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Three techniques have been used to determine what clay mineral surfaces are involved in the selective bonding of Co: (a) polyphosphate ions were used to block edge surfaces of montmorillonite and vermiculite from Co, (b) collapse of the interlamellar spaces with potassium saturation was used to block internal basal surfaces of vermiculite from Co, and (c) autoradiographs were prepared of vermiculite and mica particles that had reacted with Co58. In each case Co in low concentration was allowed to combine with the mineral in the presence of high concentrations of CaCl2. The preliminary sorption of polyphosphate ions had no appreciable effect on the sorption of Co by the minerals studied, indicating that the edge surfaces were not likely to be involved in the Co reaction. The blocking of internal basal areas had only a very slight effect suggesting that these surfaces were involved in the sorption of Co, but only to a limited extent. Autoradiographs of naturally occurring vermiculite particles revealed a somewhat uneven distribution of Co over the planar surface of the particles. Removal of the outer layers of the crystals, either before or after the material had combined with Co but before autoradiography, resulted in a concentration of the metal along edges and cracks. Apparently the external basal surfaces are principally involved in the specific sorption of Co by layer silicates. It is suggested that chemical weathering and physical abrasion of the surfaces introduce defect structures which favor the chemical bonding of heavy metals.

The sorption of Co and Zn by layer silicates was studied in dilute mineral suspensions containing, in most cases, about 10-6M Co or Zn. Electrostatic adsorption was eliminated by the presence of 0.1 N CaCl2. Co and Zn were determined by a radioisotopie technique. Detailed studies on montmorillonite and to a lesser extent vermiculite, muscovite and biotite revealed the presence of at least two forms of specifically sorbed Co, one of which was exchangeable by certain ions such as Cu, Ni, Zn, Fe, Mn or more Co and the other, occurring in much smaller amounts, was not exchangeable by these cations. The latter form is considered to result from lattice penetration; the former is associated with surface groups. These forms may be separated quantitatively by several desorption procedures including successive extractions with dilute acetic acid. The total amount and relative proportion of these forms of sorbed Co and Zn depend on the pH of the system, time of reaction, mineral species used, and amount of Co or Zn added. Equilibrium is not readily attained but tends to approach a slow steady state after several days. Isotherms indicate a variation in bonding energy with surface coverage. The sorption of Co and Zn from dilute solutions by any mineral is related to its stability. These studies, considered in conjunction with published data, suggest that a common mechanism may be involved in the specific sorption of many heavy metal cations by many minerals.

The article discusses highlights of the Six Foot Track Marathon held in New South Wales, Australia on March 14, 2009. A course record was achieved by Ben Artup, who finished the race in 3.15.25 hours. Vanessa Haverd from Canberra won in the female category of the race. Favorable weather conditions reportedly allowed many runners to set their personal bests.

The article reports on the 25th annual Six Foot Track Marathon held last March 8, 2008 in New South Wales. It reflects on the first event in 1984 where seven runners are recruited by the mayor of Katoomba to participate in the race. It discusses the 781 participants in the 2008 race that is sponsored by the running club Sydney Striders. It focuses on the records set by the winners Barry Keem and Vanessa Haverd.