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BACKGROUND Hypertension and diabetes are two kinds of senile diseases which often occur simultaneously. The commonly used drugs in clinic may produce certain side effects. Food-derived polypeptide is a kind of polypeptide with great development potential, which has many functions of regulating human physiological function. Beer is rich in nutrition but there are few researches on bioactive peptides in beer. RESULTS In this study, a rapid virtual screening method was established to obtain bioactive peptides from Tsingtao draft beer. The peptide sequence was analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-Orbitrap-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS2 ), and 50 peptides were identified. Eight peptides with potential biological activities were screened by using Peptide Ranker software and previous literature references. On the basis of absorption prediction, toxicity prediction, and molecular docking analysis, LNFDPNR and LPQQQAQFK were finally confirmed. The molecular docking results showed that two peptides could bind angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) tightly by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction. The in vitro activity evaluation results showed that two peptides had obvious ACE and DPP-IV inhibitory activity. CONCLUSION This study established a method for rapidly screening bioactive peptides from Tsingtao draft beer, screened two ACE and DPP-IV inhibitory peptides in beer and analyzed their active action mechanism. This article may have great theoretical significance and practical value to further explore the health function of beer. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Neodigitodesmium cheirosporum W. H. Tian & Maharachch. sp. nov. (FIG. 2) MycoBank: MB 844433 Etymology: The name refers to the cheiroid conidia Saprobic on submerged decayed wood in aquatic habitats. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Conidiomata sporodochial on natural substrate, superficial, compact, dark brown to black, with base attached on the surface of substrate. Conidiophores micronematous, reduced to conidiogenous cell. Conidiogenous cells 7–12 × 5–11 μm (x̅ = 9 × 7 μm, n = 15), holoblastic, at the base of the spore, hyaline. Conidia 35–70 × 9–24 μm (x̅ = 57 ×19 μm, n = 30), solitary, dictyosporous, conical shaped, cheiroid, not complanate, consisting of 1–4 rows with each row composed of 6–10 cells, with a hyaline basal connecting cell, not easy to separate, brown, subhyaline at the tip of peripheral rows. Culture characteristics: Conidia germinating on PDA within 12 h at 25 °C in the dark. Colonies on PDA circular, woolly at the margin, raised at the center, reverse yellow to brown center with a white margin. Material examined: CHINA, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Baiyungou, on submerged decayed wood, 103°24′19″ E, 30°47′52″ N, 27 September 2021, W. H. Tian BY112_3 (HKAS 124014, holotype), ex-type culture CGMCC 3.23623 = UESTCC 22.0020. Notes: Combined sequences of LSU, ITS, SSU and tef1 confirmed the isolate of Neodigitodesmium formed a distinct clade in Dictyosporiaceae. However, it could not assign to any known genera (FIG. 1). In the combined gene tree, Neodigitodesmium is phylogenetically related to the Vikalpa australiensis (HKUCC 8797), Aquadictyospora lignicola (MFLUCC 17-1318) and Aquadictyospora clematidis (MFLUCC 17-2080) (FIG. 1), but they are not clustered on one branch and have obvious morphological differences. Neodigitodesmium is morphologically similar to Digitodesmium, both having sporodochial conidiomata and acrogenous, cheiroid, digitate conidia (Kirk 1981; Nóbrega et al. 2021). However, Neodigitodesmium differs from Digitodesmium and other Dictyosporiaceae members in conicalshaped conidia, composed of 1–4 compactly arranged rows of dark brown cells, with a hyaline basal connecting conidiogenous cells (FIG. 2). Therefore, Neodigitodesmium is described as a new genus based on phylogeny and morphological evidence., Published as part of Tian, Wenhui, Chen, Yanpeng & Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa S. N., 2022, Neodigitodesmium, a novel genus of family Dictyosporiaceae from Sichuan Province, China, pp. 176-184 in Phytotaxa 559 (2) on pages 179-182, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.559.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/7021593, {"references":["Kirk, P. M. (1981) New or interesting microfungi II. Dematiaceous hyphomycetes from Esher Common, Surrey. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 77 (2): 279 - 297. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0007 - 1536 (81) 80031 - 9","Nobrega, T., Ferreira, B. W. & Barreto, R. W. (2021) Digitodesmium polybrachiatum sp. nov., a new species of Dictyosporiaceae from Brazil. Mycological Progress 20: 1135 - 1144. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11557 - 021 - 01717 - 5"]}

Digitodesmium tectonae (Rajeshkumar, R. K. Verma, Boonmee, K. D. Hyde, Chandrasiri & Wijayaw.) W. H. Tian & Maharachch, comb. nov. MycoBank: MB 844526 Basionym: Paradictyocheirospora tectonae Rajeshkumar, R. K. Verma, Boonmee, K. D. Hyde, Chandrasiri & Wijayaw, Phytotaxa 509 (3): 259–271 (2021). Notes: The genus Paradictyocheirospora was introduced by Rajeshkumar et al. (2021), with P. tectonae as the type species. The phylogenetic analysis based on a combined dataset of LSU, ITS, SSU and tef1 sequences show that P. tectonae is clustered within Digitodesmium (FIG. 1). In addition, Paradictyocheirospora possesses key characteristics of Digitodesmium such as punctiform, sporodochial conidiomata, acrogenous, cheiroid, digitate conidia, with an apical gelatinous cap (Kirk 1981; Rajeshkumar et al. 2021; Nóbrega et al. 2021). Thus, Paradictyocheirospora and Digitodesmium are congeneric. Digitodesmium is the older name and should take priority, and this selection is recommended here., Published as part of Tian, Wenhui, Chen, Yanpeng & Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa S. N., 2022, Neodigitodesmium, a novel genus of family Dictyosporiaceae from Sichuan Province, China, pp. 176-184 in Phytotaxa 559 (2) on page 182, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.559.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/7021593, {"references":["Rajeshkumar, K. C., Verma, R. K., Boonmee, S., Chandrasiri, S., Hyde, K. D., Ashtekar, N., Lad, S. & Wijayawardene, N. (2021) Paradictyocheirospora tectonae, a novel genus in the family Dictyosporiaceae from India. Phytotaxa 509 (3): 259 - 271 https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 509.3.1","Kirk, P. M. (1981) New or interesting microfungi II. Dematiaceous hyphomycetes from Esher Common, Surrey. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 77 (2): 279 - 297. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0007 - 1536 (81) 80031 - 9","Nobrega, T., Ferreira, B. W. & Barreto, R. W. (2021) Digitodesmium polybrachiatum sp. nov., a new species of Dictyosporiaceae from Brazil. Mycological Progress 20: 1135 - 1144. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11557 - 021 - 01717 - 5"]}

Neodigitodesmium W. H. Tian & Maharachch. gen. nov. MycoBank: MB 844432 Etymology: Named after its morphological similarity to Digitodesmium Saprobic on submerged decayed wood in aquatic habitats. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Conidiomata sporodochial on natural substrate, superficial, compact, dark brown to black, with base attached on surface of substrate. Conidiophores semi-macronmatous, micronematous, reduced to conidiogenous cell. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, pale hyaline to brown at the base of the spore. Conidia solitary, dictyosporous, conical shaped, cheiroid, not complanate, with a hyaline basal connecting cell, brown, subhyaline at the tip of peripheral rows. Type species: Neodigitodesmium cheirosporum W. H. Tian & Maharachch. sp. nov., Published as part of Tian, Wenhui, Chen, Yanpeng & Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa S. N., 2022, Neodigitodesmium, a novel genus of family Dictyosporiaceae from Sichuan Province, China, pp. 176-184 in Phytotaxa 559 (2) on page 179, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.559.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/7021593

In the context of global warming, academic institutes, international institutions such as the IPCC, and governments of numerous countries have proposed global objectives of reducing CO2 emissions and announced national targets. The purpose of this thesis is to assess the governmental targets in comparing with the global objectives of various allocation methods, which correspond to different carbon equity principles.In order to evaluate the technology roadmaps which are necessary to achieve these reductions of CO2 emissions, a flexible modeling framework is proposed for policy makers. Our sectoral model avoids the complex computing operations. It can be customized according to different requirements and situations. We simulate the model up to the horizon 2050, which is often seen as a turning point in energy use patterns worldwide – forced by the probable decline in hydrocarbons extraction.In the thesis, the technology roadmaps for the governmental targets on CO2 emissions are studied for three typical countries: China, France, and the United States. The model covers the sectors responsible for the greatest part of CO2 emissions: power, transport, residence and industry sector, in studying the impacts of the principle energy technologies, such as energy mix, Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), electric vehicles and energy efficiency.Various methods and approaches are used in our modeling. IPAT identity - which assumes the environment Impact is the results of Population, Affluence and Technology - is employed in the power sector emission decomposition. Besides STIRPAT - for Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology - model is used for the projection of CO2 emissions in the Business-as-Usual scenario. Then SVR - for Support Vector Regression - is used to forecast electricity production. Finally, the Theil index is employed as the measurement of per capita CO2 emission inequality. Different from classic cost-effective energy system models, our model provides the technology pathways for different criteria, such as balanced development of energy technology across sectors, availability of energy resources, etc. Besides, the carbon equity is employed as one of the constraints in the multi-objective optimization, under the consideration of the convergence of technologies in sectors in the long-term.Our results show that the governmental targets in France and the United States prove very strict, as they require all sectors to make large efforts in reducing CO2 emissions. In contrast, the governmental target in China seems more easily achievable, as the necessary advances of technologies are less demanding. More precisely: if the energy mix is expected to be kept unchanged in China and in the United States of America, the CCS prove indispensable in the power sector. In France, 80% of automobiles are required to be changed into electric vehicles, in order to get the target of CO2 emissions.However, under the sectoral carbon equity consideration, coal combustion is projected to be reduced by two thirds in China, and it will have to be almost eliminated in the United States to achieve their CO2 reduction target. But gas is encouraged to be used in the power sector, especially in the United States. Regarding the transport sector, more than 60% of vehicles should be replaced to electric vehicles in China, and this share will be about up to 90% in France and the United States.Finally the sensitivity of parameters in the model is tested for a robust simulation, at each step of the work, and for all technology roadmaps. The results of the sensitivity tests show that electricity production and the emission intensity of production are the two parameters with the most important influence on CO2 emissions. Thus improving the efficiency of coal combustion and the energy efficiency of electricity will play an important role in the CO2 emission reductions.; Dans le contexte du réchauffement climatique global, les institutions académiques et internationales comme GIEC et de nombreux pays ont proposé des objectifs de réduction des émissions de CO2. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'évaluer ces objectifs gouvernementaux en les comparants avec les objectifs globaux à l'aide de différentes méthodes d'allocations lesquelles correspondent à différents principes d'équité en matière d'émissions carbones.Afin d'évaluer les feuilles de route technologique permettant d'obtenir les réductions d'émission de CO2 nécessaires, un modèle qualifié de flexible est proposé à destination des décideurs. Notre modèle permet d'éviter les opérations informatiques complexes et peut être personnalisé en fonction de différents besoins. Les simulations sont réalisées jusqu'à l'horizon 2050 lequel est souvent considéré comme un pivot dans les habitudes de consommation d'énergies notamment. Dans cette thèse, des feuilles de route technologique pour les différents objectifs gouvernementaux en matières d'émissions de CO2 sont étudiées pour trois pays : la Chine, la France et les États-Unis. Le modèle couvre les principaux secteurs responsables des émissions de CO2 et étudie l'influence de différentes technologies sur le mix énergétique. Diverses méthodes et approches sont utilisées dans notre modélisation. L'identité IPAT est utilisée pour la décomposition des émissions dans les secteurs de l'énergie. Le modèle STIRPAT permet quant à lui d'évaluer l'évolution des émissions de CO2 dans les scénarios Business-as-Usual. Le modèle SVR est utilisé dans le cadre des projections de production d'électricité. Enfin, l'indice de Theil est employé pour mesurer les inégalités d'émissions de CO2 par tête. A la différence des modèles plus classiques en économie de l'énergie, notre modèle propose des feuilles de route technologiques selon différents critères, comme par exemple avec le développement « équilibré » de la technologie entre les secteurs, ou le critère de disponibilité des ressources énergétiques. Par ailleurs, l'équité carbone, avec la convergence des technologies dans les secteurs à long terme, peut être mise en œuvre dans notre modèle et joue, dans ce cas, comme une contrainte supplémentaire dans l'optimisation multi-objectifs.Nos résultats montrent que les objectifs gouvernementaux en France et aux États-Unis sont « très stricts » car, pour les atteindre, tous les secteurs doivent réaliser des efforts importants de réduction de CO2. En revanche, l'objectif gouvernemental de la Chine s'avère « plus facile » à réaliser car les progrès dans les technologies qui sont nécessaires sont moins exigeants.Plus précisément, si on prévoit que le mix énergétique reste inchangé en Chine et aux États-Unis, le CSC deviendra indispensable dans le secteur de l'énergie. Pour la France, 80% des voitures devront être remplacées par des véhicules électriques afin d'atteindre son objectif en matière de CO2.Toutefois, en considérant l'équité carbone entre secteurs, la combustion du charbon est censée être réduite de deux tiers en Chine et devra être pratiquement éliminée aux États-Unis. Par contre, le gaz peut être encouragé dans son utilisation dans le secteur de l'énergie en particulier aux États-Unis. Concernant le secteur du transport, plus de 60 % des véhicules doivent être remplacés par des véhicules électriques en Chine. Cette part serait d'environ 90 % en France et aux États-Unis.Enfin, la sensibilité des paramètres du modèle a été testée pour simulations, à chaque étape du travail, et pour toutes les roadmaps technologiques. Les résultats des tests de sensibilité montrent que la production d'électricité et l'intensité d'émissions sont les deux paramètres dont l'influence est la plus importante sur les émissions futures de CO2. Ainsi l'amélioration de l'efficacité de la combustion du charbon et de l'efficacité énergétique de l'électricité joueront un rôle central dans la réductions des émissions de CO2.

In the context of global warming, academic institutes, international institutions such as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and governments of numerous countries have proposed global objectives of reducing CO 2 emissions and announced national targets. The purposes of this article are: i) to assess the governmental targets in comparing with the global objectives of various allocation methods, which correspond to different carbon equity principles; ii) to propose technology roadmaps in terms of carbon equity in the energy sectors, under the consideration of the international convergence of technologies in the energy transition period up to 2050. In order to evaluate the technology roadmaps, a Sectoral Emission Model is proposed that covers the sectors responsible for the greatest part of CO 2 emissions (power, transport, residence and industry sector) in studying the impacts of the principle energy technologies (energy mix, electric vehicles and energy efficiency). In the article, the technology roadmaps for the governmental targets on CO 2 emissions are studied for three typical countries: China, France, and the United States. Our results show that under the sectoral carbon equity consideration, coal combustion is projected to be reduced by two thirds in China, and it will have to be almost eliminated in the United States to achieve their CO 2 reduction target. But gas is encouraged to be used in the power sector, especially in the United States. Regarding the transport sector, more than 60% of vehicles should be replaced to electric vehicles in China, and this share will be about up to 90% in France and the United States.