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The non-edible parts of Moringa oleifera, such as stems, branches or leaf petioles, have often been discarded while the leaves are consumed as a vegetable or are used to produce organic fertilizer. This study aimed to determine the optimal conditions for producing Moringa organic fertilizer (MOF) from previously unused parts and to compare these fertilizers with cow manure and bio-organic fertilizer. Seventy kilograms of the unused Moringa parts were blended with fifty kilograms of manure, 0.2 kilogram of Trichoderma-based product and two kilograms of superphosphate. The mixture was incubated at different intervals, including 5, 7 or 9 weeks. Next, the effects of MOF on the growth, yield, ascorbic acid content and Brix of lettuce and mustard spinach were also determined and compared with other organic fertilizers (cow manure and bio-organic fertilizer). Results of the study revealed that 25 tons per ha of MOF were significantly superior to those treated with cow manure and bio-organic fertilizer in the case of vegetable yields. Further, 7 weeks of MOF incubation was found suitable to produce an optimal yield during the various incubation period. These results suggested that the Moringa non-edible parts can make organic fertilizer and enhance growth, yield, and leafy vegetable production.

Biofertilizers produced from organic materials help to promote the growth, and yield quality of crops and is more environmentally friendly than chemical fertilizers. Moringa oleifera is a leafy vegetable whose leaves are also used to make biofertilizers. The use of moringa non-edible parts in biofertilizer preparation remains under-explored. In this study, a procedure to produce moringa foliar biofertilizer (MFB) from non-edible parts was developed. The effect of composting time (3 to 4 months) on the quality of MFB was investigated, and four-month incubation was found suitable for biofertilizers yield with the highest nitrogen content and optimal pH. Furthermore, the influences of MFB doses (20 to 100 mL per Litre) on the growth of lettuce and mustard spinach were studied. The yield of these leafy vegetables was the highest at 100 mL per Litre of MFB spray. Finally, MFB was compared with other commercial foliar sprays, including chitosan fertilizer and seaweed fertilizer. Each foliar treatment was applied every five days until five days before harvest. Plant height, the number of leaves, canopy diameter, leaf area index, actual yield, ascorbic acid content, and Brix were found to be similar in lettuce sprayed with MFB, chitosan, and seaweed fertilizers. In conclusion, the application of MFB promoted the growth and yield of mustard spinach.

Background: Post-transcriptional regulation is the control of gene expression at the RNA level. After produced, the stability and distribution of the different transcripts are regulated by means of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). Mutations in RNA-binding proteins can cause Mendelian diseases - prominently neuromuscular disorders and cancers. This study determines the interaction between RBPs and target-RNA complexes from public data of the ENCODE project and identifies mutations associated with Mendelian diseases that could disrupt the RBP-RNA interactions. Materials and methods: we performed a transcriptome - wide bioinformatics prediction of the binding sites of RBPs in the human transcriptome from public data of the ENCODE project. Results: The majority (54%) of pathogenic mutation putatively affecting the binding sites of RBPs are located in protein - coding genes and are mainly classified as loss - of - function mutations. Mutations located in the binding sites of RBPs related to RNA processing. For 13 diseases, Familial hypercholesterolemia is the most significant disease with about 40% of mutations in ClinVar database located into the binding sites of RBPs (p=2.3e-65), but congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is the disease with the highest percentage of mutations affecting the binding sites of RBPs (98%, p=2.7e-25). The RBPs most involved in human Mendelian diseases by binding sites-disrupting mutations are YBX3, AQR and PRPF8. Conclusions: A large number of Mendelian diseases are potentially mediated by disease - causing variants that potentially disrupt the binding sites of RBPs. This will provide insight sharper on post - transcriptional mechanisms. Besides, it is useful to know the role of protein - RNA interactome networks in pathologies, thereby serving the treatment of diseases. Key words: bioinformatics analysis, ENCODE project, ClinVar, RNA-binding proteins, Mendelian diseases

The Xanthomonas transcription activator-like effector (TALE) protein AvrBs3 transcriptionally activates the executor-type resistance (R) gene Bs3 from pepper (Capsicum annuum), thereby triggering a hypersensitive cell death reaction (HR). AvrBs3 also triggers an HR in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) upon recognition by the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) R protein Bs4. Whether the executor-type R protein Bs3 and the NLR-type R protein Bs4 use common or distinct signalling components to trigger an HR remains unclear. CRISPR/Cas9-mutagenesis revealed, that the immune signalling node EDS1 is required for Bs4- but not for Bs3-dependent HR, suggesting that NLR- and executor-type R proteins trigger an HR via distinct signalling pathways. CRISPR/Cas9-mutagenesis also revealed that tomato Bs4 suppresses the virulence function of both TALEs, the HR-inducing AvrBs3 protein and of AvrHah1, a TALE that does not trigger an HR in tomato. Analysis of AvrBs3- and AvrHah1-induced host transcripts and disease phenotypes in CRISPR/Cas9-induced bs4 mutant plants indicates that both TALEs target orthologous transcription factor genes to promote disease in tomato and pepper host plants. Our studies display that tomato mutants lacking the TALE-sensing Bs4 protein provide a novel platform to either uncover TALE-induced disease phenotypes or genetically dissect components of executor-triggered HR.

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) cultivation is gaining popularity among Vietnamese farmers. Two separate experiments were conducted from January to April 2018 in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Four levels of each factor were included in the experiments: 0, 20, 40, and 60 kg/ha for nitrogen and 11, 13, 16, and 20 plants/m2 for the density. The nitrogen fertilizer (up to 60 kg/ha) substantially affects the leaf area, diameters of stem plant, receptacle and flower head, and cut flower vase life. Low plant density works well on plant height, leaf number, width and length at the flowering stage, with the largest head diameter (17.2 cm) at the 13 plants/m2 density. Based on the results of both growth ability and economic efficiency, we suggested applying N at 60 kg/ha and planting at 16 plants/m2 density for growing F1 cut sunflowers in Thua Thien Hue province.

El Niño and the prolonged warm sea surface temperature significantly impacted coral reefs and caused coral bleaching in some parts of the world. This study evaluated the density of symbiotic algae and bacteria associated with the three coral species, namely Acropora hyacinthus, Acropora muricata, and Acropora robusta, collected in Hang Rai, Ninh Thuan in May, June, August 2016, and June 2017. The number of zooxanthellae with each coral species was statistically significant and correlated with several environmental factors, suggesting that symbiotic algae could play a key role in coral health. The number of associated microbial with the three coral species was significantly different; they tended to depend on sampling time rather than coral species-specific. At the time of ENSO (2016), the difference in the total associated bacteria with all three coral species was statistically significant. While the total number of related bacteria with all three species of coral collected in 2017 did not differ from the total of bacteria in ambient water. In conclusion, symbiotic algae tend to be species-specific, whereas bacteria fluctuate significantly over sampling time. Studying the molecular issues of microalgae, the presence, the role of some groups of bacteria involved in the N, C, P, and S cycles, and the influence of environmental parameters should also be encouraged to understand the relationship of coral holobiont better.

Upwelling is an oceanographic phenomenon that involves the physical process and contributes to changes in chemistry, biology, and natural resources. So, systematically, it is the particular ecosystems of whole marine regions with the upwelling. The strong upwelling waters in South Central Regions of Vietnam have uncertain features of the East Vietnam Sea (Bien Dong) and special characteristics of a coastal upwelling area, recorded in international scientific papers in the twentieth century. Their first signals were discovered in the early 1930s through conceptual ideas. The upwelling phenomenon is officially confirmed by scientific results of marine investigations of the NAGA Expedition (1959–1961). The paper aims to review and discuss the physical from Vietnamese investigation and results since 1990s. The following factors are the most contributing to forming and developing the strong upwelling in Southern Central Waters: (1) Influence scale (Mezo- and micro-scale); (2) Forming causes and developing mechanism of upwelling phenomenon, such as monsoon, morphography, shoreline, and western boundary current system of the East Vietnam Sea; (3) Influence of the water-mass from Mekong River on the upwelling area; (4) Ecological environmental consequences; (5) Impacts of the atmospheric-oceanic interaction processes on the western EVS on upwelling. Additionally, the review has targeted findings of upwelling phenomenon mainly in Vietnamese waters based on remote sensing analysis and reanalysis data series to simulate their forming, mechanizing, fluctuating models and the impacts of upwelling in the EVS on resources and ecosystems. The coupled atmosphere-ocean models resulted the upwelling mechanisms and formation. The long-time series of upwelling phenomenon (Macroscale) were evaluated by remote sensing and reanalyzed data series. It is also providing the supplementing and detailing causes and mechanisms of upwelling formation; impacts and interactions of upwelling on marine physics and hydrodynamics (ocean vortexes, seawater temperature), biochemical (nutrients, plankton organisms), and resources (fish, seafood). Within the framework of strong upwelling waters in the Southern Central Regions (Vietnam), the review has not only mentioned partly clarified scientific results but also indicates the limitations and challenges which were faced and encountered in the forecasters of upwelling phenomena in the future.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, which is recorded as a global health issue. Natural acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) are considered a helpful therapy for the management of symptoms of patients with mild-to-moderate AD. This work aimed to investigate and characterize Euonymus laxiflorus Champ. (ELC) as a natural source of AChEIs compounds via in vitro and virtual studies. The screening parts used, including the leaves, heartwood, and trunk bark of ELC, revealed that the trunk bark extract possessed the highest activity, phenolics and flavonoid content. The in vitro anti-Alzheimer activity of ELC trunk bark was notably reclaimed for the first time with comparable effect (IC50 = 0.332 mg/mL) as that of a commercial AChEI, berberine chloride (IC50 = 0.314 mg/mL). Among various solvents, methanol was the most suitable to extract ELC trunk bark with the highest activity. Twenty-one secondary metabolites (1–21) were identified from ELC trunk bark extract, based on GCMS and UHPLC analyses. Of these, 10 volatile compounds were identified from this herbal extract for the first time. One phenolic (11) and seven flavonoid compounds (15–21) were also newly found in this herbal extract. Of the identified compounds, chlorogenic acid (11), epigallocatechin gallate (12), epicatechin (13), apigetrin (18), and quercetin (20) were major compounds with a significant content of 395.8–2481.5 μg/g of dried extract. According to docking-based simulation, compounds (11–19, and 21) demonstrated more effective inhibitory activity than berberine chloride, with good binding energy (DS values: −12.3 to −14.4 kcal/mol) and acceptable RMSD values (0.77–1.75 Å). In general, these identified compounds processed drug properties and were non-toxic for human use, based on Lipinski’s rule of five and ADMET analyses.

Mục tiêu: Đánh giá hiệu quả can thiệp phục hồi chức năng tới chất lượng cuộc sống (CLCS) của người bệnh đột quỵ nhồi máu não. Đối tượng và phương pháp nghiên cứu: Nghiên cứu can thiệp, đánh giá so sánh trước và sau điều trị. 92 bệnh nhân đột quỵ nhồi máu não điều trị nội trú tại Bệnh viện Phục hồi chức năng Hà Nội được can thiệp chương trình phục hồi chức năng vận động trị liệu, hoạt động trị liệu, ngôn ngữ trị liệu, dinh dưỡng, điều dưỡng theo liệu trình 02 buổi/ngày x 5 ngày/tuần trong 01 tháng. Bệnh nhân được đánh giá CLCS bằng thang điểm CLCS cho người bệnh đột quỵ não (Stroke Specific Quality of Life/SS-QOL) và thang điểm lượng giá CLCS theo tiêu chuẩn châu Âu (Euro Qol-5D / EQ-5D). Kết quả: Sau 4 tuần điều trị, mức độ CLCS theo thang SSQOL, điểm trung bình CLCS, điểm trung bình CLCS theo từng lĩnh vực sức khỏe chức năng, sức khỏe thể chất, tâm lý, xã hội ở thời điểm sau điều trị 4 tuần đều cao hơn lúc vào viện có ý nghĩa thống kê với p < 0,05. Điểm trung bình CLCS bệnh nhân theo thang điểm EQ-5D cao hơn lúc vào viện có ý nghĩa thống kê với p < 0,001. Có 56,5% (52 bệnh nhân) có điểm CLCS cải thiện, 43,5% (40 bệnh nhân) điểm CLCS chưa có sự cải thiện. Kết luận: Sau 4 tuần can thiệp phục hồi chức năng toàn diện, giúp nâng cao CLCS của người bệnh sau đột quỵ nhồi máu não.

In Eustoma (Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinn) cultivation in southwestern Japan, cold imbibition treatment of seeds is important to accelerate bolting and flowering of seedlings grown in the summer season. In order to facilitate the handling of cold imbibed seeds, re-drying treatment (RDT) after wet treatment at 10°C for 35 days in dark conditions (WT10°C) is considered to be an essential technique. The investigation of five Eustoma cultivars ‘Exe Lavender’, ‘Orb Snow’, ‘Philia Lavender’ , ‘Dure Lavender’ and ‘Exe Light Pink’ was to find the germinability and the growth characteristics of Eustoma when re-drying and storage at 10°C for 30 days were applied immedietely after ending the WT10°C. The results showed that germination and growth responses differed among Eustoma cultivars. RDT seeds and non- RDT seeds of ‘Exe Lavender’, ‘Orb Snow’ and ‘Philia Lavender’ had a similar germination rate. However, germination rate of RDT seeds in ‘Dure Lavender’ and ‘Exe Light Pink’ was lower than that of non-RDT seeds. There was no significant difference in cut-flower quality grown from RDT and non-RDT among ‘Exe Lavender’, ‘Orb Snow’ and ‘Dure Lavender’. However, bolting and flowering rate of RDT in ‘Dure Lavender’ and ‘Exe Light Pink’ were lower than those of non-RDT. This suggested that it might not be useful to apply RDT after the cold-wet treatment of Eustoma seed due to lower germination or bolting rates in some cultivars. Further investigation of cold-wet exposure and dehydrating conditions is required to establish RDT procedures for Eustoma cultivars.

Picaresque novel is one of the most pre-existing genres of novels in European literature as a provocation against the typical Chivalric romance. The Adventure of Augie March by Saul Bellow is a good example of the return of this genre in the twentieth century. The novel tells the story of the varied and often aimless pursuits of a young man, Augie, growing up in the decades before and during the Great Depression, the great economic cataclysm of the 1930s. Using poetic and sociological research methods, this article focuses on clarifying the characteristics of the picaresque novel in The Adventure of Augie March. This style writing manifested in the plot of the journey, depicting a chaotic world where the main character Augie March - a typical pícaro character in modern life - become a solitary individual, an anti-hero man always seeking out the reason for his existence. The first-person autobiographical narrative and the satire are also classic principles of picaresque genre that can be found in this novel. It can be sail, The Adventure of Augie March is a rebirth of the picaresque novel genre in Saul Bellow's own way to convey contemporary problems. Thereby the readers realize the modern anti-hero is not similar to the heroic figure of the romance, for his world is chaos and he struggles to merely survive, In a world that ignores the rules of chivalry, the only workable rule is every man for himself.

In this paper, the relationship between institutional development and the risks of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in emerging Southeast Asian countries and the United States is investigated within a dynamic framework. The paper observes how two different types of national governance systems (well-developed vs. underdeveloped) influence firm risk. We also evaluate how ownership structure affects the impact of institutional environment quality on the risks of firms. We find that an improvement in institutional quality can reduce risks for SMEs in emerging Southeast Asian countries. However, there is no evidence of a relation between institutional development and firm risk in the United States. Our further analysis indicates that the adverse association between institutional development and risk is more pronounced for foreign-owned firms in both contexts studied. In contrast, state-owned firms in emerging Southeast Asian countries weaken the performance of increased institutional development in reducing firm risk, while this effect of state ownership does not exist in the United States.