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The purpose of this systematical literature review is to address the linkage between dynamic capability and organizational performance through the mediating effect of innovation and entrepreneurial orientations. With this regards, the systematic review has tried to address the relationship that exist between and among different variables like dynamic capability (independent Variable) and organizational performance (dependent Variable), dynamic capability and organizational performance through innovation (mediator variable 1) and through entrepreneurial orientation (mediator variable 2). To address the stated objectives and to test the stated hypothesis, the researcher has tried to screen 1000 well known articles and identified 200 which have direct relationship with the concept. However, due to their limitations related to addressing the dependent and independent variables with the mediators, the study has focused only on 50 selected articles. The reviewed articles doesn’t indicate that both innovation and entrepreneurial orientation can serve as a mediator between the two dependent and independent variables. The findings of the selected articles has indicated that there is a positive relationship between employee’s dynamic capability and organizational performance. In addition, the result has indicated that innovation and entrepreneurial orientation alone can mediate the relationship between the two variables (employee’s dynamic capability and organizational performance). By considering the existing results, this systematic literature review has developed a model by indicating the mediating effect of innovation and entrepreneurial orientations. Therefore, future researchers can conduct a study to measure the mediating effect of innovation and entrepreneurial orientation together in the relationship between employee’s dynamic capability and organizational performance., Journal of Business and Administrative Studies, Vol. 13 No. 2 (2021): Journal of Business and Administrative Studies (JBAS)

Natural radioactivity levels in Lake Hawassa sediment samples of Ethiopia’s Sidama Region have been measured. Sediment samples were collected and analyzed using gamma-ray spectrometery (high purity germanium detector) to evaluate the radioisotopes of 238U (214Pb, 214Bi), 232Th (228Ac, 212Pb), and 40K and their ranges of activity concentrations were 11.70 to 29.73 Bq, 19.01 to 58.61 Bq, and BDL to 827.21 Bq,with average values of 16.51 1.20 Bq, 28.17 2.27 Bq,and 673.95 29.92 Bq(dry mass), respectively. The radiological hazard indices average values (radium equivalent () (108.69 Bq); hazard index ((0.29); excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) (0.23 x ); absorbed dose rate ((52.70 nGy); annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE) (0.07 mSv); and annual gonadal dose equivalent (AGDE) (0.38 mSv) were also evaluated and compared to the worldwide-recommended values. All results of radiological hazard indices obtained in this study were lower than their worldwide-recommended values were 370 Bq , , 59 nGy, 0.07mSv, 0.29 , and 0.3mSvof radium equivalent activity, external hazard index, outdoor absorbed dose rate, outdoor annual effective dose equivalent, excess lifetime cancer risk, and annual gonadal dose equivalent, respectively. This suggests the coastline of Lake Hawassa is safe from radioactive risk for aquatic species and engaging in various human activities and appears as essential radiometric baseline information for further environmental monitoring programs

The purpose of this theoretical article is to give insight into the application of social exchange theory, human capital theory, and dynamic capability theory in the discipline of management. The prepositions, purpose, advantages, and critics related to each management-related theory were addressed. The theoretical review result indicated that social exchange theory can contribute more to boosting the productivity level of an organization and the satisfaction level of the employees. However, in the process of socialization, information security and disclosure-related issues have to be strictly followed and methods of supervision are in place. On the other hand, human beings need attention and focus from their respective managers. The focus of managers on the human capital that they have can be determined as capital investment. So, human capital investment can boost the performance of employees and the overall productivity of the organization. Individuals who are assigned in business areas have to know that the current highly competitive working environment needs compatible and situational employees and contemporary management style and approach. In this context, dynamic capability theory plays a significant contribution to the modern highly competitive business environment. Therefore, to win the current competitive market and to increase both the satisfaction level of the customer and the employees, managers have to know the basic concepts and applications of social exchange theory, human capital theory, and dynamic capability theory as a mere factor of success., Journal of Business and Administrative Studies, Vol. 13 No. 1 (2021): Journal of Business and Administrative Studies

Background. Quality healthcare can be assured by fostering quality teaching-learning process. Students are well-equipped to judge the quality of the teaching-learning process. Consequently, students’ satisfaction should be considered for the improvement of quality teaching. Objective. The study aimed to explore how far the University of Gondar (UoG) provides quality pharmacy education based on the perspective of students using the validated Instructional Skills Questionnaire (ISQ). Methods. A cross-sectional survey was conducted on May 2018 GC on 105 pharmacy students at the University of Gondar, Northern Ethiopia. Data were collected using the suspected demographic information and the validated Instructional Skills Questionnaire (ISQ). Data were entered into IBM SPSS Statistics® version 25, and the results of the analysis were described using descriptive and inferential statistics. A letter of ethical approval was obtained from the ethical review board of the University of Gondar prior to data collection. Results. More than half (58.6%) of the participants were female, and 85.1% of the subjects aged between 21 and 25 years. The highest students’ satisfaction was in the ISQ dimension of explication (58.03%) followed by instruction (56.13%) and comprehension (52.78). Student’s T-test showed that extension (night-shift) students have a higher average satisfaction score (3.54 ± 0.34) compared to regular (day-shift) students (3.31 ± 0.41) (t (103) = 2.422, p = 0.017 ). Similarly, fourth-year students showed higher average satisfaction (3.54 ± 0.33) as compared to fifth-year students (3.28 ± 0.42) (t (103) = 3.41, p = 0.002 ). Conclusion. In the present study, a higher students’ satisfaction was obtained about explication (58.03%) among seven ISQ dimensions, while students’ satisfaction related to activation was minimal (49%). Students’ satisfaction related to the learning outcome was found to be relatively high (67.23%). The study also showed that there is a significant difference in students’ satisfaction within the different study programs and years of study. Hence, the instructors should work to improve students’ satisfaction, thereby increasing the number of qualified professionals in the market.

The activity concentrations of naturally occurring radioisotopes 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K were measured using a gamma-ray spectrometer (HPGe detector) and determined their associated radiological hazard risks in irrigated agriculture soil samples collected from selected vegetable agriculture areas of southwestern Lake Hawassa in Ethiopia’s Sidama region. The average activity concentration values were 43.30 2.99 Bq , 86.21 6.74 Bq , and 861.92 39.96 Bq , respectively. The findings show that they were above the worldwide permissible values of 35, 45, and 420 Bq , respectively. For the study area, 232.95 Bq , 0.63, 108.02 nGy, 0.13 mSv, and values were the average radium equivalent activity (), external hazard index (), absorbed dose rate) , annual effective dose equivalent, and excess lifetime cancer risks, respectively. The estimated radiological variables absorbed dose rate, annual effective dose equivalent, and excess lifetime cancer risks were higher than the worldwide permissible values of 59 nGy, 0.07 mSv, and , respectively. According to this study, peoples working in irrigated vegetable agriculture soil areas appear to pose significant radiological health risks. The activity concentrations of radionuclides in soil samples were compared to earlier research on nearby geographic areas as well as some global regions, and they appear as an essential radiometric baseline for continuing initiatives of environmental monitoring.

Purpose This study was launched to assess COVID-19-related knowledge, attitude and practice among hospital and community pharmacists in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods Self-administered questionnaire was distributed to pharmacists working in hospitals and community pharmacies by physically delivering the questionnaire to study subjects. Data collected were entered into and analyzed by IBM SPSS Statistics® Version 25. Binary logistic analysis was used to determine the association between independent and outcome variables. Results All 295 participants who completed the survey stated that they had heard about COVID-19. Almost all of the participants were aware of the causative agent, the clinical manifestations and the ways of transmission of COVID-19. Most participants (92.2%) identified elderly individuals as one of the high-risk groups for severe complications and death while 89.5% identified supportive therapy and life support as recommended management options to date. More than half (53.2%) of the respondents were found to have adequate knowledge about COVID-19. Among respondents, 89.8% had a positive attitude on the importance of following WHO recommendations in reducing the transmission of COVID-19. Only 9.8% had confidence in the capacity of healthcare facilities in the country to properly handle potential COVID-19 pandemic. Inadequate protective measures were taken to protect the staff from COVID-19 in the institutions of 70.2% of the participants. Among the WHO recommended prevention measures, hand washing was exercised by 97.3% of the study participants. Conclusion The study findings confirmed that there is a high level of knowledge on each specific aspect of COVID-19 among the study participants. However, only about half of the participants had adequate knowledge about the disease. The pharmacists showed a predominantly positive attitude towards the importance of WHO recommendations and predominantly negative attitude towards the country's capacity to deal with the pandemic. The practice related to COVID-19 was inadequate at institutional level. Nevertheless, most of the pharmacists individually exercised self-protective measures against COVID-19. All stakeholders should work on ensuring the adequate supply of materials and services that aid in controlling the pandemic.

Despite having some benefits, self-medication increases risks such as unnecessary use of medication, extended duration of consumption, incorrect diagnosis, drug-drug interactions, and polypharmacy. Thus, the purpose of this study is to compare self-medication practice between medical and nonmedical students of the University of Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. An institutional-based cross-sectional comparative study was conducted on medical and nonmedical students of the University of Gondar from March 25 to May 15, 2018. A comparative sample of 213 medical and 212 nonmedical students were enrolled in the study. Data were collected by physically visiting the students in their campuses, using a semistructured questionnaire. Of the participants with a history of medication use in the past 12 months, 64.5% practiced self-medication. The prevalence of self-medication was 59.7% among medical students and 69.0% among nonmedical students. “Knowing the treatment of the disease” was the most frequent reason behind self-medication. Analgesics/antipyretics were the most common categories of medications used, whereas headache was the predominant ailment for which the medications were used. Self-medication practice was found to be higher in the fifth year students and nonmedical students (p<0.05). In conclusion, self-medication is common among students of the University of Gondar. Nonmedical students were more likely to have practiced self-medication as compared to medical students.

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-2-smo-10.1177_20503121211009728 for Drug-related problems in Ethiopian public healthcare settings: Systematic review and meta-analysis by Yohanes Ayele and Zelalem Tilahun Tesfaye in SAGE Open Medicine

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-4-smo-10.1177_20503121211009728 for Drug-related problems in Ethiopian public healthcare settings: Systematic review and meta-analysis by Yohanes Ayele and Zelalem Tilahun Tesfaye in SAGE Open Medicine

Supplemental material, sj-doc-1-smo-10.1177_20503121211009728 for Drug-related problems in Ethiopian public healthcare settings: Systematic review and meta-analysis by Yohanes Ayele and Zelalem Tilahun Tesfaye in SAGE Open Medicine

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-3-smo-10.1177_20503121211009728 for Drug-related problems in Ethiopian public healthcare settings: Systematic review and meta-analysis by Yohanes Ayele and Zelalem Tilahun Tesfaye in SAGE Open Medicine

Background Acute diarrhea management is solely aimed at fluid replacement and nutritional support while antibiotics have a very limited role. Antibiotic treatment is recommended only for bloody diarrhea (dysentery), cholera and invasive bacterial diarrhea. This study is launched to assess the appropriateness of antibiotic use for the management of acute diarrhea among under-five children in Gondar town primary care centers.Methods Institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted in three primary care centers located in Gondar town, Northwest Ethiopia. Children aged from 2–59 months who visited the three primary care centers from September 12, 2015 to September 10, 2016 and received treatment for acute diarrhea were included in the study. We selected 176 cases from Azezo Health Center, 166 from Poly Health Center and 80 from Woleka Health Center. Cases were drawn using systematic random sampling technique. The findings of the study were summarized using tables and figures; binary logistic analysis was used to identify association between the independent and outcome variables at 95% confidence level where p Results The mean age of the study participants was 19.1 ± 12.8 months. The majority (60.8%) were males. Appropriate antibiotic use was recorded in less than half (47.2%) of the study subjects. Almost all (98.1%) of children subjected to inappropriate antibiotic use were those with watery diarrhea treated with antibiotics. Out of 253 children who received antidiarrheal antibiotics 202 (79.8%) had acute watery diarrhea which should not be treated with antibiotics. Children diagnosed with acute watery diarrhea were less likely to receive treatment qualified as appropriate antibiotic use [AOR: 0.003 (0.001,0.017)]. Conversely, receiving no antibiotic [AOR: 391.00 (92.46, 1653.37)] and prescriber’s profession of Clinical Nurse [AOR: 3.57 (1.02, 12.51)] were positive predictors for appropriate antibiotic use.Conclusion The findings of the study confirm the prevalence of widespread inappropriate antibiotic use on under-five children presenting with acute diarrhea. The findings can be used by stakeholders as input for promoting appropriate antibiotic use in the healthcare system as well as to deter antimicrobial resistance.

Identification and prevention of drug-related problems have become the central role of patient-centered pharmacy practitioners. After the initiation of patient-oriented pharmacy service, many studies evaluating magnitude of drug-related problems at facility level in Ethiopia have been conducted, though the extent of the problem at a national level remains unknown. Hence, this systematic review and meta-analysis is undertaken with the aim of quantifying the prevalence of drug-related problems in Ethiopian public healthcare settings using Cipolle/Strand classification system. Electronic databases were searched including PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, MEDLINE and HINARI, Google Scholar and ResearchGate for both published and unpublished works. Data on study characteristics and outcomes were extracted using the format developed on Microsoft Excel. The primary measure was the pooled prevalence of drug-related problems. The meta-analysis was conducted using OpenMeta[Analyst].A total of 17 studies were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of drug-related problems of patients who experienced at least one drug-related problem during their therapy was found to be 69.4% (95% confidence interval: 61.5–77.4). The most frequently reported types of drug-related problems were “need for additional drug and “noncompliance,” together accounting for more than half of the drug-related problems. The most frequently reported factors associated with drug-related problems were patients’ age, polypharmacy, comorbidities and the number days of hospital stay.The prevalence of drug-related problems in Ethiopian public healthcare settings was found to be high. Inconsistent reporting of drug-related problems was observed across the studies. It is imperative to design and implement interventions aimed at reducing drug-related problems. Responsible stakeholders should adopt uniform drug-related problem classification approach to ensure uniform reporting of drug-related problems in Ethiopian healthcare settings

Objective: The study was aimed to explore patient safety culture of community pharmacists working in Dessie and Gondar towns, Northern Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from 1st to 31st March 2018. In this cross-sectional survey, the Pharmacy Survey on Patient Safety Culture (PSOPSC), developed by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), was used to collect data. PSOPSC is a self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire was distributed among staffs who work in community pharmacies of Dessie and Gondar towns. All staffs available on data collection period in the pharmacy were included. The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software version 25 was used to enter and analyze the data. Results: A total of 120 participants were approached and completed the questionnaire. Results from the study showed that high positive response rate was demonstrated in the domains of “Teamwork” (90.2%) followed by physical space and environment (83.1%). On the other hand, the result also identified that there is an enormous problem related to mistake communication (44.8%) and work pressure (45%). In addition, significant difference of percent positive responses were obtained across towns and staff working hours. Conclusions: The patient safety culture of community pharmacists is appreciable especially with respect to their teamwork. Besides, urgent attention should be given to areas of weakness, mainly in the domain of “mistake communication” and “staffing and work pressure”. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

BackgroundThe emergence of chronic diseases as major causes of disability and death has necessitated the introduction of new strategies to effectively address the ever-changing nature of public health problems. As a result, the role of community pharmacies in promoting public health is growing in recent years through the provision of extended pharmacy services. This study was conducted with the aim of assessing community's extent of use and approval of extended pharmacy services at community pharmacies in Bonga town, Southwest Ethiopia.Materials and methodsCommunity based cross-sectional study was conducted in Bonga town, Southwest Ethiopia, on households selected by systematic random sampling. Data was collected using semi-structured questionnaire. Data was collected by personally delivering questionnaires to respondents in selected households. Results of the study were described by frequency, mean and standard deviation (SD). Binary logistic analysis was performed to identify potential associations between dependent and independent variables.ResultsOut of 356 individuals included in the study, 58.4% recalled visiting community pharmacy premises during the previous six months. Out of these, 34.6% visited the community pharmacies to get extended pharmacy services. College educated participants were 19.4 times more likely to have used extended pharmacy services as compared to illiterate individuals whereas those who earn monthly income more than 5000 Ethiopian Birr were 3.6 times more likely than those with monthly income of 2000 Ethiopian Birr or less. Of the total participants, 91.3% approved the provision of extended pharmacy services in community pharmacies.ConclusionThe extent of community's use of extended pharmacy services at community pharmacies was found to be low. Nevertheless, majority of the study subjects approved the provision of extended pharmacy services at community pharmacies. Efforts to improve the practice of extended pharmacy service provision at community pharmacies should be made by all stake holders.

Purpose Although the concomitant use of multiple drugs often increases therapeutic effectiveness, certain combinations result in unwanted drug–drug interactions (DDIs). Most interactions go unnoticed by physicians due to the absence of new clinical signs and symptoms, and because they often produce a worsening of already existing symptoms. Quantification of the occurrence of the potential DDIs is essential to prevent the harmful effects associated with interactions. This study was launched to assess the prevalence of potential DDIs in the Internal Medicine ward of Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Patients and methods Cross-sectional data were gathered from the medical charts of 252 randomly selected patients who were admitted to the Internal Medicine ward during August 23 to October 23, 2013, and exposed to at least two concomitant drugs. Potential DDIs were identified using Medscape Drug Interaction Checker. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the presence of association between variables and p-value, Video abstract

Background: Cervical cancer is causing a huge burden in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It mainly affects women in their young ages making female university students at risk of cervical cancer. Knowledge and awareness about cervical cancer and human papillomavirus (HPV) in SSA including Ethiopia is very poor. We aimed to assess the knowledge and awareness of cervical cancer and HPV in University of Gondar (UOG) medicine and health science female students. A cross-sectional study was done. Methods: This study was conducted from April 1 to May 30, 2016 at UOG, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. Undergraduate female students were included in the study. A 14-item self-administered questionnaire was then provided to each of the participants to measure their level of knowledge and awareness about cervical cancer and HPV. Results: A total of 267 female students participated in the study (mean age 20.58 ± 1.22). More than half of the participants (59.6%) did not know the main cause of cervical cancer, whereas just about a fifth of them (19.5%) identified HPV as the main cause of cervical cancer. As high as 83.9% of the participants did not know other causes of cervical cancer. Binary logistic analysis revealed that students from midwifery (adjusted odds ratios [AOR] = 14.14, P < 0.05), anesthesiology (AOR = 9.66, P < 0.05) and medicine (AOR = 5.84, P < 0.05) departments were associated with knowledge of the main cause of cervical cancer. Conclusions: Knowledge about cervical cancer and its causes were found to be inadequate among higher education female students. Hence, awareness about cervical cancer, causes and its prevention, importance of screening and vaccination should be promoted through university's campaign, curricular changes, and community and research projects.

Abstract 6 Background: Cervical cancer is causing a burden in sub-Saharan Africa, with human papillomavirus (HPV) identified as the necessary cause of cervical cancer. HPV mainly affects young women, which puts female university students at risk of cervical cancer. Knowledge and awareness of cervical cancer and HPV in sub-Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia, is poor. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and awareness of cervical cancer and HPV in University of Gondar medicine and health science female students. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from April 1 to May 30, 2016, at University of Gondar, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia. Undergraduate female students from 11 different health-related departments at the College of Medicine and Health Sciences were included in the study. A 14-item, paper-based, self-administered questionnaire was provided to each of the participants to measure her level of knowledge and awareness of cervical cancer and HPV. Results: A total of 267 female students participated in the study, with ages ranging from 18 to 24 years (mean age, 20.58 ± 1.22 years). More than one half of participants (59.6%) stated that they did not know the main cause of cervical cancer, whereas only approximately one fifth (19.5%) identified HPV as the main cause of cervical cancer. As many as 83.9% of participants did not know other causes of cervical cancer. Binary logistic analysis revealed that students from midwifery (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 14.14; P < .05), anesthesiology (AOR, 9.66; P < .05), and medicine (AOR, 5.84; P < .05) departments were associated with knowledge of the main cause of cervical cancer. Furthermore, fifth-year students (AOR, 16.94; P < .05) and fourth-year students (AOR, 8.32; P < .05) were found to have better knowledge of the main cause of cervical cancer. Only a few students (15%) had been vaccinated for HPV or had had a cervical smear test performed in the past. Conclusion: Cervical cancer mainly affects young women, which puts female university students at risk of cervical cancer. Hence, assessing the knowledge and awareness of these students will be of paramount importance to designing effective measures to increase their knowledge and awareness of the disease. AUTHORS' DISCLOSURES OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST No COIs from the authors.

Numerous quick clay identification methods are reported to locate the quick clay layer from CPTu, rotary or total sounding data and electrical resistivity test results. However, their validity still needs to be verified by laboratory test results. The present interpretation analysis shows that the CPTu identification methods are capable of interpreting the subsurface soil type with a good accuracy and these results compare well with the laboratory test results.The study has shown that there is a general correlation between the slope of the pushing force to depth curve and the sensitivity or quickness of the soil at the same depth. However, since there is no direct connection between pushing force and sensitivity, there is a large variation in sensitivity for any given slope of the sounding curves, except for the very flattest.

Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) associated anemia is common and it is a challenge for prognosis of HIV positive patients. It is stated in different literature that the prevalence of anemia due to HIV before highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) initiation is more prevalent than after HAART initiation. Thus this study aimed to assess anemia prevalence before and after initiation of HAART among HIV patients attending university of Gondar hospital from 2008 – 2013. Methods A retrospective study was conducted by collecting data from antiretroviral clinic of University of Gondar Hospital from January 1, 2008 to December 30, 2013. Data was collected by using data collection sheet which contains age, sex, regimen type, hematological parameters and CD4 cell count. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. In order to compare means paired t-test was used. P- Value