia Senate runoff election, to examine the effects of partisan rhetoric on several measures of civic engagement. In the presidential election, neither positive partisan, negative partisan, nor personal apartisan appeals had a statistically significant effect on voters’ enthusiasm, likelihood to volunteer, or likelihood to seek out more information about engaging in the election. In the second study, negative partisan appeals led registered voters in Georgia to report much higher levels of enthusiasm about their preferred candidate, but this result was driven by Republicans only. The findings contribute new insights about electoral context and asymmetric affective polarization to the literature documenting the mobilizing effects of negativity in campaigns.

Ultra-high-energy neutrinos serve as messengers of some of the highest energy astrophysical environments. Given that neutrinos are neutral and only interact via weak interactions, neutrinos can emerge from sources, traverse astronomical distances, and point back to their origins. Their weak interactions require large target volumes for neutrino detection. Using the Earth as a neutrino converter, terrestrial, sub-orbital, and satellite-based instruments are able to detect signals of neutrino-induced extensive air showers. In this paper, we describe the software code $\texttt{nuPyProp}$ that simulates tau neutrino and muon neutrino interactions in the Earth and predicts the spectrum of the $\tau$-lepton and muons that emerge. The $\texttt{nuPyProp}$ outputs are lookup tables of charged lepton exit probabilities and energies that can be used directly or as inputs to the $\texttt{nuSpaceSim}$ code designed to simulate optical and radio signals from extensive air showers induced by the emerging charged leptons. We describe the inputs to the code, demonstrate its flexibility and show selected results for $\tau$-lepton and muon exit probabilities and energy distributions. The $\texttt{nuPyProp}$ code is open source, available on Github., Comment: 42 pages, 21 figures, fixed typo in one of the author's name. Code available at https://github.com/NuSpaceSim/nupyprop

EUSO-TA is a ground-based cosmic ray fluorescence detector, pathfinder of the JEM-EUSO experiment, installed in 2013 at the Telescope Array (TA) site, in front of a TA fluorescence detector station, and completed with the focal surface in 2015, when it started to be operative. The data acquisition works in coincidence with TA, and this guarantees an easy identification of the cosmic ray events detected by EUSO-TA thanksto the reliability of the TA event detection and reconstruction methods. Up to now, a few cosmic ray events have been identified. Two simulation software are developed for the JEM-EUSO detectors: ESAF and Offline. ESAF is the simulation software developed in the framework of the JEM-EUSO collaboration; Offline was originally developed and successfully tested for years by the Auger Collaboration, and it has recently been adapted for the JEM-EUSO detectors. Thanks to the first events detected by EUSO-TA, ESAF and Offline have been improved in order to have a good comparison between data and simulations. This made the evaluation of the EUSO-TA detection threshold possible, with an Offline study based on the simulation of similar cosmic ray air showers as those detected and which crossed EUSO-TA FOV according to TA reconstruction. In parallel, an independent simulation of the expected number of detectable events by EUSO-TA has been conducted using ESAF code. The simulation methods are described in this work, as well as the comparison between the number of actual detected events and the number of expected ones.

At General Electric (GW) Aircraft Engines the primary emphasis is on producing engines that meet each customer's unique performance, reliability and life cycle cost requirements. The latest advanced technology is incorporated only ' if it contributes to those goals . Over the years, this approach has brought GE power plants an international reputation for being the most advanced, reliable , and cost effective engines in their power and thrust classes . In fact, engines like the .T700 and F404 deliver the performance, reliability, maintainability and availability so important to their users because of the major technological improvements of the last few decades.

The Extreme Universe Space Observatory (EUSO) is designed to detect the highest energy particles in the Universe by observing the fluorescence and (reflected) Cherenkov light produced when these ultrahigh energy cosmic rays (UHECR) traverse the Earth's atmosphere. Unlike existing cosmic ray observatories, EUSO will view the atmosphere from above. A number of pathfinder missions have been completed or are in development in order to evaluate the potential of this method, including a prototype instrument flown aboard a stratospheric balloon, a similar instrument co-located with the Telescope Array, an improved instrument to be flown aboard long-duration super pressure balloon, as well as a precursor instrument called Mini-EUSO, which will fly aboard the international space station. Here we describe a relatively new general-purpose software framework, known as Offline, which facilitates detailed simulation and reconstruction of UHECR events and laser and flasher test shots observed by the various EUSO pathfinders. This new software is based on open-source codes developed over roughly a decade by a collaborative effort of several particle astrophysics and high energy physics experiments, and is designed with the needs of large collaborations in mind. We briefly explain the machinery used to manage user contributions to simulation and reconstruction algorithms, organize an abundance of configuration data, and provide access to time-dependent information on detector and atmospheric properties. We show a number of examples of simulation and reconstruction of the EUSO pathfinder data using this software.