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Recurrent otitis externa is a common problem in dogs. Topical treatment for each flare is successful in the short term, but repeated cycles of inflammation and infection lead to chronic inflammatory changes, pain and aversion, and antimicrobial resistance. These make the flares more frequent and harder to control. Eventually, the changes become irreversible and require a total ear canal ablation/lateral bulla osteotomy or ablative laser surgery. Most ear canal surgery is avoidable if recurrent otitis is properly managed at an earlier stage. This requires a different mindset and approach to these cases, taking advantage of recent research and clinical findings. Most importantly, clinicians must appreciate that all recurrent ear infections in dogs are secondary. To achieve a good long-term outcome, it is essential that all the underlying factors in each case are diagnosed and managed using the primary, secondary, predisposing, and perpetuating framework. This means that the primary condition must be diagnosed and managed, the secondary infection treated, predisposing risks identified and corrected, and the perpetuating factors reversed. Treatment is in 2 phases: induction to get the ears in remission and then long-term maintenance therapy to prevent relapses. Treatment should be appropriate to each dog but will typically involve ear cleaning, topical antimicrobial therapy, and topical or systemic glucocorticoids. Novel treatments for infection and inflammation will offer additional options in the future. Understanding the triggers for recurrent otitis in dogs will help clinicians plan effective management regimens that will make a huge difference to the quality of life of their patients and their owners.

Antimicrobial resistance is one of the greatest current threats to human and animal health. There is an urgent need to ensure that antimicrobials are used appropriately to limit the emergence and impact of resistance. In the human and veterinary healthcare setting, traditional culture and antimicrobial sensitivity testing is typically conducted, requiring 48-72 h to identify appropriate antibiotics for treatment. In the meantime, broad-spectrum antimicrobials are often used, which may be ineffective or impact non-target commensal bacteria. Here, we present a rapid diagnostics pipeline, involving metagenomic Nanopore sequencing directly from clinical urine and skin samples of dogs. We have optimised this pipeline to be versatile and easily implementable in a clinical setting, with the potential for future adaptation to different sample types and animals. Using our approach, we can identify the bacterial pathogen present in a sample with 100% sensitivity within 5 hours. For urine samples, we can predict antibiotic sensitivity with up to 95% accuracy. However, skin swabs which exhibited lower bacterial abundance and higher host DNA, were less amenable and an additional host depletion step may be required prior to DNA extraction. In summary, our pipeline represents an important step towards the design of individually tailored veterinary treatment plans on the same day as presentation, facilitating effective use of antibiotics and promoting antimicrobial stewardship.Impact statementAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major threat to veterinary and human healthcare. It is a one-health problem, as humans and dogs are in close contact, require similar antibiotics, and share bacterial pathogens and AMR genes. Limited treatments options due to AMR would have a catastrophic effect. The risk of infection would render much of modern healthcare (including critical care, orthopaedic and complex surgeries, implants and oncology) impossible. In addition, routine infections could become life threatening. It is therefore critical to preserve the efficacy of these drugs for the future. Inappropriate antimicrobial use is the single biggest factor driving AMR. Antimicrobial stewardship involves reducing antimicrobial use, using first-line narrow-spectrum drugs, and avoiding overly long treatment. Delays in culture-based diagnosis lead clinicians to speculatively use broad-spectrum antibiotics and prolong courses of treatment beyond clinical cure. Our rapid diagnostic approach will have a major impact in reducing, refining and replacing antibiotic use. This will advance antimicrobial stewardship in veterinary and human healthcare.Data summaryAll sequencing data mentioned in this work is available from NCBI, BioProject PRJNA925092, Biosamples SAMN32880396 to SAMN32880438, run accessions SRR23195371 to SRR23195413.The authors confirm all supporting data, code and protocols have been provided within the article or through supplementary data files.

Background Middle ear effusion is common in brachycephalic dogs with similarities to otitis media with effusion in children. Association with the cranial and eustachian tube morphology and bacterial infection is suspected in both species. Hypothesis/objectives To determine cytological and bacteriological features of middle ear effusions in dogs, provide information on histological features, and further assess the dog as a model of the human disease. Animals Sixteen live dogs, 3 postmortem cases of middle ear effusion, and 2 postmortem controls. Methods Prospective; clinical investigation using computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, video-otoscopy, myringotomy; cytological assessment of 30 and bacteriology of 28 effusions; histology and immunohistochemistry (CD3 for T-lymphocytes, Pax5 for B lymphocytes and MAC387 for macrophages) of 10 middle ear sections. Results Effusions were associated with neurological deficits in 6/16 (38%) and concurrent atopic dermatitis and otitis externa in 9/16 (56%) of live cases. Neutrophils and macrophages predominated on cytology (median 60 [range 2%-95.5%] and 27 [2%-96.5%]) whether culture of effusions was positive or not. In histology sections, the mucosa was thickened in affected dogs but submucosal gland dilatation occurred in affected and unaffected dogs. There was no bacterial growth from 22/28 (79%) of effusions. Bacteria isolated from the other 6 (21%) were predominantly Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (4/6, 67%). Conclusions and clinical importance Clinical, morphological, and cytological findings in middle ear effusions of dogs and people suggest similar pathogeneses. Middle ear effusion of dogs could be a useful model of human otitis media with effusion. Such comparisons can improve understanding and management across species.

Topical therapy in canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) can moisturise and soothe the skin; treat and prevent secondary bacterial and yeast infections; and remove debris, grease and allergens. Shampoos are commonly used but can be time-consuming. Non-rinsing wipes, foams and spot-on preparations facilitate topical application and improve compliance. The ideal topical product for CAD should be emollient, lipid-barrier sparing, microbiome balancing, easy to apply and well-tolerated, have some residual activity, and be safe for the dog and owner. Ophytrium is a novel Ophiopogon japonicus (Japanese mondo grass) derived product. It blocks inflammatory pathways, maintains epidermal morphology and barrier function, and reduces staphylococcal adherence and biofilm formation in human and canine epidermis models. It has been incorporated in shampoos and foams for dogs (Douxo S3®; Ceva Sante Animale, Libourne, France). Use of 3-week treatment cycles with one shampoo followed by a foam application every 2–3 days helps to ameliorate CAD (Douxo S3 Calm®) and superficial staphylococcal pyoderma (ophytrium/3% chlorhexidine; Douxo S3 Pyo®). Effective topical therapy used alone or alongside other modalities can improve the effectiveness and safety of treatment for CAD. Reducing the need for systemic antimicrobials is a vital part of antimicrobial stewardship.

Two strains, H8/1Tand H16/1AT, of Gram-stain-positive, coagulase-negative staphylococci were isolated from separate healthy domestic dogs in Scotland. Both strains were genome sequenced and their inferred DNA–DNA hybridisation indicates that H8/1Tand H16/1ATrepresent two novel species of the genusStaphylococcus. On the basis of the results of genome sequence analysis (genomeblastdistance phylogeny and single nucleotide polymorphism analysis) H8/1Tis most closely related toStaphylococcus devrieseiand H16/1ATmost closely related toStaphylococcus felis. Also, average nucleotide identity distinguished H8/1Tand H16/1ATfromS. devrieseiandS. felisas did minor phenotypic differences. On the basis of these results, it is proposed that H8/1Tand H16/1ATrepresent novel species with the respective namesStaphylococcus caledonicusandStaphylococcus canis. The type strain ofS. caledonicusis H8/1T(=NCTC 14452T=CCUG 74789T). The type strain ofS. canisis H16/1AT(=NCTC 14451T=CCUG 74790T)

BackgroundTopical antimicrobials are recommended for first line treatment of surface and superficial infections in dogs. This is especially important given the increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistant infections. Antimicrobial wipes have become popular, but there are a lack of controlled studies assessing their in vitro antimicrobial and in vivo residual activity. We aimed to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of two commercial antimicrobial wipes against frequently isolated pathogens.Ten clinical and one reference isolate each of meticillin-susceptibleStaphylococcus pseudintermedius(MSSP), meticillin-resistantS. pseudintermedius(MRSP),Escherichia coli(EC), extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producingE. coli(ESBL-EC),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(PA) andMalassezia pachydermatis(MP) were tested using a modified Kirby-Bauer technique. Each isolate was tested against 6 mm discs of chlorhexidine (CHX) and acetic acid/boric acid (AABA) wipes, and positive and negative controls either overnight (bacteria) or for 3 days (Malassezia).Healthy dogs were treated with the wipes and distilled water on a randomised flank (n = 5 each). Hair samples (1 cm; 0.1 g) taken at days 0, 1 and 3 were inoculated with an isolate of each organism. Zones of inhibition (ZI) were measured.ResultsAll isolates produced confluent growth with AABA and control wipes, except for the cleansing wipes and MP (median ZI 12 mm; 95% CI 8.2–15.8). The median (95% CI) CHX wipe ZIs (mm) were: MP 48.0 (47.0–49.0), MSSP 15.6 (14.2–17.0), MRSP 14.0 (13.6–14.4), EC 13.6 (12.0–15.2) and ESBL-EC 10.0 (9.4–10.6). PA showed confluent growth. The differences between the bacterial isolates was significant (Kruskal-Wallisp EBSL-EC > PA). Confluent growth was visible with all the hair samples.ConclusionCHX but not AABA showed in vitro efficacy against MSSP, MRSP, EC and MP. ESBL-EC were less susceptible and there was no activity against PA. There was no residual activity on hair. Additional studies are required to determine efficacy of these products in clinically affected patients.

Improved understanding of the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis in dogs has led to more effective treatment plans, including skin barrier repair and new targeted treatments for management of allergy-associated itch and inflammation. The intent of this review article is to provide an update on the etiologic rationale behind current recommendations that emphasize a multimodal approach for the management of atopic dermatitis in dogs. Increasing knowledge of this complex disease process will help direct future treatment options.

A myringotomy is a surgical incision made in the tympanic membrane (TM). This gives access to the middle ear for sampling, flushing and instilling topical therapy. It should be considered whenever the TM is intact and there is clinical evidence of otitis media, abnormal TMs and/or abnormal diagnostic imaging. Samples should be collected for cytological investigation and culture, and then the external ear should be cleaned and dried (if required). Myringotomies should be performed under general anaesthesia and, wherever possible, using a video otoscope; the enhanced view and instrument ports facilitate the technique and reduce the risk of complications. The myringotomy incision should be made in the caudoventral quadrant of the TM using an appropriately sized urinary catheter to collect samples and flush the middle ear cavity. A thorough understanding of the anatomy, technique and potential ototoxicity of topical therapy is needed to minimize the risk of neurological and other complications. The TM usually heals within 35 days if kept free of infection.Une myringotomie est une incision chirurgicale de la membrane tympanique (TM). Elle donne accès à l’oreille moyenne pour prélèvement, flushing et traitement topique. Elle doit être envisagée même si la TM est intacte et si il y a des signes cliniques évocateurs d’otite moyenne, de TM anormale et/ou un diagnostic anormal d’imagerie. Les échantillons devraient être collectés pour cytologie et culture, et ainsi l’oreille externe devrait être nettoyée et séchée (si besoin). Les myringotomies devraient être réalisées sous anesthésie générale et si possible à l’aide d’un vidéo-otoscope; l’amélioration de la visualisation et du port des instruments facilitent la technique et réduit le risque de complications. L’incision de myringotomie devrait être réalisée dans le cadrant caudo-ventral de la TM à l’aide d’une sonde urinaire de diamètre approprié pour la collecte des échantillons et le nettoyage de la bulle tympanique. Une meilleure connaissance de l’anatomie, la technique et la potentielle ototoxicité du traitement topique est nécessaire pour minimiser le risque de complications, notamment, neurologiques. La Tm cicatrise habituellement en 35 jours si aucune infection n’est présente.Una miringotomía es una incisión quirúrgica realizada en la membrana timpánica (TM). Esto da acceso al oído medio para tomar muestras, lavar e introducir la terapia tópica. Se debe considerar siempre que la TM esté intacta y haya evidencia clínica de otitis media, TM anormales y/o imágenes de diagnóstico anormales. Se deben obtener muestras para investigación citológica y cultivo, y luego se debe limpiar y secar el oído externo (si es necesario). Las miringotomías deben realizarse bajo anestesia general y, siempre que sea posible, utilizando un video otoscopio; la mejor visualización y los enlaces para instrumentos facilitan la técnica y reducen el riesgo de complicaciones. La incisión de miringotomía debe realizarse en el cuadrante caudoventral de la TM utilizando un catéter urinario de tamaño apropiado para recolectar muestras y lavar la cavidad del oído medio. Se necesita un conocimiento profundo de la anatomía, la técnica y la posible ototoxicidad de la terapia tópica para minimizar el riesgo de complicaciones neurológicas y de otro tipo. La TM generalmente cicatriza en 35 días si se mantiene libre de infección.Eine Myringotomie ist eine chirurgische Inzision am Trommelfell (TM). Diese ermöglicht einen Zugang zum Mittelohr, um Proben zu nehmen, es zu spülen oder topische Medikamente zu applizieren. Sie sollte immer in Betracht gezogen werden, wenn das TM intakt ist und eine klinische Evidenz für eine Mittelohrentzündung, abnormale TMs und/oder eine abnormale bildgebende Diagnostik vorliegen. Die Proben sollten für eine zytologische Untersuchung und Kultur genommen werden, danach sollte das äußere Ohr gereinigt und (wenn nötig) getrocknet werden. Myringotomien sollten unter Vollnarkose und wenn möglich mittels Video Otoskop durchgeführt werden; die erweiterte Sicht und die Instrumentenzugänge erleichtern die Technik und reduzieren das Risiko von Komplikationen. Die Inzision für die Myringotomie sollte im caudoventralen Quadranten des TM erfolgen, wobei ein entsprechend großer Katzenharnkatheter zur Probenahme und zur Spülung des Mittelohrs Verwendung finden sollte. Ein genaues Wissen der Anatomie, der Technik und der möglichen Ototoxizität der topischen Therapie ist Voraussetzung, um das Risiko einer neurologischen oder einer anderen Komplikation zu minimieren. Das TM heilt normalerweise, wenn eine Infektion verhindert wird, innerhalb von 35 Tagen zu.鼓膜切開術は, 鼓膜(TM)を切開する手術である。鼓膜を切開することにより, 中耳へのアクセスが可能となり, サンプリング, フラッシング, 外用療法の実施が可能となる。鼓膜が無傷で、中耳炎の臨床的証拠、鼓膜の異常、および画像診断の異常がある場合には、鼓膜切開を考慮すべきである。細胞学的検査および培養のためにサンプルを採取し、外耳洗浄して乾燥させる (必要な場合) 必要がある。鼓膜切開術は全身麻酔下で行い、可能な限りビデオ耳鏡を使用すべきである。鼓膜切開術は、サンプル採取および中耳腔洗浄のために適切なサイズの尿道カテーテルを用いて鼓膜の尾腹側四分円に行うべきである。神経系やその他の合併症のリスクを最小限に抑えるためには、解剖、技術、および外用療法の潜在的な耳毒性を十分に理解する必要がある。感染がなければ、TMは通常35日以内に治癒する。.鼓膜切开术是在鼓膜(TM)上做的手术切口。这允许进入中耳进行采样、冲洗和外部治疗灌注。当TM完整且有中耳炎、TM异常和/或诊断成像异常的临床证据时, 应考虑TM。应采集样本进行细胞学检查和培养, 然后 (如需要) 清洁外耳并使之干燥。鼓膜切开术应在全身麻醉下进行, 并在可能的情况下使用视频耳镜进行操作; 增强的视野和器械端口有助于该技术, 并降低并发症的风险。应使用合适尺寸的导管在TM尾腹侧象限做鼓膜切开术切口, 采集样本并冲洗中耳腔。需要全面了解外部治疗的解剖结构、技术和潜在耳毒性, 以将神经和其他并发症的风险降至最低。如果保持无感染,TM通常在35天内愈合。.A miringotomia é uma incisão cirúrgica realizada na membrana timpânica (MT) que dá acesso ao ouvido médio para coleta de amostras, limpeza e instilação de terapia tópica. A miringotomia deve ser considerada sempre que a MT está intacta e há evidência clínica de otite média, MTs anormais e/ou exame de imagem anormal. As amostras devem ser coletadas para investigação citológica e cultura, e depois o ouvido médio deve ser limpo e seco (se necessário). Miringotomias devem ser realizadas sob anestesia geral e, sempre que possível, utilizando um vídeo otoscópio; a visão ampliada e as portas para instrumentos facilitam a técnica e reduzem o risco de complicações. A incisão da miringotomia deve ser realizada no quadrante caudoventral da MT utilizando um cateter urinário de tamanho apropriado para coletar amostras e lavar a cavidade do ouvido médio. Um conhecimento aprofundado da anatomia, técnica e potencial ototoxicidade de produtos tópicos é necessário para minimizar o risco de complicações neurológicas e de outra natureza. A MT geralmente cicatriza em 35 dias se for mantida sem infecção.

Feline allergic skin disease and asthma occur regularly in small animal practice.To provide evidence-based recommendations for small animal practitioners on the treatment of feline atopic syndrome (FAS).The authors reviewed the literature available before February 2020, prepared a detailed evidence-based literature review and made recommendations based on the evaluated evidence.Sixty-six papers and abstracts were identified describing treatment interventions for FAS and evaluated to establish treatment recommendations. For many treatment options, the papers were retrospective, open studies or case reports.In this review, there was good evidence for the efficacy of systemic glucocorticoids and ciclosporin, and limited evidence for the efficacy of topical glucocorticoids, oclacitinib and allergen-specific immunotherapy in feline atopic skin syndrome. Evidence pointed to low-to-moderate efficacy for antihistamines, fatty acids and palmitoyl ethanolamide. In feline asthma, there was good evidence for the efficacy of oral and inhaled glucocorticoids, and limited evidence of moderate efficacy for allergen-specific immunotherapy. Evidence supported low-to-moderate efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells, inhaled lidocaine and oclacitinib as treatments for feline asthma. For almost all therapeutic options (with the exception of glucocorticoids and ciclosporin), more randomised controlled trials are needed.背景: 猫特应性综合征(FAS)涵盖了一系列超敏反应疾病, 以高度多样化的临床表现为特征, 包括皮肤、胃肠道和呼吸系统。这些疾病包括猫特应性皮肤综合征(FASS), 其中超敏反应通常与环境过敏原相关, 尽管食物过敏可能同时存在。也可能累及其他器官系统 (如哮喘)。由于其高度异质性的临床表现, FASS的诊断可能具有挑战性。 目的: 国际动物过敏性疾病委员会(ICADA)的一个亚组的任务是总结FASS临床表现的最新信息, 并制定诊断指南。 方法: 检索在线引文数据库和国际会议摘要中与猫过敏相关的出版物。必要时结合专家意见。 结果: 共找出107篇与本综述相关的出版物。汇编这些资料能够制定FASS临床特征的详细描述和制定指南, 重点是系统性消除具有相似临床特征的其他皮肤疾病。由于皮肤科医生经常使用过敏试验来支持FASS的临床诊断, 因此还对这些方法进行了简要综述。 结论和临床重要性: 与犬特应性皮炎相似, FASS的临床诊断是基于相符的临床症状,并排除具有相似临床特征的其他疾病。在确诊FASS之前, 必须消除或排除跳蚤/跳蚤过敏、其他寄生虫、感染和食物过敏。.CONTEXTE: le syndrome atopique félin (FAS) décrit un spectre d’hypersensibilités caractérisées par diverses présentations cliniques comprenant la peau, le système digestif et le système respiratoire. Parmi ces atteintes, il y a le syndrome cutané atopique félin (FASS), pour lequel l’hypersensibilité est typiquement associée à des allergènes environnementaux, bien que l’allergie alimentaire puisse coexister. D’autres organes (par exemple asthme) peuvent être aussi impliqués. En raison de cette grande hétérogénéité clinique, le diagnostic du FASS peut être un défi. OBJECTIFS: Un sous-groupe de l’ICADA (International Committee on Allergic Diseases of Animals) a été chargé de résumer les informations les plus actuelles sur les présentations cliniques du FASS et de développer des recommandations de diagnostic. MÉTHODES: Les citations des bases de données en ligne et les résumés des congrès internationaux ont été recherchés pour les publications en lien avec les allergies félines. Ceci a été combiné avec des opinions d’experts quand nécessaire. RÉSULTATS: Un total de 107 publications pertinentes a été identifié. La compilation de ces données a permis le développement d’une description détaillée des critères cliniques du FASS et le développement de recommandations ciblant une élimination systématique des autres atteintes cutanées avec des caractéristiques cliniques semblables. Alors que les tests allergiques sont fréquemment utilisés par les dermatologues pour soutenir le diagnostic clinique du FASS, une revue rapide de ces méthodologies a aussi été réalisée. CONCLUSIONS ET IMPORTANCE CLINIQUE: De façon semblable à la dermatite atopique canine, le FASS est un diagnostic clinique basé sur la présence compatible avec les signes cliniques et l’exclusion d’autres maladies ayant des critères cliniques semblables. L’élimination ou l’exclusion des puces/de l’allergie aux puces, d’autres parasites, des infections et de l’allergie alimentaire est necessaire avant d’établir un diagnostic de FASS.Das Feline atopische Syndrom (FAS) beschreibt ein Spektrum von Hypersensibilitätserkrankungen, die durch sehr unterschiedliche klinische Präsentationen auf der Haut, dem Gastrointestinaltrakt und dem Respirationstrakt charakterisiert sind. Unter diesen Erkrankungen ist auch das Feline Atopische Haut Syndrom (FASS), bei dem eine Hypersensibilität typisch mit Umweltallergenen in Zusammenhang steht, obwohl eine Futterallergie gleichzeitig bestehen könnte. Es können auch andere Organsysteme mit involviert sein (z.B. Asthma). Aufgrund der hochgradig heterogenen klinischen Präsentation kann die Diagnose der FASS eine Herausforderung darstellen.Eine Untergruppe des International Committee on Allergic Diseases of Animals (ICADA) sollte die gängigste Information über die klinischen Präsentationen vom FASS zusammenfassen und diagnostische Richtlinien entwerfen.Es wurden Online Literaturstellen und Abstracts von internationalen Treffen auf Publikationen über Allergien der Katze durchsucht. Diese wurden, wenn nötig, mit einer Expertenmeinung kombiniert.Es wurden insgesamt 107 Publikationen, die für dieses Thema relevant waren, identifiziert. Eine Erfassung dieser Daten erlaubte die Entwicklung einer detaillierten Beschreibung der klinischen Merkmale des FASS und die Entwicklung von Richtlinien, die sich auf die systematische Eliminierung von anderen Hauterkrankungen mit ähnlichen klinischen Charakteristika konzentrieren. Da Allergietests von Dermatologen häufig verwendet werden, um eine klinische Diagnose des FASS zu untermauern, wurde eine kurze Review dieser Methoden durchgeführt.In einer ähnlichen Weise wie bei der atopischen Dermatitis der Hunde, ist das FASS eine klinische Diagnose, die auf dem Vorkommen von kompatiblen klinischen Zeichen und einem Ausschluss anderer Krankheiten mit ähnlichen klinischen Merkmalen beruht. Eine Eliminierung von Flöhen/Flohspeichelallergie, anderer Parasiten, Infektionen und Futterallergie sind zwingend notwendig, bevor die Diagnose einer FASS getroffen werden kann.背景: ネコアトピー症候群 (FAS) は、皮膚、胃腸、呼吸器系を含む非常に多様な臨床症状を特徴とする一連の過敏症を説明している。これらの障害の中には、食物アレルギーが共存する可能性があるものの、過敏症が通常環境アレルゲンと関連しているネコアトピー性皮膚症候群 (FASS) がある。他の臓器系 (喘息など) の関与も発生する可能性がある。その非常に不均一な臨床症状のために、FASSの診断は困難な場合がある。 目的: 動物のアレルギー性疾患に関する国際委員会 (ICADA) のサブグループは、FASSの臨床症状に関する最新情報を要約し、診断ガイドラインを作成する任務を負った。 方法: オンライン引用データベースと国際会議の要約を検索して、猫アレルギーに関連する出版物を探した。これらは、必要に応じて専門家の意見と組み合わされた。 結果: このレビューに関連する合計107の出版物が特定された。これらのデータの編集により、FASSの臨床的特徴の詳細な説明の開発および、同様の臨床的特徴を持つ他の皮膚状態の体系的な排除に焦点を当てたガイドラインの開発が可能になった。アレルギー検査はFASSの臨床診断をサポートするために皮膚科医によって頻繁に使用されるため、これらの方法論の簡単なレビューも行われた。 結論と臨床的重要性: 犬アトピー性皮膚炎と同様に、FASSは、互換性のある臨床徴候の存在と、同様の臨床的特徴を持つ他の疾患の除外に基づく臨床診断である。 FASSの診断に達する前に、ノミ/ノミアレルギー、他の寄生虫、感染症、および食物アレルギーの排除または排除が義務付けられている。.A síndrome atópica felina (SAF) descreve um espectro de distúrbios de hipersensibilidade caracterizados por uma apresentação clínica altamente diversa, incluindo a pele, sistema gastrointestinal e respiratório. Dentre esses distúrbios está a síndrome atópica cutânea felina (FASS, feline atopic skin syndrome), na qual hipersensibilidade é tipicamente associada a alérgenos ambientais, apesar de alimentos poderem coexistir. O envolvimento de outros sistemas (ex: asma) pode também ocorrer. Devido a essa apresentação clínica altamente heterogênea, o diagnóstico da FASS pode ser desafiador.Um subgrupo do International Committee on Allergic Diseases of Animals (ICADA) foi designado a sintetizar as informações mais recentes sobre as apresentações clínicas da FASS, e a desenvolver diretrizes diagnósticas. MÉTODOS: Bancos de dados de citações online e resumos de congressos internacionais foram utilizados para buscar publicações relacionadas a alergias em felinos. Quando necessário, estes foram combinados com as opiniões dos experts.Um total de 107 publicações relevantes a essa revisão foram identificados. A compilação desses dados permitiu o desenvolvimento de uma descrição detalhada das características clínicas da FASS e o desenvolvimento de diretrizes focando a eliminação sistemática de outras dermatopatias com características similares. Como os testes alérgicos são frequentemente utilizados por dermatologistas para apoiar o diagnóstico clínico de FASS, uma rápida revisão destas metodologias foi realizada. CONCLUSÕES E IMPORTÂNCIA CLÍNICA: Semelhante à dermatite atópica em cães, a FASS é um diagnóstico clínico baseado nos sinais clínicos compatíveis e exclusão de outras doenças com características clínicas similares. A eliminação de pulgas/alergia à picada de pulgas, outros parasitas, infecções e alergia alimentar é mandatória antes de se fechar o diagnóstico da FASS.INTRODUCCIÓN: el síndrome atópico felino (FAS) describe un espectro de trastornos de hipersensibilidad caracterizados por presentaciones clínicas muy diversas que incluyen la piel, los sistemas gastrointestinal y respiratorio. Entre estos trastornos se encuentra el síndrome de piel atópica felina (FASS), en el que la hipersensibilidad se asocia típicamente con alérgenos ambientales, aunque la alergia alimentaria puede coexistir. También puede producirse la afectación de otros sistemas orgánicos (por ejemplo asma). Debido a su presentación clínica altamente heterogénea, el diagnóstico de FASS puede ser difícil. OBJETIVOS: Se encomendó a un subgrupo del Comité Internacional sobre Enfermedades Alérgicas de los Animales (ICADA) que resumiera la información más actual sobre las presentaciones clínicas de FASS y que desarrollara pautas de diagnóstico recomendadas. MÉTODOS: Se realizaron búsquedas en la red de bases de datos de referencias y resúmenes de reuniones internacionales relacionadas con alergias felinas. Éstos se combinaron con la opinión de expertos cuando fue necesario. RESULTADOS: Se identificaron un total de 107 publicaciones relevantes para esta revisión. La recopilación de estos datos permitió el desarrollo de una descripción detallada de las características clínicas de FASS y el desarrollo de pautas centradas en la eliminación sistemática de otras afecciones de la piel con características clínicas similares. Dado que los dermatólogos utilizan con frecuencia las pruebas de alergia para respaldar un diagnóstico clínico de FASS, también se realizó una breve revisión de estas metodologías. CONCLUSIONES E IMPORTANCIA CLÍNICA: De manera similar a la dermatitis atópica en perros, FASS es un diagnóstico clínico basado en la presencia de signos clínicos compatibles y la exclusión de otras enfermedades con características clínicas similares. La eliminación o exclusión de pulgas/alergia a pulgas, otros parásitos, infecciones y alergia alimentaria es necesaria antes de llegar a un diagnóstico de FASS.

Feline allergic diseases present as challenging problems for clinicians, not least because of the number of reaction patterns of the feline skin, none of which are specific for allergy. Furthermore, there is some controversy over the nomenclature that should be used in their description.To review the literature, assess the status of knowledge of the topic and the extent to which these diseases could be categorized as atopic in nature, and make recommendations concerning nomenclature.Atopic diseases in humans and cats were researched. A comparison then was made of the essential features in the two species.There were sufficient similarities between human atopic diseases and the manifestations of feline diseases of presumed allergic aetiology to justify the use of "atopic" to describe some of the feline conditions affecting the skin, respiratory and gastrointestinal tract. However, none of the allergic skin diseases showed features consistent with atopic dermatitis as described in man and the dog.The term "Feline Atopic Syndrome" (FAS) is proposed to encompass allergic diseases of the skin, gastrointestinal tract and respiratory tract, and "Feline atopic skin syndrome" (FASS) proposed to describe allergic skin disease associated with environmental allergies. We are not aware of any adverse food reactions in cats that are attributable to causes other than immunological reactions against the food itself. We therefore propose an aetiological definition of "Food Allergy" (FA) to describe such cases.Une nouvelle anomalie congénitale de la tige pilaire ressemblant au phénotype nu des rongeurs est décrite dans une portée de quatre chats européens (DSH). Les données relatives aux anomalies de la tige pilaire et des follicules pileux sont rares en médecine vétérinaire.Décrire et comparer les anomalies structurelles de ces chats avec d’autres dystrophies félines et d’autres mammifères.Une portée de chats DSH avec alopécie progressive non-inflammatoire. MÉTHODES: L’évaluation histopathologique, la microscopie électronique à transmission et l’analyse des éléments par rayons X définissaient les changements pilaires et cutanés des chats nés alopéciques. Les données ont été comparées aux archives de chats normaux et de souris mutantes Dsg4ANTECEDENTES: se describe una nueva anomalía congénita del pelo que se asemeja al fenotipo de pelo lanceolado de los roedores en una camada de cuatro gatos domésticos de pelo corto (DSH). Los datos relacionados con los trastornos del pelo y los folículos siguen siendo escasos en medicina veterinaria. OBJETIVOS: Describir y comparar anomalías estructurales en estos gatos con otras distrofias capilares en gatos y otros mamíferos. ANIMALES: una camada de gatos DSH con alopecia no inflamatoria progresiva. MÉTODOS: evaluación histopatológica, por microscopía electrónica de barrido y de transmisión y el análisis de elementos basados en rayos X definieron los cambios en el pelo y la piel de los gatos nacidos con alopecia. Los hallazgos se compararon con datos de archivo de gatos normales y ratones mutantes de pelo lanceolado (Dsg4Es wird eine neue angeborene Haarschaft Abnormalität bei einem Wurf von vier Hauskatzen (DSH) beschrieben, die dem lanzenförmigen Haar Phänotyp von Nagern gleicht. Daten über Haarschaft- und Follikelstörungen bleiben in der Veterinärmedizin rar.Eine Beschreibung der Strukturabnormalitäten bei diesen Katzen und ein Vergleich mit anderen Haardystrophien bei Katzen und anderen Säugern.Ein Wurf von Hauskatzen mit einer progressiven nichtentzündlichen Alopezie.Mittels histopathologischer Evaluierung, Raster- und Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie, und Röntgen-basierter Elementanalyse wurden die Haar- und Hautveränderungen bei Katzen, die mit einer Alopezie geboren worden waren, definiert. Die Befunde wurden mit archivierten Daten von normalen Katzen und lanzenförmigen Haaren (Dsg4Die Licht- und Rasterelektronenmikroskopie der Haare zeigte Lanzen- oder Speer-Kopf geformte Defekte der Haarspitzen. Die histologischen Befunde zeigten geschwollene Haarschäfte, ursprünglich oberhalb der Haarwurzelmatrix und später auch in den distalen Teilen der telogenen Haarfollikel, ähnlich denen bei Dsg4Eine seltene Form einer angeborenen Alopezie, resultierend aus einer follikulären Dystrophie wird bei Katzen in einer ähnlichen Form beschrieben, wie es bereits bei einigen mutanten Mausstämmen mit einer Einzelgenmutation in Adhäsionsmolekülen oder Keratingenen publiziert worden war.背景: げっ歯類の槍状の毛の表現型に似た新しい先天性毛幹異常が4頭のドメスティック・ショートヘア（DSH）の同腹子で記述されている。毛幹および毛包の障害に関連するデータは、獣医学ではまだ不足している。 目的: 本研究の目的は、これらの猫の構造異常を説明し、猫や他の哺乳類の他の毛髪ジストロフィーと比較することであった。 動物: 進行性の非炎症性脱毛症を伴うDSH猫の同腹子。 方法: 組織病理学的評価、走査型および透過型電子顕微鏡法、およびX線ベース元素解析により、脱毛症で生まれた猫の毛および皮膚の変化が定義された。調査結果は、健常猫と披針形の毛（Dsg4背景: 在4只同窝家养短毛(DSH)猫中，发现了类似啮齿动物披针形毛发表型，这是一种新的先天性毛干异常。与毛干和毛囊疾病相关的数据在兽医学中仍然很少。 目的: 描述这些猫的结构异常，并与猫和其他哺乳动物的其他毛发形成不良进行比较。 动物: 患有进行性非炎性脱毛症的一窝DSH猫。 方法: 组织病理学评价、扫描和透射电子显微镜以及基于X射线的元素分析，定义了新生脱毛猫的毛发和皮肤变化。将结果与正常猫、披针形毛发(Dsg4lahJ)和角质75(Krt75tm1Der)突变小鼠的存档数据进行比较。 结果: 毛发的光学和扫描电子显微镜检查显示，毛尖存在披针形或矛头形缺陷。组织学发现毛干肿胀，最初在毛球基质上方，后来在终止期毛囊的远端部分发现，与在Dsg4lahJ Krt75tm1Der突变小鼠中观察到的相似。毛干和毛囊的透射电镜显示脱毛猫护毛的正常结构缺失。毛干缺损正下方的硫含量在统计学上显著降低（毛发硫营养不良）。 结论和临床重要性: 发现了猫的罕见先天性脱发形式，由毛囊发育不良所导致，与粘附分子或角质基因中单基因突变的几种突变小鼠品系中报告的毛囊和毛干变化类似。.Uma nova anomalia congênita da haste pilosa semelhante ao fenótipo de pelo lanceolado dos roedores foi descrita em uma ninhada de quatro gatos domésticos de pelo curto (DSH). Dados relacionados a enfermidades da haste e folículo piloso permanecem escassos na medicina veterinária.Descrever e comparar as anomalias estruturais nestes gatos com outras distrofias pilosas em gatos e outros mamíferos.Um gato DSH apresentando alopecia não inflamatória progressiva. MÉTODOS: Avaliação histopatológica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e transmissão e análise elementar baseada em raio-X foram utilizadas para caracterizar as alterações de pele e pelos em gatos nascidos com alopecia. Os achados foram comparados a dados arquivados de gatos normais e ratos com mutação de pelo lanceolado (Dsg4À microscopia de varredura e óptica, observou-se pelos com defeitos nas pontas, que se apresentavam em formato de lança ou ponta de lança. Os achados histológicos foram hastes pilosas dilatadas, inicialmente acima da matriz do bulbo piloso e posteriormente nas partes distais dos folículos pilosos telógenos, similar ao observado nos ratos mutantes Dsg4

Case summary A 12-year-old female neutered indoor–outdoor domestic longhair cat presented with frequent sneezing and a nodular, suppurative lesion on its dorsal nose. Histopathological examination revealed a fungal granuloma. PCR and sequencing of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacers (ITS) regions (ITS-F and ITS-R) confirmed an infection with a Sporothrix species. Further sequencing of the beta-tubulin and calmodulin genes confirmed Sporothrix humicola, which lies within the Sporothrix pallida complex. The cat had concurrent diabetes mellitus, which responded to insulin therapy and diet. Oral itraconazole at 10 mg/kg PO q24h resulted in resolution of the lesions after 12 months. Treatment was well tolerated. Relevance and novel information This is the first report of sporotrichosis in a cat in the UK and only the fifth worldwide involving the S pallida complex. Clinicians, pathologists and microbiologists need to be aware of the potential of Sporothrix infections in the UK and the ability of S pallida complex to cause opportunistic infections. Molecular techniques can achieve rapid and accurate identification of rare fungal organisms. A precise diagnosis with molecular testing can provide information regarding prognosis, treatment and zoonotic implications.

Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen of both humans and animals, implicated in a wide range of infections. The emergence of antibiotic resistance has resulted in S. aureus strains that are resistant to almost all available antibiotics, making treatment a clinical challenge. Development of novel antimicrobial approaches is now a priority worldwide. Bacteria produce a range of antimicrobial peptides; the most diverse of these being bacteriocins. Bacteriocins are ribosomally synthesised peptides, displaying potent antimicrobial activity usually against bacteria phylogenetically related to the producer strain. Several bacteriocins have been isolated from commensal coagulase-negative staphylococci, many of which display inhibitory activity against S. aureus in vitro and in vivo. The ability of these bacteriocins to target biofilm formation and their novel mechanisms of action with efficacy against antibiotic-resistant bacteria make them strong candidates as novel therapeutic antimicrobials. The use of genome-mining tools will help to advance identification and classification of bacteriocins. This review discusses the staphylococcal-derived antimicrobial peptides displaying promise as novel treatments for S. aureus infections.

Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus) alopecia syndrome (ABAS) commonly affects captive bears, particularly sexually mature females. ABAS is characterized by bilaterally symmetrical predominantly flank alopecia with or without profound pruritus and secondary bacterial and Malassezia infections. There is no effective treatment and severely affected bears have been euthanized. This paper describes the successful management of ABAS in three female Andean bears. Skin biopsies and cytology revealed a mixed dermal inflammatory infiltrate, alopecia, hyperkeratosis, and Malassezia dermatitis. Allergen specific serology was positive for environmental allergens in one case. Hematology, serum biochemistry, and thyroid and adrenal function were normal in all cases. There was no consistent response to novel diet trials, antifungals, antihistamines, allergen specific immunotherapy, or topical antimicrobials. There was a partial response to ciclosporin (Atopica® cat, Novartis Animal Health; 5 mg/kg po, sid) in one case and oral glucocorticoids in all cases (dexamethasone sodium phosphate, [Colvasone 0.2%, Norbrook], 0.15 mg/kg po, sid or prednisolone [Deltacortene, Bruno Farmaceutici, and Megasolone 20, Coophavet], 0.3-1.2 mg/kg po, sid), but treatment was withdrawn following adverse effects. Treatment with oclacitinib maleate (Apoquel®, Zoetis; 0.46-0.5 mg/kg po, bid) resulted in rapid and complete resolution of the pruritus with subsequent improvement in demeanor and fur regrowth. After 5 mo, the bears were almost fully furred and off all other medication. Treatment was tapered to the lowest dose that prevented relapse of the pruritus (0.23-0.4 mg/kg po, sid). No adverse effects have been noted. ABAS is usually an intractable condition, and, to our knowledge, oclacitinib is the first treatment shown to result in sustained clinical improvement. Further studies on the etiology of ABAS, and on efficacy and long-term safety of oclacitinib are needed.

OBJECTIVE To investigate in vitro effects of triclosan coating of suture materials on the growth of clinically relevant bacteria isolated from wounds in dogs. SAMPLE 6 types of suture material and 10 isolates each of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, methicillin-resistant S pseudintermedius, Escherichia coli, and AmpC β-lactamase and extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing E coli from clinical wound infections. PROCEDURES Isolates were cultured on Mueller-Hinton agar with 3 types of triclosan-coated suture, uncoated counterparts of the same suture types, and positive and negative controls. Zones of inhibition (ZOIs) were measured after overnight incubation. Sustained antimicrobial activity assays were performed with susceptible isolates. The ZOI measurements and durations of sustained antimicrobial activity were compared among suture types and isolates by statistical methods. Suture surface characteristics and bacterial adherence were evaluated qualitatively with scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS ZOIs were generated only by triclosan-coated materials; triclosan-coated suture had sustained antimicrobial activity (inhibition) for 3 to 29 days against all tested pathogens. The ZOIs around triclosan-coated suture were significantly greater for S pseudintermedius isolates than for E coli isolates. Bacterial adherence to uncoated polyglactin-910 was greatest, followed by triclosan-coated polyglactin-910, and then uncoated monofilament sutures, with least adherence to coated monofilament sutures. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Surface characteristics of suture materials may be as important or more important than triclosan coating for microbial inhibition; however, triclosan coating appeared to affect bacterial adherence for multifilament sutures. Triclosan-coated, particularly monofilament, sutures inhibited pathogens commonly isolated from wounds of dogs, including multidrug-resistant bacteria. Further studies are required to assess clinical efficacy of triclosan-coated suture materials in vivo.

Background: Esophageal feeding tubes are commonly utilized to allow nutritional demands to be met in animals that are unable or unwilling to achieve this themselves. The placement of these tubes is relatively easy and they are well tolerated; however, they are not entirely without side effects. Objectives: To evaluate the complications associated with esophageal tube placement in cats across two referral centers, and to identify whether there were any factors predisposing to these complications, including stoma site infection and death.Animals: Cats which had an esophageal feeding tube placed (n = 248). Methods: Clinical records were interrogated across two referral centres to find cats that had esophageal tubes placed. Clinical data was collected for signalment, clinical indication, method of placement, time of removal and any complications. Logistic regression was then employed to assess the odds of an increase in complications, including infection, and death, over several variables. Results: The median time that the tubes were in place for, in those cats that survived to discharge, was 11 days. Complications occurred in 35.8% of the cats, with the most common being tube dislodgement (14.5%), followed by stoma site infections (12.1%). Cats which survived to discharge had a complication rate of 48%, with varying degrees of severity. In the multivariate models, cats receiving immunosuppressive medications (OR = 3.91) and experiencing discharge at the stoma site (OR = 159.8) were at an increased odds of developing a stoma site infection, whereas those with a lower weight (OR = 0.75) and certain disease processes (pancreatic (OR = 4.33), neoplastic (OR = 15.44), respiratory (OR = 19.66), urogenital (OR = 5.78), and infectious diseases (OR = 11.57)) had increased odds of death. The duration of time in place and the patient being discharged with the tube in place were not associated with an increased risk of infection or mortality.Conclusions and clinical importance: The risk of complications is relatively high at 35.8%, with infections identified in 12.1% of cases. Patients receiving immunosuppressive medications are at a higher risk of infection, and this should be taken into account when placing and maintaining esophageal feeding tubes. The duration of time in place and the patient being discharged with the tube in place were not associated with an increased risk of infection or mortality. Esophageal feeding tubes can be a crucial part of patient management; however, owners should be made aware of the potential risks involved.

Chronic pododermatitis with interdigital furunculosis is a common and frustrating problem in dogs. It is characterised by the presence of recurrent interdigital furunculosis. It is a multifactorial condition with primary, predisposing and perpetuating causes that lead to the secondary infections. Almost any skin disease can trigger the initial inflammation, but atopic dermatitis, adverse food reactions and abnormal conformation are the most common. Predisposing factors such as short hairs, excess weight, and altered weight bearing may lead to the development of the interdigital furunculosis. Perpetuating changes prevent resolution; these include weight bearing on haired skin, conjoined pads, new pad formation, deep tissue pockets, ingrown hairs and sinus tracts. All of the contributing factors in each case must be identified and managed. Supportive care includes analgesia, weight loss, using boots, keeping the interdigital skin clean, and using lubricating creams. Secondary bacterial and/or Malassezia spp. infections should be managed with appropriate topical and/or systemic antimicrobials. Bacterial infections can be deep, mixed and/or antimicrobial resistant, and culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing must be used to select effective drugs. Chronic inflammatory changes can be managed with topical or systemic glucocorticoids, topical 0.1% tacrolimus, ciclosporin or cytotoxic drugs. Chronic proliferative changes are poorly responsive to medical management alone, therefore surgical fusion or laser podoplasties should be considered. Long-term treatment of the primary, predisposing and perpetuating problems is required to maintain remission and prevent recurrence.

Tim Nuttall, Senior Lecturer in Dermatology at The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, summarizes the EMA categorization of antibiotics for use in animals for prudent and responsible use.

Culicoides midges are important as vectors of disease, as an irritant with severe effects on human outdoor activities in certain areas and as the cause of insect bite hypersensitivity in domestic animals (most notably horses). Here we report, for the first time, the confirmation of ovine hypersensitivity to Culicoides midges in Hebridean sheep suffering from seasonal allergic skin disease using intradermal allergen testing. The affected sheep formed 40% of the adults in the small flock, and this indication of a potentially high prevalence of a condition with welfare implications is of concern.

Background: Craven Cottage has seen plans approved for a new riverside stand to expand capacity within the stadium from 26 000 to over 30 0000. Aims and Method: In order to anticipate any increase in use of medical services during match days, this study aimed to review nine seasons of medical data for Fulham Football Club. We examined the usage of crowd medical services to see if the number of injuries/illnesses requiring medical assistance at each match had any correlation to the crowd numbers in attendance. A retrospective data analysis was done on injury location, type of injury, whether the patient required transporting to hospital or whether follow up was recommended. The aim being to assess whether increased capacity would impact on local emergency services and primary care. Results: Between 2004–2013, there were 830 presentations to medical services, 43 patients were transported to hospital (5.18%) with 32 (3.85%) being advised to see their GP. Of these, 512 were new injuries/trauma and 318 medical presentations. There was one fatal non-traumatic cardiac arrest and 19 assaults. The data showed total crowd attendances of 4 157 597 over the 10-year period, with mean crowd numbers per game of 18 878. From these total crowd attendances there was a consultation rate per 10 000 gate admissions of 1.97. This is comparable to previously published Premiership data. Analysis of the location of accidental injuries showed no statistical differences in injury patterns; however, regarding mechanism of injury, more assaults occurred in areas where fans mix, irrespective of capacity per match. Conclusions: This study has shown no significant differences or trends in trauma, medical cases or consultations per 10 000 gate admission. Plans to increase capacity should not affect provision of medical cover, though will be accounted for in major incident planning in the number of medical staff required to attend matches to cover for extra ticket sales. GP and A&E services should not be stretched by the increased capacity.

Ligneous conjunctivitis and gingivitis were diagnosed in three related Scottish terrier dogs presented for investigation of severe conjunctivitis and respiratory signs. Hypoplasminogenaemia was confirmed in one of the three affected dogs. Supportive treatment was not effective, and the dogs died or were euthanased because of the disease. Post-mortem analysis of two of the dogs revealed multiple abnormalities including severe proliferative fibrinous lesions affecting the conjunctiva, gingiva, trachea, larynx and epicardium and multiple fibrous adhesions throughout the thoracic and abdominal cavities. One dog had internal hydrocephalus and lacked a cerebellar vermis. Ligneous membranitis was confirmed on histopathology. This is a rare condition in dogs but an important differential diagnosis for severe conjunctivitis and gingivitis.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin disease of dogs. Interleukin (IL)-34 is a monocyte/macrophage growth factor, produced mainly by keratinocytes, that has been implicated in several human inflammatory conditions including human AD.Canine serum IL-34 concentrations are increased in dogs with AD and correlate with clinical lesion and pruritus scores.Forty seven client-owned dogs diagnosed with AD and 25 healthy, unaffected control dogs.A commercially available IL-34 ELISA was optimized for the measurement of IL-34 in canine serum samples. Information regarding treatment, clinical lesion scores [Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index, 4th iteration (CADESI-04)] and pruritus Visual Analog Score (pVAS) were recorded for each dog at the time of serum collection.Dogs with AD had significantly increased serum IL-34 concentrations compared to controls. There was a significant positive correlation between IL-34 concentrations and CADESI-04 and pVAS scores. Concentrations of IL-34 remained increased in dogs with AD receiving steroids or the JAK1 inhibitor, oclacitinib, compared to unaffected control dogs.Serum IL-34 concentrations are increased in dogs with AD and are correlated with clinical severity and pruritus. IL-34 may be a suitable candidate therapeutic target for canine AD.La dermatite atopique (AD) est une dermatose inflammatoire fréquente chez le chien. L’interleukine (IL)-34 est un facteur de croissance des monocytes/macrophages principalement produit par les kératinocytes, et est impliqué dans plusieurs maladies inflammatoires de l’homme dont la dermatite atopique. HYPOTHÈSES: Les concentrations sériques d’IL-34 canin sont augmentées chez le chien atopique et corrèlent avec les scores de lésions cliniques et de prurit.Quarante sept chiens de propriétaires avec diagnostic d’AD et 25 chiens sains contrôles. MATÉRIELS ET MÉTHODES: Un test ELISA IL-34 disponible dans le commerce a été optimisé pour la mesure d’IL-34 des échantillons de serum de chien. Les données concernant le traitement, les scores clinique [Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index, 4th iteration (CADESI-04)] et de prurit pVAS (pruritus Visual Analog Score) ont été enregistrés pour chaque chien au moment du prélèvement de serum. RÉSULTATS: Les chiens avec AD avaient des concentrations sériques d’IL-34 significativement plus élevées comparé aux contrôles. Il y avait une corrélation positive significative entre les concentrations d’IL-34 et les scores de CADESI-04 et pVAS. Les concentrations d’IL-34 restaient élevées chez les chiens atopiques recevant des corticoïdes ou l’inhibiteur de JAK1, l’oclacitinib, comparé aux chiens non atteints.Les concentrations sériques d’IL-34 sont augmentées chez les chiens atopiques et sont corrélés avec la sévérité du prurit et la clinique. L’IL-34 pourrait être une cible thérapeutique adaptée pour l’AD canine.INTRODUCCIÓN: la dermatitis atópica (AD) es una enfermedad cutánea inflamatoria común en los perros. La interlequina (IL)-34 es un factor de crecimiento de monocitos/macrófagos, producido principalmente por queratinocitos, que se ha implicado en varias afecciones inflamatorias humanas, incluida la AD humana. HIPÓTESIS: las concentraciones de IL-34 en suero canino están aumentadas en perros con AD y se correlacionan con las lesiones clínicas y los valores de prurito. ANIMALES: cuarenta y siete perros propiedad de clientes diagnosticados con AD y 25 perros de control sanos y no afectados. MÉTODOS Y MATERIALES: se optimizó un ELISA IL-34 disponible comercialmente para la medición de IL-34 en muestras de suero canino. La información sobre el tratamiento, los valores de lesiones clínicas (Índice de extensión y severidad de la dermatitis atópica canina, 4ta reevaluación (CADESI-04)) y el valor visual análogo del prurito (pVAS) se registraron para cada perro en el momento de la recolección de suero. RESULTADOS: los perros con AD presentaron un incremento significativo en las concentraciones séricas de IL-34 en comparación con los controles. Hubo una correlación positiva significativa entre las concentraciones de IL-34 y los valores de CADESI-04 y pVAS. Las concentraciones de IL-34 permanecieron aumentadas en perros con AD que recibieron esteroides o el inhibidor de JAK1, oclacitinib, en comparación con los perros de control no afectados. CONCLUSIONES E IMPORTANCIA CLÍNICA: las concentraciones séricas de IL-34 aumentan en perros con AD y se correlacionan con la gravedad clínica y el prurito. IL-34 puede ser un candidato adecuado a objetivo terapéutico para la AD canina.Die atopische Dermatitis (AD) ist eine häufige entzündliche Hauterkrankung bei Hunden. Interleukin (IL)-34 ist ein Monozyten/Makrophagen Wachstumsfaktor, der hauptsächlich von Keratinozyten produziert wird und bei mehreren entzündlichen Erkrankungen des Menschen wie auch der humanen AD eine Rolle spielt.Die caninen IL-34 Serumkonzentrationen sind bei Hunden mit AD erhöht und korrelieren mit klinischen Veränderungen und den Pruritus Werten.Siebenundvierzig Hunde in Privatbesitz, die mit AD diagnostiziert worden waren sowie 25 gesunde, nicht betroffene Kontrollhunde nahmen an der Studie teil.Ein kommerziell erhältlicher IL-34 ELISA wurde für die IL-34 Messung in caninen Serumproben optimiert. Es wurden die Informationen in Bezug auf die Behandlung, die klinischen Veränderungswerte [Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index, 4te Ausgabe (CADESI-04)] und die Pruritus Visual Analog Score (pVAS) für jeden Hund zum Zeitpunkt der Serumgewinnung festgehalten.Hunde mit AD zeigten im Vergleich zu den Kontrollen signifikant erhöhte IL-34 Konzentrationen. Es bestand eine signifikant positive Korrelation zwischen den IL-34 Konzentrationen und dem CADESI-04 und den pVAS Werten. Die Konzentrationen von IL-34 blieben bei Hunden mit AD während der Verabreichung von Steroiden oder dem JAK1 Inhibitor, Oclacitinib, im Vergleich zu nicht betroffenen Kontrollhunden erhöht.Die Serum IL-34 Konzentrationen sind bei Hunden mit AD erhöht und mit dem klinischen Schweregrad und dem Juckreiz korreliert. IL-34 könnte ein passender Kandidat als therapeutisches Ziel für die AD des Hundes sein.背景: 异位性皮炎 (AD) 是犬常见的炎性皮肤病。白细胞介素 (IL)-34是一种单核/巨噬细胞生长因子，主要由角质细胞产生，角质细胞也参与包括人AD在内的多种人类炎症。 假设: AD患犬的血清IL-34浓度升高，并且与临床病变和瘙痒评分相关。 动物: 诊断为AD的47只私家犬和25只健康、无症状的对照犬。 方法和材料: 对测定犬血清IL-34的市售IL-34ELISA进行优化。采集血清时，记录每只犬的治疗信息、临床病变评分 [犬异位性皮炎程度和严重性指数，第4版 (CADESI-04)] 和瘙痒评分 (pVAS)。 结果: 与对照组相比， AD患犬的血清IL-34浓度显著升高。IL-34浓度与CADESI-04、pVAS评分呈显著正相关。与无症状对照犬相比，接受类固醇或JAK1抑制剂-奥拉替尼的AD患犬，其IL-34浓度保持升高。 结论和临床重要性: AD患犬血清IL-34浓度升高，并且与临床严重性和瘙痒相关。IL-34可能是犬AD治疗的合适备选靶点。.背景: アトピー性皮膚炎（AD）は、犬の一般的な炎症性皮膚疾患である。インターロイキン（IL）-34は、主にケラチノサイトによって産生される単球/マクロファージ増殖因子であり、人ADを含むいくつかの人の炎症疾患に関与しているとされている。 仮説: イヌの血清IL-34濃度は、AD犬で増加し、臨床病変および掻痒スコアと相関する。 被験動物: ADと診断されたクライアント所有犬47頭および健常で弛緩していない対照犬25頭。 材料と方法: 商業的に利用可能なIL-34 ELISAが、犬血清サンプル中のIL-34の測定用に最適化された。治療に関する情報、臨床病変スコア[犬のアトピー性皮膚炎の程度と重症度指数（CADESI-04）]および掻痒性視覚アナログスコア（pVAS）は、血清採取時に各犬について記録された。 結果: AD犬は、対照群と比較して血清IL-34濃度が大幅に増加した。 IL-34濃度とCADESI-04およびpVASスコアの間に有意な正の相関があった。 IL-34の濃度は、罹患していない対照犬と比較して、ステロイドまたはJAK1阻害剤であるオクラシチニブを投与されているAD犬で増加したままであった。 結論と臨床的重要性: AD犬では血清IL-34濃度が増加し、臨床的重症度と掻痒と相関している。 IL-34は犬ADの適切な候補治療標的であり得る。.A dermatite atópica (DA) é uma dermatopatia inflamatória comum de cães. A interleucina (IL) -34 é um fator de crescimento de monócitos / macrófagos, produzido principalmente por queratinócitos, que tem sido implicado em várias condições inflamatórias humanas, incluindo a DA. HIPÓTESE: As concentrações séricas de IL-34 canina aumentam em cães com DA e se correlacionam com os escores clínicos de lesões e prurido.Quarenta e sete cães diagnosticados com DA pertencentes a clientes e 25 cães saudáveis ​​e não afetados. MÉTODOS E MATERIAIS: Um kit de ELISA para IL-34 disponível comercialmente foi otimizado para a mensuração de IL-34 em amostras de soro canino. Informações sobre o tratamento, escores de lesões [Índice de severidade e extensão da dermatite atópica canina, 4ª iteração (CADESI-04)] e a escala analógica visual de prurido (pVAS) foram registrados para cada cão no momento da coleta de soro.Cães com DA apresentaram aumento significativo das concentrações séricas de IL-34 em comparação aos controles. Houve uma correlação positiva significativa entre as concentrações de IL-34 e os escores CADESI-04 e pVAS. As concentrações de IL-34 permaneceram aumentadas em cães com DA recebendo esteroides ou o inibidor de JAK1, oclacitinib, em comparação com cães controle não afetados. CONCLUSÕES E IMPORTÂNCIA CLÍNICA: As concentrações séricas de IL-34 estão aumentadas em cães com DA e estão correlacionadas com a gravidade clínica e o prurido. A IL-34 pode ser uma candidata adequada a alvo terapêutico para a DA canina.

Background – Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin disease of dogs. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) initiates pro-inflammatory cytokine release in human AD and serum concentrations are correlated with disease severity.Hypothesis – Canine serum MIF concentrations are increased in dogs with AD and correlate with clinical lesion and pruritus scores.Animals – Client owned dogs (n = 49) diagnosed with AD and 17 healthy, unaffected control dogs were usedfor the study.Methods and materials – A commercially available MIF ELISA was optimized for the dog and serum from clini-cal cases used. Information regarding treatment, Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index, (CADESI-4) and pruritus Visual Analog Scale (pVAS) were recorded for each dog at the time of serum collection.Results – Dogs with AD which had not received steroid therapy and those treated with oclacitinib had significantly elevated serum MIF concentrations compared to controls. Concentrations of MIF were not significantly different in AD dogs receiving steroids compared to controls. There was no significant correlation between MIF concentrations and clinical scores (CADESI-4 or pVAS).Conclusions and clinical importance – Serum MIF concentrations are increased in dogs with AD and MIF might be a target for therapy.

BackgroundAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical health problem, with systemic antimicrobial therapy driving development of AMR across the host spectrum.ObjectivesThis study compares longitudinal carriage, at multiple timepoints, of AMR faecal Escherichia coli in dogs undergoing routine antimicrobial treatment.MethodsFaecal samples (n = 457) from dogs (n = 127) were examined pretreatment, immediately after treatment and 1 month and 3 months post-treatment with one of five antimicrobials. Isolates were tested for susceptibility to a range of antimicrobials using disc diffusion for each treatment group at different timepoints; the presence/absence of corresponding resistance genes was investigated using PCR assays. The impact of treatment group/timepoint and other risk factors on the presence of resistance [MDR, fluoroquinolone resistance, third-generation cephalosporin resistance (3GCR) and ESBL and AmpC production] was investigated using multilevel modelling. Samples with at least one AMR E. coli from selective/non-selective agar were classed as positive. Resistance was also assessed at the isolate level, determining the abundance of AMR from non-selective culture.ResultsTreatment with β-lactams or fluoroquinolones was significantly associated with the detection of 3GCR, AmpC-producing, MDR and/or fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli, but not ESBL-producing E. coli, immediately after treatment. However, 1 month post-treatment, only amoxicillin/clavulanate was significantly associated with the detection of 3GCR; there was no significant difference at 3 months post-treatment for any antimicrobial compared with pretreatment samples.ConclusionsOur findings demonstrated that β-lactam and fluoroquinolone antibiotic usage is associated with increased detection of important phenotypic and genotypic AMR faecal E. coli following routine therapy in vet-visiting dogs. This has important implications for veterinary and public health in terms of antimicrobial prescribing and biosecurity protocols, and dog waste disposal.