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Cisplatin is a particularly potent antineoplastic drug. However, its usefulness is restricted due to the induction of nephrotoxicity. More recent research has indicated that β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB) protects against acute or chronic organ damage as an efficient healing agent. Nonetheless, the therapeutic mechanisms of β-HB in acute kidney damage caused by chemotherapeutic drugs remain unclear. Our study developed a model of cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI), which involved the administration of a ketogenic diet or β-HB. We analyzed blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) levels in serum, and used western blotting and immunohistochemical staining to assess ferroptosis and the calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase 2 (Camkk2)/AMPK pathway. The mitochondrial morphology and function were examined. Additionally, we conducted in vivo and in vitro experiments using selective Camkk2 inhibitor or activator to investigate the protective mechanism of β-HB on cisplatin-induced AKI. Exogenous or endogenous β-HB effectively alleviated cisplatin-induced abnormally elevated levels of BUN and Cr and renal tubular necrosis in vivo. Additionally, β-HB reduced ferroptosis biomarkers and increased the levels of anti-ferroptosis biomarkers in the kidney. β-HB also improved mitochondrial morphology and function. Moreover, β-HB significantly attenuated cisplatin-induced cell ferroptosis and damage in vitro. Furthermore, western blotting and immunohistochemical staining indicated that β-HB may prevent kidney injury by regulating the Camkk2-AMPK pathway. The use of the Camkk2 inhibitor or activator verified the involvement of Camkk2 in the renal protection by β-HB. This study provided evidence of the protective effects of β-HB against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and identified inhibited ferroptosis and Camkk2 as potential molecular mechanisms. Cisplatin induces disruptions in mitochondrial energy metabolism and lipid peroxidation. Both endogenous and exogenous β-hydroxybutyrate can protected against cisplatin-induced renal damage by repairing mitochondrial energy homeostasis and preventing ferroptosis, and this protective effect might be attributed to Camkk2 regulation. β-HB protects against cisplatin-induced renal damage both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, β-HB is effective in attenuating cisplatin-induced lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis. The regulation of energy metabolism, as well as the treatment involving β-HB, is associated with Camkk2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the protective effects and mechanisms of salvianolic acid B (Sal B) on hypoxia/reoxygenation H/R-induced renal tubular epithelial cell damage. Methods In vitro experimental cells were divided into the normal control Con groupthe Sal B+Con groupthe H/R groupthe Sal B+H/R group as well as the Con groupthe H/R groupSal B+H/R groupthe H/R+CC group and the H/R+Sal B+CC group. HK-2 cell viability was detected by the CCK-8 method. Cell lysates were collected to measure the levels of GSH and malondialdehyde MDA using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expressions of p-AMPK GPX4 ACSL4 and FSP1 were detected by Western blot. The expression of ferroptosis markers GPX4 and ACSL4 proteins was detected by cell immunofluorescence while mitochondrial membrane potential and cell apoptosis were measured by flow cytometry.Results The results of the in vitro experiments showed that Sal B had no significant toxicity on normal HK-2 cell viability within the concentration range of 20-160 μmol/L P>0.05. Compared with the model group Sal B at concentrations of 20 40 and 80 μmol/L dose-dependently increased the viability of HK-2 cells P<0.01. Compared with the model group MDA content and GSH content of the H/R+Sal B group were decreased p-AMPK GPX4 and FSP1 protein expression levels were increased ACSL4 protein expression was decreased mitochondrial membrane potential was significantly increased and apoptosis rate was significantly decreased P<0.05. Compared with the H/R+Sal B group the FSP1 and GPX4 protein expression level in the H/R+AMPK group was decreased the ACSL4 protein expression level was increased P< 0.05 and the mitochondrial membrane potential was significantly decreased P<0.05 and the addition of Sal B could reverse this situation P<0.05.Conclusion Salvianolic acid B can alleviate I/R-induced AKI and its mechanism may involve the activation of the AMPK pathway to mitigate ferroptosis in renal tubular epithelial cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To date, studies on the effects of preeclampsia on perinatal outcomes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are comparatively few, and the results are inconsistent. Objective: This study aimed to explore the effects of preeclampsia on perinatal outcomes in women with GDM. Methods: This retrospective cohort study collected data of women with GDM whose babies were delivered in a Chinese hospital between July 2017 and June 2020. We divided eligible pregnant women with GDM into two groups based on whether they were diagnosed with preeclampsia: GDM with preeclampsia group and GDM without preeclampsia group. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the risks for perinatal outcomes which were used as the dependent variables. Results: We identified 7533 eligible women with GDM (245 in GDM with preeclampsia group and 7288 in GDM without preeclampsia group). After adjusting for covariates, preeclampsia was significantly associated with higher risks of fetal malformations (OR: 1.67, 95% CI: 1.08–2.57), fetal growth restriction (OR: 5.36, 95% CI: 2.91–9.88), cesarean section (OR: 2.48, 95% CI: 1.83–3.37), emergency cesarean section (OR: 2.32, 95% CI: 1.77–3.05), preterm birth (OR: 1.89, 95% CI: 1.27–2.81), low birth weight (LBW) (OR: 3.30, 95% CI: 2.16–5.05), small for gestational age (SGA) (OR: 3.05, 95% CI: 2.01–4.63) and neonatal hypoglycemia (OR: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.10–2.85). Conclusion: Women with GDM complicated with preeclampsia were at higher risks of fetal malformations, fetal growth restriction, cesarean section, emergency cesarean section, preterm birth, LBW, SGA and neonatal hypoglycemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives This study aimed to assess the applicability of the National Academy of Medicine (NAM) interim guidelines for twin pregnancies to the specific population of gestational diabetes mellitus by exploring the relationship between gestational weight gain and adverse pregnancy outcomes in Chinese twin-pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Study Design This was a retrospective cohort study of women diagnosed with diabetes in pregnancy between July 2017 and December 2020 at the Maternal and Child Health Hospital in Chongqing, China. The primary variable of interest was maternal total gestational weight gain. The primary outcomes were perinatal outcomes, which included: preeclampsia, small for gestational age, large for gestational age, low birth weight, neonatal pneumonia, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, and neonatal intensive unit admission, etc. The association between inappropriate gestational weight gain and adverse pregnancy outcomes was estimated using multiple logistic regression analysis. Results A total of 455 twin-pregnant women who had gestational diabetes mellitus were analyzed. Women with low gestational weight gain had reduced risk of preeclampsia (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.32; 95% CI or confidence interval, 0.17–0.63; p = 0.001) and their infants had higher risks of small for gestational age (aOR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.04–3.58; p = 0.037), low birth weight (aOR, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.32–3.90; p = 0.003), neonatal intensive unit admission (aOR, 3.29; 95% CI, 1.10–5.78; p = 0.038), pneumonia (aOR, 2.41; 95% CI, 1.08–5.33; p = 0.031), and neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (aOR, 2.29; 95% CI, 1.10–4.78; p = 0.027); the infants of women with excessive gestational weight gain had a higher risk of large for gestational age (aOR, 3.76; 95% CI, 1.42–9.96; p = 0.008). Conclusion Gestational weight gain controlled within the range recommended by the NAM could reduce the risk of perinatal adverse outcomes. The 2009 NAM gestational weight gain recommendations can be used for Chinese twin-pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Key Points Inappropriate gestational weight gain can lead to adverse perinatal outcomes in twin pregnancies. Gestational weight gain controlled within recommended range could reduce the risk of poor perinatal outcomes. The National Academy of Medicine recommendations are suitable for Chinese twin-pregnant women with GDM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To examine the optimal gestational weight gain (GWG) for Chinese pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) based on the Chinese‐specific body mass index (BMI) classification. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the 2017–2020 data from pregnant women with GDM in a tertiary hospital. A quadratic function model and the total predicted probability of adverse pregnancy outcomes were developed to obtain the optimal GWG. Differences in the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes between our optimal GWG recommendations and the Institute of Medicine (IOM) 2009 GWG guidelines were also analyzed. Results: A total of 8103 pregnant women with GDM were analyzed. Based on the Chinese‐specific BMI classification, the optimal GWG range was 11.0–17.5 kg for underweight women, 3.7–9.7 kg for normal‐weight women, −0.6 to 4.8 kg for overweight women, and − 9.8 to 4.2 kg for obese women. Excessive GWG had a higher risk of large for gestational age (LGA) (OR: 2.99, 95% CI: 2.42–3.70), macrosomia (OR: 2.35, 95% CI: 1.77–3.12), pre‐eclampsia (OR: 1.91, 95% CI: 1.37–2.65), gestational hypertension (OR: 1.65, 95% CI: 1.24–2.19), cesarean section (OR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.15–1.44), postpartum hemorrhage (OR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.02–1.64); insufficient GWG had a higher risk of small for gestational age (OR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.20–2.75). Compared to the IOM 2009 GWG guidelines, the prevalence of macrosomia, LGA, and postpartum hemorrhage were significantly lower in pregnant women following the implementation of our recommended GWG range (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Compared to the IOM 2009 GWG recommendations, our optimal GWG recommendations for Chinese pregnant women were more sensitive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For molecular catalyst‐modified semiconductor hybrid photoelectrodes, the linker that tethers a molecular catalyst to an electrode surface is one of the important structural factors to influence the photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) H2‐evolution activity of the photoelectrode. A better understanding about the impact of different linkers on charge transfer kinetics of hybrid photoelectrodes will shed light on the design of more efficient photoelectrodes for the selected molecular catalyst and semiconductor. In this work, a series of cobaloxime catalysts, CoPy‐4‐L‐HA (CoPy = cobaloxime; HA = hydroxamate anchor; L = none, CH2, CHCH, and (CHCH)2), are immobilized to the surface of p‐Si|TiO2 with different linkers. Comparative studies on PEC performance of these hybrid photocathodes reveal that the p‐Si|TiO2|CoPy‐4‐(CHCH)2‐HA) electrode exhibits the highest PEC activity among the tested photocathodes, despite the longer linker of (CHCH)2 compared to other ones. The j(0 V) of −0.68 mA cm−2 for p‐Si|TiO2|CoPy‐4‐(CHCH)2‐HA is higher than those reported for planar Si‐based photocathodes decorated with molecular catalysts. The impacts of the length and conjugation property of linkers on the kinetics of surface charge transfer and recombination are probed by transient absorption spectroscopy, and the results well clarify the origin for the disparity in the PEC activities of p‐Si|TiO2|CoPy‐4‐L‐HA photocathodes with different linkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]