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Substantial numbers of B cell leukemia and lymphoma patients relapse due to antigen loss or heterogeneity after anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy. To overcome antigen escape and address antigen heterogeneity, we engineered induced pluripotent stem cell-derived NK cells to express both an NK cell-optimized anti-CD19 CAR for direct targeting and a high affinity, non-cleavable CD16 to augment antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. In addition, we introduced a membrane-bound IL-15/IL-15R fusion protein to promote in vivo persistence. These engineered cells, termed iDuo NK cells, displayed robust CAR-mediated cytotoxic activity that could be further enhanced with therapeutic antibodies targeting B cell malignancies. In multiple in vitro and xenogeneic adoptive transfer models, iDuo NK cells exhibited robust anti-lymphoma activity. Furthermore, iDuo NK cells effectively eliminated both CD19+ and CD19− lymphoma cells and displayed a unique propensity for targeting malignant cells over healthy cells that expressed CD19, features not achievable with anti-CAR19 T cells. iDuo NK cells combined with therapeutic antibodies represent a promising approach to prevent relapse due to antigen loss and tumor heterogeneity in patients with B cell malignancies.

Immune cell therapies derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) provide a novel opportunity for the treatment of multiple cancer types. Assessment of the persistence and biodistribution of these product candidates requires specific and sensitive methods to detect engineered cells in both liquid and solid biopsies. Here, we present the development and validation of two complimentary nucleic acid-based detection assays for iPSC-derived natural killer (iNK) cell product candidates containing Fate’s proprietary high-affinity, non-cleavable CD16 transgene (hnCD16). The first assay is a droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) method to detect and quantify hnCD16 transgene copies present in a pool of genomic DNA (gDNA). The primers and probe were designed to recognize the optimized codons of hnCD16. Assay linearity and accuracy were assessed through titration studies using 0.024 to 1 ng of hnCD16-containing DNA spiked into different amounts of hnCD16-negative gDNA. Precision was determined through multiple assay runs by different operators on two instruments. The second assay is an in situ hybridization based method utilizing RNAscope࣪ technology to detect cells expressing hnCD16 in fixed tissue. Probes targeting hnCD16 were used to optimize signal specificity. Cells expressing hnCD16 and tissues from in vivo studies treated with iNK products served as positive controls. For the ddPCR assay, absolute limit of detection (aLoD) was determined to be 4.9 copies of hnCD16 per 20 µL reaction, regardless of total genomic mass input. Absolute limit of quantification (aLoQ) was 12 copies per 20 µL reaction with a %CV ≤30. Relative limit of quantification (rLoQ), assessing transgene to total DNA ratio, is affected by the background gDNA input and is less sensitive with lower input mass. rLoQ for total mass of 70 - 250 ng was 97 - 22 copies/µg gDNA (0.064% - 0.015%) with a %CV ≤30. The sensitivity of this input range allows evaluation of clinical samples with low cellularity. While ddPCR provides robust quantification of the hnCD16 transcript, the RNAscope࣪ assay informs localization of the iNK product. Specificity of the probe was established by confirming its lack of affinity for endogenous CD16 using a variety of human normal and tumor tissues and by staining hnCD16-positive fixed cell pellets and tissues from in vivo studies. In cell pellets, positive RNAscope࣪ signal correlated with the known ratio of transgene positive cells. In murine tissues previously confirmed to contain iNK cell product, the RNAscope࣪ positive staining correlated with NKG2A immunohistochemistry staining, confirming the presence of product NK cells. The combined use of both the ddPCR and RNAscope࣪ assays targeted to hnCD16 allows for detection and quantification of transgene-bearing iNK cells in a wide variety of patient samples including tumor biopsies. Both assays are being utilized for cell detection and quantification in our ongoing clinical trials. Citation Format: Cara E. Bickers, Judy L. Martin, Steven Castro, Jason Zhang, Thomas Dailey, Eric Sung, Suzanna Gasparian, Jason O'Rourke, Moyar Ge, Tom T. Lee, Janel Huffman, Jode Goodridge, Ryan Bjordahl, Bahram Valamehr, Peter M. Szabo, Lilly Wong, Sarah Cooley. Detection of genetically engineered iPSC-derived natural killer cells in blood and tissue [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 1138.

Select subsets of immune effector cells have the greatest propensity to mediate antitumor responses. However, procuring these subsets is challenging, and cell-based immunotherapy is hampered by limited effector-cell persistence and lack of on-demand availability. To address these limitations, we generated a triple-gene-edited induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC). The clonal iPSC line was engineered to express a high affinity, non-cleavable version of the Fc receptor CD16a and a membrane-bound interleukin (IL)-15/IL-15R fusion protein. The third edit was a knockout of the ecto-enzyme CD38, which hydrolyzes NAD+. Natural killer (NK) cells derived from these uniformly engineered iPSCs, termed iADAPT, displayed metabolic features and gene expression profiles mirroring those of cytomegalovirus-induced adaptive NK cells. iADAPT NK cells persisted in vivo in the absence of exogenous cytokine and elicited superior antitumor activity. Our findings suggest that unique subsets of the immune system can be modeled through iPSC technology for effective treatment of patients with advanced cancer. acceptedVersion

Treatments for B-cell malignancies have improved over the past several decades with clinical application of the CD20-specific antibody rituximab and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells targeting CD19. Despite the success of these therapies, loss of CD20 after rituximab treatment has been reported in leukemia and lymphoma patients. Additionally, up to 50% of all patients receiving anti-CD19 CAR T-cell therapy relapse within the first year with many of those patients exhibiting CD19 loss. Thus, new therapeutic approaches are needed to address tumor antigen escape. Accordingly, we generated triple gene-modified iPSC-derived NK (iNK) cells, termed "iDuo" NK cells, tailored to facilitate multi-antigen targeting. The iPSC line was clonally engineered to express high-affinity, non-cleavable CD16a (hnCD16), an anti-CD19 CAR optimized for NK cell signaling, and a membrane-bound IL-15/IL-15R fusion (IL-15RF) molecule to enhance NK cell persistence (Fig. 1A). To model antigen escape, we generated CD19 knockout AHR77 lymphoma cells alongside wild type AHR77 cells (both CD20 +) as targets in cytotoxicity assays. Activated peripheral blood NK (PBNK) cells, non-transduced iNK cells, and iDuo NK cells were tested as effectors. Unlike PBNK cells or non-transduced iNK cells, iDuo NK cells efficiently eliminated wild type AHR77 cells with or without the addition of rituximab at all tested E:T ratios. Similarly, iDuo NK cells in combination with rituximab were uniquely able to efficiently eliminate CD19 KO AHR77 cells due to enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) driven by hnCD16 (Fig. 1B-E). Cytotoxicity mediated by iDuo NK cells was also evaluated using primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. Compared to expanded PBNK cells and non-transduced iNK cells, only iDuo NK cells (in the absence of rituximab) were able to kill primary CLL cells (Fig. 1F). Expression of IL-15RF by iDuo NK cells uniquely supports in vitro expansion without the need for cytokine supplementation. To determine whether IL-15RF supports in vivo persistence of iDuo NK cells, CD19 CAR iNK cells (lacking IL-15RF) and iDuo NK cells were injected into NSG mice without the addition of cytokines or CD19 antigen availability. iDuo NK cell numbers peaked within a week after injection and persisted at measurable levels for ~5 weeks, in marked contrast to CD19 CAR iNK cell numbers that were undetectable throughout (Fig. 1G). To evaluate the in vivo function of iDuo NK cells, NALM6 leukemia cells were engrafted into NSG mice. Groups of mice received tumor alone or were treated with 3 doses of thawed iDuo NK cells. iDuo NK cells alone were highly effective in this model as evidenced by complete survival of mice in the treatment group (Fig. 1H). To assess iDuo NK cells in a more aggressive model, Raji lymphoma cells were engrafted, and groups of mice received rituximab alone, iDuo NK cells alone, or iDuo NK cells plus rituximab. Mice given the combination of iDuo NK cells and rituximab provided extended survival compared to all other arms in the aggressive disseminated Raji lymphoma xenograft model (Fig. 1I). One disadvantage of anti-CD19 CAR T cells is their inability to discriminate between healthy and malignant B cells. Because NK cells express inhibitory receptors that enable "self" versus "non-self" discrimination, we reasoned that iDuo NK cells could have higher cytotoxicity against tumor cells relative to healthy B cells. To address this, we labeled Raji cells, CD19 + B cells from healthy donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and CD19 - PBMCs. Labeled populations of cells were co-cultured with iDuo NK cells, and specific killing was analyzed. As expected, iDuo NK cells did not target CD19 - PBMCs. Intriguingly, iDuo NK cells had much higher cytotoxic activity against Raji cells compared to primary CD19 + B cells, suggesting a preferential targeting of malignant B cells compared to healthy B cells. Together, these results demonstrate the potent multi-antigen targeting capability and in vivo antitumor function of iDuo NK cells. Further, these data suggest that iDuo NK cells may have an additional advantage over anti-CD19 CAR T cells by discriminating between healthy and malignant B cells. The first iDuo NK cell, FT596, is currently being tested in a Phase I clinical trial (NCT04245722) for the treatment of B-cell lymphoma. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Cichocki: Gamida Cell: Research Funding; Fate Therapeutics, Inc: Patents & Royalties, Research Funding. Bjordahl: Fate Therapeutics: Current Employment. Gaidarova: Fate Therapeutics, Inc: Current Employment. Abujarour: Fate Therapeutics, Inc.: Current Employment. Rogers: Fate Therapeutics, Inc: Current Employment. Huffman: Fate Therapeutics, Inc: Current Employment. Lee: Fate Therapeutics, Inc: Current Employment. Szabo: Fate Therapeutics, Inc: Current Employment. Wong: BMS: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company; Fate Therapeutics, Inc: Current Employment. Cooley: Fate Therapeutics, Inc: Current Employment. Valamehr: Fate Therapeutics, Inc.: Current Employment. Miller: Magenta: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; ONK Therapeutics: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Vycellix: Consultancy; GT Biopharma: Consultancy, Patents & Royalties, Research Funding; Fate Therapeutics, Inc: Consultancy, Patents & Royalties, Research Funding; Sanofi: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Wugen: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.

Allogeneic off-the-shelf cell therapies offer distinct advantages over conventional autologous cell therapies in terms of scaled manufacturing, on-demand availability and optimization of cellular starting material. A unique consideration in the use of allogeneic cell therapies is the potential for immune cell-mediated recognition of the allogeneic cell product by the patient's immune system. CAR T-cell therapies are commonly combined with conditioning chemotherapies that suppress a patient's immune system, creating a suitable window of activity to elicit clinical response. However, protracted lympho-conditioning also affects immune reconstitution and can negatively impact the rate of infection. Alternative approaches to prevent allorejection may therefore help to enhance the efficacy of the therapy while preserving the immune system of the patient. Elimination of cell-surface human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecule expression by genetic knockout (KO) has long been known to abrogate T-cell reactivity. However, loss of class I HLA elicits NK cell-mediated recognition and clearance, and therefore must be combined with other immune-modulating strategies to limit host NK cell reactivity. Allogeneic models combining class I HLA deletion with NK cell inhibitory molecules, such as HLA-E and CD47, have been shown to abrogate NK cell reactivity in mouse models. However, HLA-E is the canonical activator of NKG2C, a dominant activating receptor found on human NK cells. Likewise, the expression of signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα), the major interactor for CD47, is mostly restricted to macrophages and dendritic cells and not human NK cells, and the observed effects of this immune-modulating strategy in the mouse system may only offer partial or incomplete immune evasion in the human system. In this study, we provide details of a bona fide off-the-shelf strategy where iPSC-derived NK (iNK) cell therapy is multiplexed engineered with a novel combination of immune-evasion modalities; beta 2 microgobulin (B2M) KO to prevent CD8 T-cell mediated rejection; class II transactivator (CIITA) KO to prevent CD4 T-cell mediated rejection; and CD38 KO to enable combination with anti-CD38 mAbs, which can be administered to deplete host alloreactive lymphocytes, including both NK and T cells. In vitro mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) data demonstrated that upon co-culture with allogeneic PBMCs, B2M KO iNK cells stimulated less T-cell activation than their B2M sufficient counterparts as evidenced by reduced CD38, 41BB, and CD25 levels on T cells. Additionally, B2M KO iNK cells impaired T-cell expansion over the duration of co-culture, resulting in a 50% decrease in expansion at the peak of the control response. However, B2M KO iNK cells were depleted over time, suggesting activation of an NK cell "missing self" response by the peripheral blood NK (pbNK) cells. In contrast, when the assay was performed in the presence of anti-CD38 mAb, depletion of B2M KO iNK cells was blocked, and instead B2M KO iNK cell numbers increased by 3.5-fold, comparable to the iNK cell numbers found in the control arm (cultured without allogeneic PBMCs). Interestingly, pbNK cell numbers decreased, while T-cell activation and expansion remained lower than in B2M-sufficient MLR cultures. Furthermore, when B2M KO iNK cells were cocultured with tumor cells and anti-CD38 mAb in vitro, ADCC was comparable to the B2M sufficient cells, indicating uncompromised effector function. Finally, in vivo studies suggested that co-administration of anti-CD38 mAbs can significantly enhance the persistence of B2M KO iNK cells in the presence of allogeneic pbNK cells as seen in the spleen and bone marrow (Figure 1). Together these data demonstrate that the combination of triple-gene knockout of CD38, B2M and CIITA with a CD38-targeting mAb is an effective strategy to avoid host immune rejection, and highlights the potential advantages of multiplexed engineered iPSCs to facilitate large-scale manufacture of complex engineered, off-the-shelf cellular therapies. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Williams: Fate Therapeutics: Current Employment. Malmberg: Merck: Research Funding; Vycellix: Consultancy; Fate Therapeutics: Consultancy, Research Funding. Lee: Fate Therapeutics, Inc.: Current Employment. Bjordahl: Fate Therapeutics: Current Employment. Valamehr: Fate Therapeutics, Inc.: Current Employment.

BackgroundChimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has revolutionized cancer treatment, but it is associated with significant dose-limiting toxicities, restricted tumor targeting (limited by specific antigen expression), and, notably, a lack of multi-antigen targeting capability to mitigate tumor associated immune evasion and heterogeneity. Furthermore, dysfunctional starting material, product inconsistency, and small manufacturing lot size limits the application and on-demand availability of CAR-T cell therapy.MethodsTo overcome these considerable limitations, we have developed FT536, a first-of-kind, induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived NK (iNK) cell with a novel CAR that ubiquitously targets cancer cells through canonical stress ligand recognition. We have previously reported FT536 recognizes the conserved α3 domain of the pan-tumor associated antigens MICA and MICB (MICA/B), and is derived from a renewable master iPSC line that contains multiplexed genetic edits to enhance effector cell functionality, persistence, and multi-antigen targeting capabilities via high affinity non cleavable CD16 (hnCD16) mediated antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Here we preview the nonclinical study for the investigational new drug (IND) application for FT536.ResultsUtilizing a manufacturing process analogous to pharmaceutical drug product development, we demonstrate FT536 can be consistently and uniformly produced with a greater than 4x10E7 fold cellular expansion per manufacturing campaign. Furthermore, FT536 can be cryopreserved at clinical scale to support off-the-shelf clinical application, with rapid product thaw and immediate patient infusion in an out-patient setting. Functional evaluation demonstrated that FT536 uniquely possesses potent and persistent antigen specific cytolytic activity against an array of solid and hematological tumor lines. Through its hnCD16 modality, FT536 can be utilized in combination with monoclonal antibodies to provide multi-antigen targeting capabilities and in conjunction with chemotherapeutics and/or radiation that augment surface MICA/B expression. In addition, directly thawed and infused FT536 demonstrated significant tumor growth inhibition in multiple solid and liquid in vivo xenograft models, in which tumor control was further enhanced in combination with a therapeutic antibody (figure 1). Finally, ongoing studies utilizing a lung adenocarcinoma model have highlighted the sustained persistence of FT536 in lung tissue up to 33 days following a single dose infusion without the need for exogenous cytokine support.Abstract 117 Figure 1FT536 provides statistically significant in vivo anti-tumor activity which is enhanced in combination with ADCC active monoclonal antibody therapy. (A-B) FT536 significantly reduced the number of lung and liver (not shown) metastases compared to CAR negative iNK control cells in a murine metastatic melanoma model using B16-F10 cells engineered to overexpress human MICA. (C-D) FT536 alone, and in combination with Herceptin, demonstrate significant tumor growth inhibition (TGI) compared to Herceptin alone in an orthotopic xenograft model of human lung adenocarcinoma.ConclusionsCollectively, these studies demonstrate that FT536 is a highly potent, multi-tumor targeting CAR-iNK cell product that is uniform in composition and can be effectively and safely used off-the-shelf for on-demand treatment of multiple solid and hematological malignancies. An IND submission is planned for 2021, with an initial Phase 1 clinical trial to follow.

Cancer immunotherapies have revolutionized cancer treatment by showing clinical efficacy across multiple cancer indications. However, tumor heterogeneity and evasion from host immune cell surveillance often limit the durability and efficacy of these strategies as monotherapies. Consequently, it is becoming common practice to combine existing anticancer treatments and novel immunotherapies to maximize clinical efficacy. The pan tumor-associated antigens MICA and MICB (MICA/B) are surface proteins induced by cellular stress, often associated with tumorigenesis, and are recognized by the NK cell activating receptor NKG2D. To evade immune recognition, cancer cells often proteolytically shed the membrane distal domains of MICA/B, leading to reduced NKG2D recognition. To combat this pervasive tumor escape mechanism and create a ubiquitous cancer targeting platform, we have developed a novel CAR-iPSC-derived NK (iNK) cell that targets the conserved α3 domain of MICA/B, rendering it resistant to inhibition by shed MICA/B. To enhance effector cell function, persistence and multi-antigen capacity, further genetic editing at the iPSC stage was conducted to equip the CAR-iNK cells with a unique IL-15/IL-15 receptor fusion, the knockout of CD38 and a novel high-affinity, non-cleavable CD16 (hnCD16) to enhance antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). In this study, we evaluated the function of multiplexed engineered MICA/B CAR iNK cells (termed FT536) in combination with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), to elicit multi-antigen targeting, and radiation therapy, to augment surface MICA/B expression. FT536 showed superior in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo tumor control against an array of MICA/B expressing tumor lines. Furthermore, ADCC, induced in combination with cetuximab or trastuzumab, enhanced the potency of FT536 against various solid tumor lines (p Citation Format: John Goulding, Robert Blum, Bryan Hancock, Moyar Ge, Brian Groff, Soheila Shirinbak, Joy Grant, Martin Hosking, Mochtar Pribadi, Yijia Pan, Hui-Yi Chui, Shohreh Sikaroodi, Lauren Fong, Janel Huffman, Wen-I Yeh, Chia-Wei Chang, Thomas Dailey, Miguel Meza, Cokey Nguyen, Lucas Ferrari de Andrade, Tom Lee, Ryan Bjordahl, Kai W. Wucherpfennig, Bahram Valamehr. FT536: Preclinical development of a novel off-the-shelf CAR-MICA/B NK cell immunotherapy combined with radiation and antibody treatments as a first-of-kind pan-cancer targeting strategy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 1591.

Pits on the Moon and Mars are intriguing geological formations that have yet to be explored. These geological formations can provide protection from harsh diurnal temperature variations, ionizing radiation, and meteorite impacts. Some have proposed that these underground formations are well-suited as human outposts. Some theorize that the Martian pits may harbor remnants of past life. Unfortunately, these geo-logical formations have been off-limits to conventional wheeled rovers and lander systems due to their collapsed ceiling or 'skylight' entrances. In this paper, a new low-cost method to explore these pits is presented using the Spring Propelled Extreme Environment Robot (SPEER). The SPEER consists of a launch system that flings disposable spherical microbots through skylights into the pits. The microbots are low-cost and composed of aluminium Al-6061 disposable spheres with an array of adapted COTS sensors and a solid rocket motor for soft landing.By moving most control authority to the launcher, the microbots become very simple, lightweight, and low-cost. We present a preliminary design of the microbots that can be built today using commercial components for under 500 USD. The microbots have a total mass of 1 kg, with more than 750 g available for a science instrument. In this paper, we present the design, dynamics and control, and operation of these microbots. This is followed by initial feasibility studies of the SPEER system by simulating exploration of a known Lunar pit in Mare Tranquillitatis., Comment: 9 pages, 13 figures, IEEE Aerospace Conference 2019

The development of the latest generation of sequencing technologies, known as third-generation sequencing, has revolutionized sequence assembly due to long reads compared to the short reads of second-generation sequencing technologies. However, these long reads are highly error-prone (~8 – 40 % error rate). In this thesis, we performed an evaluation of using the Nanopore MinION platform, developed by Oxford Nanopore Technologies, for de novo assembly of the Bifidobacterium longum genome. In addition, we tested whether Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) fragments, sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq platform, have the potential to correct highly error-prone Nanopore reads. The MinION sequencing run generated highly erroneous reads, resulting in long stretches of A’s and T’s in the output data, revealing the issue of G/C-bias related to Nanopore sequencing. However, an in silico experiment demonstrated the suitability of short AFLP fragments to correct long reads that had up to 40 % of erroneous bases. This demonstrates their high potential for error-correction. Utviklingen av den nyeste generasjonen innen sekvenseringsteknologi, kjent som tredje-generasjons sekvensering, har revolusjonert hvordan man rekonstruerer sekvenser sammenliknet med andre-generasjons sekvensering på grunn av evnen til å sekvensere lange sekvenser. En ulempe med å sekvensere lange sekvenser, er derimot høy sekvenseringsfeil (~8 – 40 %). I denne masteroppgaven ble det gjort en vurdering av bruksevnen til sekvenseringsplatformen Nanopore MinION, utviklet av Oxford Nanopore Technologies, til å generere data for å rekonstruere genomet til Bifidobacterium longum, uten å sammenlikne med referanser (de novo). I tillegg ble det testet om ‘Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism’ (AFLP) fragmenter, sekvensert med Illumina MiSeq, kunne brukes til å rette opp sekvenseringsfeil i lange Nanopore sekvenser. Sekvenseringsforsøket med MinION gav sekvenser med veldig høy feilrate som ikke kunne brukes i videre analyse, og resulterte i generering av lange sekvenser bestående av basene A og T. Dette avslørte sekvenseringsproblemet tilknyttet høyt innhold av basene G og C under Nanopore sekvensering. Det ble derimot gjort et simulert forsøk som demonstrerte evnen AFLP fragmenter har til å rette opp sekvenseringsfeil i lange sekvenser, som bestod av opptil 40 % feilaktige baser. Dette demonsterer potensialet disse fragmentene har til å rette opp sekvenseringsfeil. M-KB

Some time ago, I went on a four-hour drive for a business trip and turned off an interstate exit to refuel my car. While driving, I saw a homeless man standing with a sign asking for help along the exit ramp.

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for 15-20% of all breast cancers in the US. In general, patients have poorer prognosis and therapeutic intervention is more challenging due to insensitivity to hormonal and anti-HER2 therapies. Therapeutic options include chemotherapy and/or radiation (RT) treatment. In this work we utilized HCC70, a human TNBC cell line, grown subcutaneously in NSG mice. We investigated whether the combination of focal RT and paclitaxel would improve anti-tumor activity over paclitaxel alone. RT therapy has typically been delivered in low doses over long periods of time. More recently higher fractions of RT are being given in shorter time intervals. Utilizing the Small Animal Radiation Research Platform (SARRP; Xstrahl, Suwanee, GA) we compared a low dose (2.5Gy) fractionated regimen to a higher dose but less frequent regimen (8Gy, QDx3) either as monotherapy or in combination with paclitaxel (15mg/kg weekly). The total cumulative dose of radiation was 24-25Gy in both radiation regimens. Paclitaxel alone produced moderate activity with a 10 day tumor growth delay and no tumor regressions. Treatment with low dose RT resulted in tumor stasis for ≥68 days, but there were no tumor regressions or tumor free survivors (TFS). Treatment with 8Gy, produced a 75% incidence of confirmed partial regressions (PR) and a 25% incidence of complete regressions (CR) with no TFS. In this group we observed slightly more body weight loss (BWL), more frequent clinical signs, and more frequent need for food and water supplementation than with the fractionated RT regimen. Mean BWL was ~10% with a nadir around 8-10 days post first RT dose. BWL was recovered over the next 1-2 week period. The combination of low dose focal RT with paclitaxel produced activity similar to that with high dose radiation (50% PR, 40% CR, and 1 TFS). Treatment with paclitaxel plus 8Gy RT was highly efficacious, producing an 80% incidence of CRs, all of which remained tumor free at study day 108. The remaining mouse experienced tumor stasis in excess of 63 days. Thus, a higher dose of focal RT given in shorter intervals in combination with systemic paclitaxel resulted in the most efficacious therapeutic strategy but at the cost of increased BWL and clinical signs. Citation Format: Maryland Franklin, Thomas Dailey, Wilbur Leopold. Focal radiation enhances paclitaxel therapy in a mouse model of triple negative breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5194. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-5194

Use of image-guided focal irradiation is a mainstay of human cancer treatment. Image guidance allows for highly conformal treatment plans that minimize normal tissue toxicity and systemic response. With the advent of image-guided small animal irradiators such as the Small Animal Radiation Research Platform (SARRP), targeted focal irradiation can now be utilized in a broad range of preclinical oncology models. Of particular interest is the possible use of focal irradiation to broaden the efficacy and response duration of immuno-oncology therapy. The work presented here evaluates tumor response in a number of syngeneic tumor models following focal irradiation alone and in combination with immune regulation. Image-guided irradiation was performed using a SARRP system (Xstrahl Inc., Suwanee, GA). Animals were imaged with an open field at 60 kV and 0.5 mA for a computed tomography (CT) image which was used for treatment planning. Treatment was delivered at 220 kV and 13.0 mA using an appropriately sized collimator to the total indicated dose (in Gray; Gy) in 2 equally weighted beams. For daily treatments, the same treatment plan was applied and adjusted for changes in animal positioning or target alteration over time. Bilateral subcutaneous (SC) mouse tumor models tested were A20 (B cell lymphoma; Balb/C mice) and RIF1 (sarcoma; C3H mice) and an intracranial (IC) GL261-luc (glioblastoma; C57BL/6 mice) model. In the SC models, focal irradiation was delivered only to the right side tumors and tumor growth changes tracked for both right and left side implants. A20 was sensitive to both fractionated low doses (2.5Gy) of radiation, which resulted in tumor stasis, and single bolus 20Gy, which resulted in tumor regressions. Effects on the non-irradiated left sides were dependent upon which dose regimen was utilized. RIF1 is a more radiation resistant model and a single bolus dose of 10Gy only moderately reduced tumor burden on the right side tumors but had no effect on the contralateral tumors. In the GL261-luc IC model a single bolus dose of 15Gy was curative whereas 10Gy resulted in 60-75% mortality over the study duration. In a follow on study we determined that combination of 10Gy focal radiation with systemic anti-PD-1 antibody therapy could improve overall survival over either monotherapy. In mouse models, radiation treatment has been shown to increase the level of tumor antigen presentation and the variety of peptides available for cross-presentation. Current work in the field focuses on using radiation as a tool to bridge the gap from tumor equilibrium to tumor elimination, which could improve the response rate of immuno-oncology agents. The models presented here highlight the importance in choosing appropriate focal irradiation targets, dose regimens and timing for each model. Tools such as the SARRP greatly enhance the ability of preclinical models to provide a first line assessment for advanced immuno-oncology therapy combinations. Citation Format: Sarah Krueger, Thomas Dailey, Kevin Guley, Maryland Franklin. Image-guided focal irradiation in syngeneic preclinical oncology mouse models [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4712. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-4712