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The purpose of this study was to explore the role of the newly emerging concept that involves "shifting" the tinnitus pitch and loudness in relation to the efficacy of precision sound therapy. In the case of children, the prevalence rate of tinnitus is difficult to estimate because even if children have tinnitus symptoms that are similar to those of adults, they may not be able to perceive them or to adequately express how they feel.5,6 Since the mechanisms of tinnitus are different, the related treatment should also vary in differently affected participants. The follow-up treatment should continue to retest the tinnitus matching including tinnitus frequency, tinnitus loudness. After treatment, the tinnitus intensity did not change, but the tinnitus frequency changed to the frequency that would make the tinnitus less unbearable, and the THI score decreased. [Extracted from the article]

Cholesterol metabolism becomes imbalanced during the formation of macrophage-derived foam cells. Pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor (PBEF) has recently been found to affect lipid deposition and inflammation in atherosclerosis. Here, we aimed to study the effects and molecular mechanism of Polydatin on atherosclerosis in ApoE-knockout (ApoE - ∕ - ) mice. Thirty ApoE - ∕ - mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks, and then treated with Polydatin for another 12 weeks. Whole aortas and cryosections were stained with oil red O. Blood lipid, PBEF and cytokine levels were measured by ELISA. The mRNAs of cholesterol metabolism-related genes were determined by qRT-PCR and protein levels by Western blotting. Cell cholesterol content and viability were determined in macrophages and RAW 264.7 cells. PBEF siRNA was used to study the effect of Polydatin on cholesterol metabolism in macrophages incubated with ox-LDL. Polydatin lowered blood lipids and decreased atherosclerotic lesions in ApoE - ∕ - mice. The expression of cytokines and the mRNA of cholesterol metabolism-related genes were markedly regulated by Polydatin. Meanwhile, PBEF mRNA and protein were both greatly down-regulated by Polydatin. In vitro, Polydatin protected RAW 264.7 cells treated by ox-LDL and inhibited cholesterol uptake by macrophages. The PBEF siRNA result indicates that Polydatin can modulate cholesterol metabolism in macrophages, partly through down-regulation of PBEF. In conclusion, Polydatin relieves atherosclerosis injury in ApoE - ∕ - mice, mainly through down-regulation of PBEF and inhibition of PBEF-inducing cholesterol deposits in macrophages.

Objective: To explore the possibility of far-lateral retro-condylar approach in an attempt to apply endoscope., Method: For anatomical information, the microneurosurgical anatomical dissection, observation and measurement had been performed under microscope and endoscope by mimicking the far-lateral retro-condylar approach on 10 adult cadaver heads and 10 adult dry skulls., Result: The complex relationship exists between the osseous jugular foramen and its adjacent structures. The exposed anatomic structures of jugular foramen region were observed under microscope and endoscope without drilling occipital condyle and jugular tubercle., Conclusion: With the technology of modern microsurgery and endoscope, several diseases in jugular foramen region can be operated via far-lateral retro-condylar approach without drilling occipital condyle and jugular tubercle.