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Essential oils promote the inhibitory control of several fungi, including those within the genus Colletotrichum, the causal agent of Anthracnose, a disease which may occur at any stage of development in various crops, reducing up to 70% of crop production in some cases. Thus, the use of alternative products constitutes an important strategy for the integrated management, promoting less persistent molecules in the environment and lower toxicity rates, providing health benefits to producers and consumers of agricultural products. In this context, the present study evaluated the in vitro fungitoxic effect of essential oils from Java citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus), clove (Syzygium aromaticum), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) and rose pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius) on the mycelial growth of Colletotrichum theobromicola. The experiment was performed under completely randomized design, in a 4x5 factorial scheme (4 essential oils x 5 concentrations), with five replications, and the experimental unit consisting of a Petri dish. The treatments were generated by combining the concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, 25 and 50 μL mL-1) of essential oils (citronella, clove, eucalyptus and rose pepper). The plates were inoculated with the pathogen C. theobromicola and incubated for seven days at 25 ± 2 °C. To verify the difference between treatments, the percentage of mycelial growth inhibition (PGI) was estimated. The mycelial growth of C. theobromicola was significantly reduced with increasing concentrations of essential oils. At a concentration of 50 μL mL-1, the essential oil from S. terebinthifolius showed the best result inhibiting 54.57% of mycelial growth, followed by the oil from S. aromaticum (49.26%), C. winterianus (23.70%) and E. globulus (17.90%). All the studied oils showed antifungal activity.

Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the fungitoxic potential of melaleuca essential oil on the mycelial growth of Alternaria alternata under in vitro condition and the treatment of cowpea beans. Study Design: The experiments comprised completely randomized designs: Eleven treatments with five replicates on in vitro test; and six treatments with five replicates on in vivo test. Place and Duration of Study: The work was carried out at the Center for Agrifood Science and Technology of the Federal University of Campina Grande, Pombal, Brazil, since February 2018 to February 2019. Methodology: In the in vitro experiment, the essential oil was incorporated into the culture medium and poured into Petri dishes. The treatments consisted of different concentrations of the essential oil (0.0125, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.0%), a negative control (0.0%), and a positive control (Thiram). Discs of culture medium with fungal mycelia were inoculated in the center of the plates and incubated for seven days at 27±2ºC. The percentage of mycelial growth inhibition (PGI) and the index of mycelial growth speed (IMGS) was calculated to verify the difference between treatments. In the in vivo experiment, the bean seeds were treated with different concentrations of EO (0.0, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0%), a negative control (0.0%), and positive control (Thiram). Seeds were inoculated with colonies of the fungus for 48 hours, and after that, we performed the seed sanity test. Results: Under in vitro conditions, all concentrations of melaleuca essential oil reduced the mycelial growth of A. alternata. The oil reached complete inhibition of fungal growth from 0.2% concentration and above. In the cowpea treatment, the essential oil had no significant control over the percentage of infected seeds. Conclusion: The melaleuca essential oil had a fungitoxic effect on the A. alternata under in vitro conditions. However, using the adopted methodology, on the cowpea bean seed treatment, the essential oil did not reduce the incidence of A. alternata.

Aims: This study evaluates the inhibitory potential of the clove essential oil (Syzygium aromaticum L.) on phytopathogenic fungi in vitro and on maize seeds. Study Design: The experiments comprised completely randomized designs: Seven treatments with five replicates on in vitro test; and four treatments with five replicates each, on in vivo test. Place and Duration of Study: The work was carried out at the Center for Agrifood Science and Technology of the Federal University of Campina Grande, Pombal, Brazil, from April to May 2018. Methodology: In the in vitro test, the essential oil was incorporated into the PDA (Potato-Dextrose-Agar) culture medium. The treatments comprised five concentrations of the oil (0.0125, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2%), a negative control (0.0%), and a positive control (Tiram). Plates were inoculated with the tested fungi, Fusarium verticillioides, Macrophomina phaseolina, and Macrophomina pseudophaseolina, then incubated for seven days at 27±2°C. The percentage of mycelial growth inhibition (PGI) and mycelial growth rate index (MGRI) were estimated. In the in vivo test, maize seeds (AG1051 hybrid) were treated with the essential oil on concentrations equal or superior to the minimum inhibitory concentration found in the in vitro test, besides the negative and positive controls. The artificial inoculation was carried out in fungi colonies for 32 hours and the seed sanity test was performed. The percentage of seeds infected by the fungus was evaluated after seven days. Results: In vitro conditions, clove oil totally inhibited the mycelial growth of F. verticillioides, M. phaseolina and M. pseudophaseolina at concentrations of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.1%, respectively. At 0.2% concentration significantly reduced the incidence of colonies of fungi M. phaseolina and M. pseudophaseolina in hybrid corn seeds AG 1051. Conclusion: The clove essential oil had a fungitoxic effect on the phytopathogens evaluated, under in vitro and in the treatment of maize seeds.

A Anemia Infecciosa Eqüina (AIE), causada pelo Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), é uma das principais doenças virais que acometem equinos, asininos, e muares. É encontrada em todas as regiões do Brasil. O vírus é propagado por insetos hematófagos do gênero Tabanus sp. e por Stomoxys calcitrans. A AIE é, até o momento, uma doença incurável, não existindo vacina ou tratamento eficiente. Em virtude dos sinais clínicos inespecíficos e da possibilidade da presença de animais infectados assintomáticos, é fundamental a realização periódica dos testes sorológicos visando a detectar precocemente os animais portadores do vírus. Considerando a severidade da AIE, este artigo tem por objetivos discutir aspectos da doença como histórico e epidemiologia, características do agente etiológico, transmissão, patogenia, sinais clínicos, diagnóstico e consequências, uma vez que animais infectados podem se tornar potenciais transmissores do EIAV. Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica nas bases de dados Google Acadêmico, PubVet e Scielo, nos idiomas português e inglês considerando os últimos 22 anos. Os termos de pesquisa e descritores utilizados foram "anemia infecciosa equina” e/ou “soroprevalência” e/ou “prevalência” e/ou “vírus” e/ou “EIAV” e/ou diagnóstico. Inicialmente foram pré-selecionadas 40 publicações e posteriormente, 28 foram selecionadas para embasar este estudo.

A Tristeza Parasitária Bovina (TPB), causada por Babesia bovis e B. bigemina em conjunto com a Anaplasma marginale, é responsável por causar prejuízos à bovinocultura nacional. Disseminada em todas as regiões do Brasil, estima-se que a TPB gerou um gasto de cerca de 3,5 milhões de dólares para a bovinocultura nacional no ano de 2019. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um estudo retrospectivo considerando os anos de 2017 a 2021, sobre a ocorrência desses hemoparasitas por meio de análises citológicas de esfregaços sanguíneos em rebanhos bovinos provenientes de quatro propriedades nos municípios do Prado, Jucuruçu, São Sebastião do Passé e São Miguel das Matas, estado da Bahia/Brasil. Foi observada a presença de Babesia spp. nas propriedades do Prado (3,0%), Jucuruçu (7,4%), e em São Sebastião do Passé (63,7%), sendo que nesse último município, foi igualmente observada uma elevada ocorrência de A. marginale (44,0%) inclusive com coinfecção (8,9%). Não foi detectada nenhum dos hemoparasitos causadores da TPB na propriedade em São Miguel das Matas. Esse estudo mostra a importância das análises citológicas de esfregaços sanguíneos na identificação desses hemoparasitas visando embasar medidas preventivas por parte das agências sanitárias do Estado no sentido de evitar a exposição de animais aos agentes da TPB.

Nas comunidades quilombolas, o mel, o cerume e o polen, produzidos pelas abelhas nativas sao bastante utilizados possuindo fins diversos, que variam de acordo com a cultura local. O presente estudo teve como objetivo mostrar que a meliponicultura pode constituir-se numa oportunidade de renda complementar para os quilombolas do municipio de Diamante no Estado da Paraiba. A coleta dos dados foi realizada no periodo de setembro a outubro de 2015, oportunidade em que se utilizou um questionario previamente elaborado, contendo questoes subjetivas. Constatou-se que em relacao a assistencia tecnica por parte dos orgaos publicos e do incentivo para a pratica da meliponicultura, a maioria dos participantes nunca receberam a visita de um tecnico para tratar do assunto e que apenas uma pequena parcela participou de alguma capacitacao tecnicas. Por outro lado, 85% dos participantes acreditam que o principal obstaculo enfrentado por eles em relacao a meliponicultura diz respeito a falta de apoio e de assistencia tecnica; 15% acrescentaram que alem desses obstaculos, a falta de uma flora apropriada na regiao tambem tem contribuido para limitar a producao de mel na comunidade. The meliponicultura as a productive activity: An analysis in a maroon communities of Paraiba backlands In maroon communities, honey, wax and pollen, produced by native bees are widely used Having different purposes, which vary according to a local culture. The present study aims to show that beekeeping can constitute an opportunity to supplement income for the Maroons, city of Diamante, Paraiba state. The data collection was carried out from September to October 2015, at which time a previously elaborated questionnaire containing subjective questions was used. It was found that in relation to technical assistance by public bodies and encouragement for the practice of beekeeping, most participants who never received a visit from a technician to deal with the matter and that only a small portion already participated in a training about hygiene techniques in honey produced. Moreover, 85% of respondents believe that the main obstacle faced by them in relation to beekeeping concerns the lack of support and technical assistance; 15% added that beyond these obstacles, the lack of a proper flora in the region has also contributed to limiting the production of honey in the community.

During the fermentative processes with Rhizopus oryzae CCT 7560 and Trichoderma reesei QM 9414, the effects of rice hull and moisture content on the endoglucanase and total cellulase activities were investigated by response surface methodology, employing a central composite rotatable design. The nutrient solution and bioreactor design were also studied. In tray bioreactors maximum cellulase activity was achieved with 82.5% of rice hull and 17.5% of rice bran, with an initial moisture content of 30% for Rhizopus, while 100% of rice hull with an initial moisture content of 50% was used for Trichoderma in Erlenmeyer bioreactors. The results obtained for Rhizopus were 91% higher for endoglucanase when compared with Trichoderma, confirming the potential of the newly isolated R. oryzae CCT 7560 for cellulase production. In addition, this provided an economical and environmentally viable destination for one of the biggest wastes resulting from the rice industry, the rice hull. Practical Applications Most cellulases related in the literature are obtained from fermentative processes employing genetically modified microorganisms during extensive time to achieve maximum activity. The microorganism studied in this work (Rhizopus oryzae CCT 7560) exhibited rapid enzymatic production indicating its use to obtain digestible carbohydrates from agribusiness waste in a quick and safe way.

A cultura do feijão-vagem possui ampla adaptação edafoclimática, podendo ser cultivado durante todo o ano em grande parte dos estados brasileiros, entretanto, fatores como o manejo do solo, sendo este fundamental para obtenção de maior sucesso de produção e o volume inadequado da água de irrigação limita sua produção principalmente nas regiões semiáridas. Com isso, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a influência de fontes de adubação orgânica no desenvolvimento do feijão-vagem cv. ‘Macarrão’ submetido a diferentes níveis de água de irrigação. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: duas fontes de adubação orgânica (esterco caprino e bovino) mais a testemunha (sem adubação) e quatro níveis de água de irrigação (40%; 60%; 80% e 100% da capacidade de campo). Foi adotado o delineamento experimental em blocos casualisados, com arranjo fatorial 3 x 4, sendo o primeiro fator as fontes de adubação orgânica mais a ausência da mesma e o segundo fator os quatro níveis de água de irrigação, com quatro repetições totalizando 48 unidades experimentais. Aos 40 dias após a semeadura foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: diâmetro do colo, número de folhas, comprimento da raiz, massa fresca da parte aérea, massa fresca da raiz, massa fresca total, massa seca da parte aérea, massa seca da raiz e massa seca total. Plantas de feijão-vagem cv. ‘macarrão’ apresenta maior desenvolvimento quando cultivada a 100% da capacidade de campo, onde associada a adubação orgânica via esterco caprino favorece a produção de plantas com maior qualidade.Influence of organic fertilizer in the development of snap beans in different irrigation water levelsAbstract: The snap bean crop has extensive edaphoclimatic adaptation and can be grown throughout the year in most Brazilian states, However, factors such as soil management, which is critical to getting the most successful production and inadequate volume of irrigation water limits its production mainly in semiarid regions. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of sources of organic fertilizer in the development of plants of bean pod cv. 'Macaroni' under different irrigation water levels. The treatments were: two sources of organic fertilizer (manure goats and cattle) more witness (without fertilizer) and four irrigation water levels (40%, 60%, 80% and 100% of field capacity). The experimental design was adopted in randomized blocks with factorial 3 x 4, the first factor the organic fertilizer more witness thereof and the second factor the four irrigation water levels, with four repetitions totaling 48 experimental units. At 40 days after sowing the following variables were evaluated: stem diameter, number of leaves, root length, fresh weight of aerial part, fresh root mass, total fresh mass, shoot dry weight, root dry mass and total dry mass. plants of bean pod cv. 'Macaroni' It has higher development when grown to 100% field capacity related to irrigation water, where associated with organic fertilizer via goat manure favors the production of plants with higher quality.

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a relação entre a duração, em dias, dos maiores veranicos, e as produções de arroz, cana-de-açúcar, fava, feijão, mandioca, milho, banana e laranja para Santa Filomena – PI. Os dados utilizados consistem de séries diárias de precipitação do posto pluviométrico localizado em Santa Filomena – PI e gentilmente cedido pela empresa de assistência técnica e extensão rural do estado do Piauí (EMATER) para o período de dezembro de 1992 a março de 2010 e de produção agrícola anual das referidas culturas disponibilizadas pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) para o período de 1993 a 2010. Considerou-se veranico como sendo o número de dias consecutivos sem chuva ou com chuva abaixo de 2,0 mm/dia. E o mais longo período de veranico da estação chuvosa (dezembro a março), não havendo quebra entre os meses. Resultou-se que as produções de milho e banana no município de Santa Filomena – PI apresentaram relações diretamente proporcionais aos maiores veranicos ocorridos no período estudado. A produção de laranja foi inversamente proporcional aos maiores veranicos e as produções de arroz, cana-de-açúcar, fava, feijão e mandioca foram independentes da duração de veranicos. Influence of veranico in agricultural production in the Santa Filomena city, Piauí state, BrazilThe objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the duration in days, the biggest dry spells, and the production of rice, sugarcane, broad bean, bean, cassava, corn, banana and orange for Santa Filomena – PI city. The data used consist of daily rainfall station precipitation series located in Santa Filomena – PI city and kindly provided by the service company and extension of the Piauí state (EMATER) for the period December 1992 to March 2010 and production annual agricultural cultures of those offered by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) for the period 1993 to 2010. It was considered dry spells as the number of consecutive days without rain or rain below 2.0 mm/day. And the longest dry spell period of the rainy season (December to March), with no breaks between the months. It resulted that the corn and banana production in Santa Filomena – PI city presented directly proportional relationship to the larger dry spells occurred during the study period. The orange production was inversely proportional to dry spells higher productions and rice, sugarcane, broad bean, bean and cassava were independent of the duration dry spells.

Objetivou-se avaliar o crescimento e acúmulo de macronutrientes por cultivares de melancia no estado de Pernambuco. O trabalho foi conduzido na estação experimental Bebedouro (Petrolina-PE) pertencente à EMBRAPA Semiárido, no período de setembro a dezembro de 2009. O solo da área experimental foi classificado como argilosolo vermelho-amarelo eutrófico (EMBRAPA, 1999). O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos casualizados completos, com quatro repetições em esquema fatorial 2x5. Os tratamentos resultaram da combinação de duas cultivares de melancia (Quetzale e Shadow) e cinco épocas de coletas: 15, 25, 35, 45 e 55 dias após o transplantio. Em cada coleta foram utilizadas três plantas por repetição. A unidade experimental para o experimento foi constituída por três fileiras de plantas de 10,5 m de comprimento, com espaçamento de 2,0 x0,50m perfazendo um total de 63,0 m2. As coletas de plantas foram realizadas na fileira central. As cultivares Quetzale e Shadow apresentaram crescimento inicial lento, intensificando a partir dos 25 dias após o transplantio. Maiores incrementos na matéria seca total da parte aérea e do fruto ocorreram no período de 45 a 55 dias após o transplantio. Na colheita, a parte aérea e o fruto da cultivar Quetzale apresentaram os maiores acúmulos de 52%. E os macronutrientes foram absorvidos pelas cultivares na seguinte ordem: K ˃N˃Ca˃P˃Mg.Growth and macronutrient absorption in the watermelon crop in the State of PernambucoAbstract: This study aimed to evaluate the growth and accumulation of macronutrients by watermelon cultivars in the state of Pernambuco. The experiment was conducted in the experimental station of Bebedouro (Petrolina-PE) which belongs to EMBRAPA Semiarid from September to December in 2009. The soil of experimental area was classified as red-yellow eutrophic claylish soil.The experimente was done in a complete randomized with four replications in a factorial scheme 2 x 5. The treatments resulted from the combination os two cultivars of watermelon (Quetzale and Shadow) and five collects: 15, 25, 35, 45 and 55 days after transplanting. Three plants were used per repetition in each collect. The experimental unit consisted of three rows of plants with 10,5 m long, spaced by 2,0 x 0,50 m making up 63,0 m2. The plants were collected from the central row. The cultivars Quetzale and Shadow presented slow initial growth, improving from the twenty-fifth day after transplanting. The largest increases in the total dry matter of the aerial part and fruit happened between 45 and 55 days after transplanting. At harvest, the aerial part and the fruit of the cultivar Quetzale presented the largest accumulations , in a total of 52%. And the macronutrients were absorbed by both cultivars in the following order: K ˃ N ˃ Ca˃P ˃ Mg.