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Groin pain is a widely recognized medical issue among athletes. Groin pain can affect both player and team performance and sometimes can be a career-ending injury. The aim of this study was to assess seasonal groin pain prevalence and the average seasonal time loss from sport for each injury in different team sport athletes. The hip and groin functionality at the beginning of the following season was also investigated.A cross-sectional study was undertaken on 600 team sport athletes (soccer, futsal, basketball, volleyball, and water polo players). The seasonal prevalence of groin pain, level of competition (professional and non-professional), time loss, and concomitant injuries in addition to groin pain were reported and analyzed. The Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) was used to assess hip and groin pain and function related to sport and activity.Among the 506 (84%) players included, 123 players (24.3%) reported groin pain. Overall, soccer players reported the highest groin pain prevalence (32.5%) followed by futsal (25.5%), basketball (25.2%), water polo (17.6%) and volleyball players (13.6%). Professional soccer, futsal and basketball athletes showed higher groin pain prevalence in comparison with non-professional athletes (p = 0.02, p = 0.005 and p = 0.004, respectively). The mean time loss from sport due to groin pain was 60.3 ± 66 days in soccer, 41.1 ± 16.6 days in futsal, 31.5 ± 18 days in water polo, 37.2 ± 14.2 days in basketball and 50.8 ± 24.6 days in volleyball. Significantly lower HAGOS values were found in athletes with groin pain for all sports evaluated compared to athletes with no groin pain history (p = 0.0001). Longer time loss from sport was correlated with lower HAGOS values in soccer (p = 0.002) and futsal (p = 0.002) players with groin pain. Concomitant injuries were correlated with lower HAGOS values in water polo players (p = 0.03).Seasonal groin pain occurs in as many as one in four team sport athletes. Soccer players show the highest groin pain prevalence and the longest time loss from sport. Professional athletes report higher prevalence of groin pain in comparison with non-professional athletes. HAGOS appears to be a valid outcome instrument to measure groin pain, correlating with both time loss from sport and concomitant injuries in athletes.Level IV.

OBJECTIVES To describe injury and concussion rates and mechanisms in female high school rugby players. DESIGN Two-year prospective cohort study. SETTING High school rugby. PARTICIPANTS Participants included 214 female High school rugby players (year 1) and 207 female High school players (year 2) from the Calgary Senior High School Athletics Association 2018 and 2019 rugby competition. INTERVENTION None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Match and training injury and concussion. Injury definition included any injury resulting in time loss, inability to complete a session, and/or requiring medical attention. Details of reported injuries were collected on injury report forms and validated by a certified athletic therapist on a validated online injury surveillance platform. Exposure hours for players were tracked using paper or virtual weekly exposure forms by team designates. RESULTS A match incidence rate (IR) = 93.7 injuries/1000 match hours (95% confidence intervals (CI): 78.6-11.7) and training IR = 5.3 injuries/1000 training hours (95% CI: 4.0-6.9) were estimated. The tackle accounted for 109 (70%) match and 37 (44%) training injuries. Tackling was the most frequent mechanism of injury (IR = 37.5 injuries/1000 match hours, 95% CI: 27.5-51.8 and 1.2 injuries/1000 training hours, 95% CI: 0.7-2.4). Sixty-two match concussions (IR = 37.5 concussions/1000 match hours, 95% CI: 26.8-52.3) and 16 training concussions (IR = 1.0 concussions/1000 training hours, 95% CI: 0.7-1.4) occurred. Of 78 reported concussions, 78% for match and 56% for training were physician diagnosed. Tackling was the most frequent mechanism of concussion in matches (IR = 18.1 concussions/1000 match hours, 95% CI:11.4-28.6). CONCLUSIONS Injury and concussion rates in female high school rugby are high. The tackle accounted for the highest proportion of injuries. Prevention strategies (eg, tackle policy change, tackle-training programs, and neuromuscular training) should be explored to increase sport safety.

Background: Augmented Reality is a favorable and definitive pedagogical approach for integrating formal learning. E-learning combined with Augmented Reality (AR) technology can surpass traditional learning methods if the system is tailored to include components of smart learning and evaluation of knowledge on devices ubiquitously in the absence of tutors. AR is predicted to transform and become the fundamental user interface of the twenty-first century. Augmented reality, instead, generates an interaction between the real environment and virtual objects. The use of augmented reality permits direct visualization bypassing the last transfer step, which means, on a large scale, to avoid data and time loss. Visualization of digital data directly on the patient means the possibility of achieving great advantages in digital procedures. This review briefly summarizes history, definitions, features and components of augmented reality technology and discusses its avenues and applications in orthodontics. Keywords: Cephalometry, Bracket positioning

Background and Objectives. The debonding procedures of brackets in orthodontics cause a different amount of time loss and enamel damage. The current research assesses and equates the time consumption for bracket debonding using four different techniques. Materials and Methods. A total of 80 human premolars were included in this study. The samples were first arranged following a standard protocol for bracketing and then debonded using the ultrasonic scaler (US), debonding plier (DP), ligature cutter (LC), and thermal method (TM). Depending on the technique applied for debonding, the specimens were randomly divided into four groups with 20 samples, each keeping a 1 : 1 ratio. During the debonding process, the time taken for each bracket removal was recorded using a stopwatch. To assess the difference in mean time required for debonding among the four techniques, one-way ANOVA test was applied along with Tukey’s HSD to compare the two methods. Results. The time range and the mean time required for the four techniques analyzed show that the DP method has the highest range of time needed for debonding with 0.97–2.56 seconds, while LC methods have the least time range taking 0.46 to 1.79 seconds. TM’s mean time to debond is the highest at 1.5880 seconds. LC method has the lowest mean debonding time of 0.9880 seconds. The one-way ANOVA test has shown the mean debonding time required by the four techniques to be significantly different ( p < 0.001 ). Tukey’s HSD multiple comparisons also show that the mean time to debond using the LC method is substantially less than the other three methods ( p < 0.001 ). Conclusion. The mean debonding time for the TM was substantially the highest, followed by the US and DP. Debonding with the LC technique required the least time. This study shows some limelight towards the effectiveness of the LC method as it is the least time-consuming technique.

There is a trend toward increased surgical treatment of displaced clavicle fractures in the adolescent population presumably because of extrapolation of adult-derived best practice guidelines. The purpose of this study was to compare return to sport between nonoperative and operative treatment of clavicle fractures in high school athletes.A retrospective review of clavicle fractures sustained in scholastic athletes participating in school-sponsored athletics in the upstate South Carolina was performed from 2015 to 2019. Injury circumstances, demographics, radiographs, treatment, and return to sport data were documented for all patients. Radiographs were evaluated for fracture location, comminution, displacement, shortening, and angulation. Patients were followed until complete return to sport, and results were compared based on sport participation, injury mechanism, fracture morphology, treatment type, and time to return to sport.Forty-seven patients (44 were male; average age 15.6 years) were included who all returned to sport within the original or subsequent season. Thirty-six patients (73%) were managed conservatively (30 middle third fractures, 4 medial third fractures, 2 distal third fractures), whereas 11 were managed surgically (11 middle third fractures). Eighty-one percent of fractures occured in collision athletes (55% in football). There was no difference in time loss based on participating in collision vs. noncontact sports (P = .4). Conservatively managed fractures returned to sport faster (61 ± 38 days vs. 100 ± 49 days; P = .008) compared with surgically managed patients. Fracture displacement ≥100% (100 ± 51 days vs. 54 ± 27 days; P = .001), greater comminution (128 ± 50 days vs. 59 ± 31 days; P = .001), and angulation (86 ± 52 days vs. 54 ± 22 days; P = .001) all were statistically significant for slower return to sport. Athletes presenting with clavicular shortening2 cm returned to sport within a similar time frame as athletes with ≥2 cm (P = 0.1).Our results show that adolescent athletes with clavicular fractures predictably return to athletics, including collision sports. Athletes conservatively managed returned 40% faster than those with surgery. However, this appears to be associated with the severity and complexity of fractures treated surgically. This study provides evidence to counsel adolescent athletes following clavicular fractures on return to sport expectations.

Objective To examine the individual experiences of injury burden in amateur Rugby players across the onset of injury, rehabilitation, and return to play. Design Qualitative. Setting Irish amateur Rugby clubs. Participants Three male and two female Rugby players who sustained a severe injury that resulted in a time loss of at least 28 days. Main outcome measures Semi-structured interviews were used to explore the injury burden experienced during the three phases of injury. Results Hierarchical content analysis revealed 36 codes representing individual injury burden, which were clustered into seven themes across personal (emotional reaction; impact on performance or involvement; lack of knowledge; severity of injury and incapacitation) and situational (exposure to others playing; negative experiences with treatment or rehabilitation; societal burden) dimensions. Conclusions The findings indicate that individual injury experiences can affect a player’s recovery and rehabilitation outcome, potentially extending the injury process and affecting player availability for the team. As such, injury management should focus on alleviating any injury-related burden experienced by players, as well as burden placed on the team, to maximise rehabilitation outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Despite growing participation in circus arts, little is known about associated injuries. Understanding injury patterns is critical for developing interventions to decrease injury risk and guiding rehabilitation. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this pilot prospective cohort study was to describe injury frequency and characteristics in adolescent and adult circus artists using a surveillance method derived from dance. METHODS: Participants included 14 adolescent [mean age 14.7 yrs (1.3); 100% female] and 10 adult circus artists [mean age 30.7 yrs (3.1); 60% female]. Circus training exposure (single session of one circus discipline) and injuries were tracked for 1 year using a dance-derived injury surveillance guideline. A regression analysis was run using total session exposures, age (in years), and years of circus experience as predictor variables for injury rate. RESULTS: Twenty-one of 24 participants completed the study. Forty-seven injuries were reported (53.2% time loss; 46.8% non-time loss). Joint injuries were most common for both groups. The injury rate per 1,000 exposures was 3 (95%CI 0.6–8.7) for adolescents and 13 (95%CI 6.9–22.01) for adults. The overall regression was significant (F(3,13)=6.66, p=0.006). The only significant predictor was age (beta=0.82, p=0.003). Total session exposures and years of circus experience had betas close to 0 (–0.11 and –0.04, respectively). CONCLUSION: This pilot study comparing injuries in adolescent and adult circus artists found age but not exposure was predictive of injury risk. Use of a standardized injury surveillance guideline in circus, similar to the one used in this study, will provide greater insight into injury patterns by allowing between-study comparison.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of COVID-19 enforced prolonged training disruption and shortened competitive season, on in-season injury and illness rates. Injury incidence and percent proportion was calculated for the 2020 elite men’s senior domestic cricket season and compared to a historical average from five previous regular seasons (2015 to 2019 inclusive). The injury profile for the shortened 2020 season was generally equivalent to what would be expected in a regular season, except for a significant increase in medical illness as a proportion of time loss (17% compared to historic average of 6%) and in-season days lost (9% compared to historic average of 3%) due to COVID-19 related instances (most notably precautionary isolation due to contact with a confirmed or suspected COVID-19 case). There was a significant increase in the proportion of in-season days lost to thigh injuries (24% compared to 9%) and a significant decrease in the proportion of days lost to hand (4% compared to 12%) and lumbar spine (7% compared to 21%) injuries. These findings enhance understanding of the impact prolonged period of training disruption and shortened season can have on cricket injuries and the challenges faced by practitioners under such circumstances.

Athletic injuries to the hip flexors and iliopsoas have been described in populations across all levels of competitive sports. Overall estimates of hip flexor pathology have ranged from 5% to 28% of injuries among high-risk sport specific groups. Although most of these injuries are successfully treated with conservative management, and high rates of return to play are observed, significant rehabilitation time can be involved. As the understanding of hip pathology with imaging modalities such as MRI has advanced, greater importance has been placed on accurately diagnosing hip flexor injuries and initiating rehabilitation protocols early to minimize time loss from sport.

ObjectiveWe assessed past-season, pre-season and in-season risk factors to investigate their association with an in-season groin problem in male amateur football players.MethodsPast-season groin-pain information and pre-season short-lever and long-lever adductor squeeze strength were obtained at baseline, together with anthropometrics (weight, lower limb lever length) and player age. In-season hip-related and groin-related sporting function was monitored every 4 weeks using the Sports and Recreation (Sport) subscale from the Hip And Groin Outcome Score questionnaire (HAGOS (Sport)). Groin problems, including time-loss groin injuries and groin pain irrespective of time loss, were collected over a 39-week competitive in-season. We estimated relative risk (RR), and 95% credibility interval (ICr) from logistic regressions fitted in a Bayesian framework.ResultsPlayers (n=245) suffering from groin pain during the past-season had 2.4 times higher risk of experiencing a groin problem in the new season (2.40 RR; 95% ICr 1.5 to 3.7). This risk was reduced by 35% (0.65 RR; 95% ICr 0.42 to 0.99) per unit (N·m/kg) increase in the long-lever adductor squeeze test. Player age, short-lever squeeze test and the HAGOS (Sport) scores were not associated with the risk of a groin problem.ConclusionsPast-season groin pain increased the risk of a groin problem in the new in-season. This risk was reduced by higher pre-season long-lever adductor squeeze strength. Past-season groin-pain information and long-lever adductor squeeze strength can be quickly obtained during pre-season to identify players with an elevated risk of in-season groin problems. This may be key to reduce these problems in the new season.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate injury occurrence sustained by collegiate rodeo athletes during practice and competition. DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology. SETTING Eleven National Intercollegiate Rodeo Association member institutions across the United States. PARTICIPANTS Participants included 264 male and female college rodeo athletes. Athletic trainers (ATs) from each institution reported injury and exposure data using the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program. INTERVENTIONS Institutional ATs reported athlete exposures (AEs) and injuries that occurred from collegiate rodeo practices and competitions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Injury and AEs from practices and competitions for one college rodeo season were analyzed. Injury rates and ratios were calculated for non-time loss (NTL) and time loss (TL) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS Data revealed a higher proportion of TL than NTL injuries [2.47 vs 1.77 per 1000 AE; injury rate ratios (IRRs) = 1.39; 95% CI: 0.93-2.08]. There was a higher injury rate during competition as compared with practice (10.98 vs 3.09 per 1000 AE; IRR = 3.56; 95% CI: 2.36-5.35), but more injuries were reported in practice (62.2%). CONCLUSIONS Although the injury rate during rodeo competition was significantly higher than during practice in this study, a greater number of injuries were reported during practice. This indicates all college rodeo athletes can potentially benefit from available medical care.

Calculating the sample size in scientific studies is one of the critical issues as regards the scientific contribution of the study. The sample size critically affects the hypothesis and the study design, and there is no straightforward way of calculating the effective sample size for reaching an accurate conclusion. Use of a statistically incorrect sample size may lead to inadequate results in both clinical and laboratory studies as well as resulting in time loss, cost, and ethical problems. This review holds two main aims. The first aim is to explain the importance of sample size and its relationship to effect size (ES) and statistical significance. The second aim is to assist researchers planning to perform sample size estimations by suggesting and elucidating available alternative software, guidelines and references that will serve different scientific purposes.

Individual variation in disturbance vulnerability (i.e. the likelihood that disturbance negatively affects an individual's fitness) can affect how disturbance impacts animal populations, as even at low disturbance levels some individuals could be severely affected and die. Individual variation in vulnerability can arise due to different responses to disturbance. We propose a new hypothesis that even when individuals respond similarly to disturbance, time-limited individuals are more at risk that their condition deteriorates since they have limited ability to extend their foraging time to compensate for disturbance. We investigate this ‘time-limitation hypothesis' both empirically and mathematically by studying how individuals that differ in their average foraging time (presumably due to differences in foraging efficiency) are affected by disturbance. We used tracking data of 22 wintering Eurasian oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus to compare time budgets between disturbed and undisturbed tidal periods. In three tidal periods with severe disturbance by transport airplanes, more than a third of the variation in additional flight time and foraging time loss was explained by individual differences. Inefficient individuals that foraged longer in undisturbed tidal periods experienced higher costs in disturbed tidal periods, since they lost more foraging time. We next used an analytical energy balance model to study how time-limited individuals differed in their maximum disturbance thresholds. Both our theoretical model and empirical study suggest that inefficient individuals in a time-limited environment may be unable to increase their foraging time to compensate for the effects of disturbance. Consequently, the magnitude of individual variation in time budgets strongly determines what proportion of the population is at risk that their condition deteriorates due to disturbance. Our hypothesis implies that, when assessing disturbance effects on a population, it is not only important to consider individual variation in disturbance responses, but also variation in time budgets that determine the consequences of disturbance.

To prevent the occurrence of injury in a sport, exact knowledge of injury patterns is needed. To synthesize sport-specific injuries in track and field comparing elite and recreational level athletes, as well as gender. Furthermore, analyze the time loss due to injury and reduction in athletic performance.Injury type-specific frequencies were recorded according to discipline, gender and performance level. Injury severity was assessed by time loss duration and performance reduction.64% of athletes suffered at least one injury. In the top 10 ranking, 83% (n = 524) were located in the lower extremities. A muscle strain of the thigh had the highest prevalence in sprint (34%, n = 41), jump (15%, n = 15) and middle-distance running (16%, n = 6). More injuries occurred during training (75%, n = 165) as compared to competition (25%, n = 56). The longest time loss was documented in throwing with a downtime of 36 weeks after a ligament injury of the elbow and 39 weeks after a muscle injury of the elbow. The injury with the highest number of athletes with a reduced level of performance was the foot ligament injury in sprint athletes at 100%.Assessing time loss and performance reduction in athletics, there are discipline-specific injury patterns. This study points out the high prevalence of training injuries, highlighting the need for future investigations to adapt training management, improve medical care and rehabilitation with respect to every discipline.

Background: High-speed running is commonly implicated in the genesis of hamstring injury. The success of hamstring injury management is typically quantified by the duration of time loss or reinjury rate. These metrics do not consider any loss in performance after returning to play from hamstring injury. It is not known to what extent high-speed running is altered on return to play after such injury. Hypothesis: Match high-speed running distance will change after returning from hamstring injury. Study Design: Non-randomized cohort. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: Match high-speed running distance in highest level professional football (soccer, Rugby League, Rugby Union, and Australian Rules) were examined for a minimum of 5 games prior and subsequent to hamstring strain injury for individual differences using a linear regression models approach. A total of 22 injuries in 15 players were available for analysis. Results: Preinjury cumulative high-speed running distances were strongly correlated for each individual ( r2 = 0.92-1.0; P < 0.0001). Pre- and postinjury high-speed running data were available for a median of 15 matches (range, 6-15). Variance from the preinjury high-speed running distance was significantly less ( P = 0.0005) than the post injury values suggesting a suppression of high-speed running distance after returning from injury. On return to play, 7 of the 15 players showed a sustained absolute reduction in preinjury high-speed running distance, 7 showed no change, and 1 player (only) showed an increase. Analysis of subsequent (second and third injury) return to play showed no differences to return from the index injury. Conclusion: Return to play was not associated with return to high-speed running performance for nearly half of the players examined, although the same number showed no difference. Persisting deficits in match high-speed running may exist for many players after hamstring strain injury. Clinical Relevance: Returning to play does not mean returning to (high-speed running) performance for nearly half of the high-level professional football players examined in this study. This suggests that successful return to play metrics should be expanded from simple time taken and recurrence to include performance.

Business operations must effectively utilize real-time information presented by the manufacturing execution system for the identification and analysis of key improvements, finite resources can be p...

Objectives The aim of this study was to examine the indirect burden of employed multiple sclerosis (MS) patients initiating disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) in the US. Methods DMT-treated MS patients (DMT users) and direct-matched controls without MS (1:3) were captured using the IBM MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Database and the Health and Productivity Management Database between 1 January 2009 and 1 January 2017. DMT users were also stratified by route of administration. Time loss and costs from absenteeism, short-term disability, and long-term disability were assessed for DMT users and matched controls. Results A total of 3022 DMT users were matched to 9066 controls. Compared with injectable DMT users, oral DMT users took twice as long to initiate therapy but had numerically lower absenteeism costs and significantly lower long-term disability costs in the first year after DMT initiation. The mean (standard deviation) indirect costs of absenteeism, short-term disability, and long-term disability were US$6474 (US$6779), US$2368 (US$5777), and US$280 (US$2578), respectively, for DMT users and US$4468 (US$3814), US$328 (US$1950), and US$36 (US$938), respectively, for controls in the first year (all p

Background Hip and groin problems are common in ice hockey but studies on professional female players are sparse. The available literature describes hip and groin problems by reporting incidence of time-loss injuries and may thereby underestimate the scope of these problems, which are often due to overuse and may not lead to absence from ice hockey participation. Purpose The purpose of this study was to describe the seasonal prevalence and severity of hip and groin problems in professional female ice hockey players. A further aim was to examine the relation between previous problems and self-reported function in the beginning of the new season. Study design Cross-sectional study. Methods Female ice hockey players from the highest league in Sweden [n=69 (19 goalkeepers, 18 defenders, 30 forwards)], responded to an online survey, retrospectively assessing the prevalence of hip and groin problems (time loss and non-time loss) and their duration during the previous season. Furthermore, players reported current self-reported function on the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS). Results Two thirds of the players experienced hip and groin problems during the previous season [62.3% (N=43)]. A quarter of the players experienced a hip and groin problem leading to time loss [26.1% (N=18)]. The majority of problems were of short (1-2 weeks) or medium (3-5 weeks) duration [29% (N=20) of players, respectively], while longstanding problems ( ≥ 6 weeks) were rare [4,4% (N=3)]. Players that retrospectively reported hip and groin problems during the previous season reported statistically significant impairments on all HAGOS subscales in the beginning of the new season (p ≤ 0.011). Conclusion Hip and groin problems are prevalent in professional female ice hockey players, experienced by 62% during the previous season with resulting time-loss in 26.1%. Reported problems were rarely of longstanding nature, but players who reported problems in the previous season had significantly impaired hip and groin function in the beginning of the new season. Even though results of this study are based on retrospective player reports this may be a first step toward a greater understanding of the true burden of hip and groin players in professional female ice hockey players. Level of evidence 3b.

Background: Sports injury is critical for elite athletes, especially those in combat sports, which have high injury risk as the athletes attack their opponents' bodies to win. The purpose of this study was to examine the injury frequency according to the injured area and injury rate on two occasions (training and competitions) by age and sports in male combat athletes.Methods: The subjects in this study comprised 1,263 athletes who were registered as athletes in middle school, high school, university, and professional levels in men's combat sports (boxing, fencing, judo, taekwondo, and wrestling) at the Korean Sports and Olympic Committee. An online-based survey was conducted. We carried out a frequency analysis using the R statistics program, and calculated a 95% confidence interval.Results: The highest injury experience rates were in boxing (59.3%) and taekwondo (72.7%) for professional level, in judo (60.5%) and wrestling (57.7%) for university level, and in fencing (54.8%) for high school level. The results of the analysis showed that injury occurred least frequently in the following body parts: the head in fencing (19.1%) and judo (18.0%), torso in taekwondo (14.1%) and wrestling (18.1%), and lower extremities in boxing (13.7%). The most frequently injured body parts werethelowerextremitiesinfencing(33.1%)andtaekwondo(38.9%), upperextremitiesinjudo(30.5%)andwrestling(31.9%), and head in boxing (37.4%). The injury incidence rates during competitions, by age, were 0.03, 0.11, 0.14, and 0.14 for the middle school, high school, university, and professional levels, respectively. The injury incidence rates during competitions, by sports, were 0.06, 0.07, 0.14, 0.15, and 0.16 in judo, wrestling, taekwondo, boxing, and fencing, respectively. The injury incidence rates during training, by age, were 1.33, 1.46, 1.71, and 1.75 for the middle school, high school, university, and professional levels, respectively. The injury incidence rates during training, by sports, were 1.25, 1.36, 1.57, 1.79, and 1.86 in judo, wrestling, fencing, taekwondo, and boxing, respectively. The overall analysis of injury incidence rate is 0.10 during competitions, and 1.52 during training, irrespective of age and sports type.Conclusion: The area of injury and proportion vary according to the type of sports. However, in accordance with the definition of time loss, the injury incidence rate during training was tenfold compared to the IR during competitions, and the injury incidence rate in striking sports was higher than in grappling sports during both training and competitions.

Summary Cricket is now among the most followed sport all around the globe. It is played mainly in three formats, each of which is entirely different from the other especially in terms of match workload. Similar to other sports, injuries are not uncommon among the cricketers, most of them being “overuse injuries” and are non-contact in nature. It is seen that bowlers are the most vulnerable group in this regard. The quick change in workload has a profound effect on the development of these injuries. The intensity of the workload is estimated mainly by means of two variables; external training loads (i.e. physical workload) and internal training loads (i.e. physiological or perceptual response of workload). The impact of workload varies from player to player and is dependent on individual factors like age, physical capacity, and injury history. Lack of rest, the intensity of workload, workload spikes (sudden increase or decrease in workload), and acute: chronic workload ratio are the factors that play a cardinal role in injury development in cricketers especially among bowlers that ultimately lead to the playing time loss. As fast bowlers are the rare breed, it is therefore important to look up to the method for preventing these injuries and use the aforementioned factors to control and minimize the risk of sustaining injuries.

The velocity of moving stimuli has been linked to their experienced duration. This effect was extended to instances of self-motion, where one’s own movement affects the subjective length of time. However, the experimental evidence for this extension is scarce and the effect of self-motion has not been investigated using a reproduction paradigm. Therefore, we designed a virtual reality scenario that controls for attention and eliminates the confounding effect of velocity and acceleration. The scenario consisted of a virtual road on which participants (n = 26) moved along in a car for six different durations and with six different velocities. We measured the subjective duration of the movement with reproduction and direct numerical estimation. We also assessed levels of presence in the virtual world. Our results show that higher velocity was connected to longer subjective time for both forms of measurement. However, the effect showed deviations from linearity. Presence was not associated with subjective time and did not improve performance on the task. We interpreted the effect of velocity as corroborating previous work using stimulus motion, which showed the same positive association between velocity of movement and subjective time. The absence of an effect of presence was explained in terms of a lacking dependency of time on characteristics of the virtual environment. We suggest applying our findings to the design of virtual experiences intended for inducing time loss.

In order to better understand the possible relationships between the application of training loads and the risk of injury in professional women's basketball, four parameters from a professional women's basketball team (N = 11) were analysed: exposure time, number of injuries, rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and workload (sRPE). A total of 3182 h of exposure were registered, 2774 were training hours, and 408 were game hours with a total of 9 time loss injuries. The data obtained from each player was related to the exposure time, injury risk, perception of effort, and workload. Several differences were observed between the injury risk values and the morning RPE (F = 5.0811; p = .032), the sRPE of the morning practices (F = 7.3585; p = .010) and the total time of exposure (F = 3.5055; p = .064). There is also a significant negative relationship between total training time and the number of time-loss (TL) injuries (rho = −.797; p = .003), as well as a possible association between exposure time and a lower risk of TL injury (R2 = .645). These findings suggest that an increase in specific exposure time could be associated with a decrease in the risk of time-loss injuries.

The time loss bias describes overestimation of time lost after speed decreases from high speeds and underestimations after decreases from low driving speeds. Participants judged the speed decrease ...

To determine the prevalence and impact of non-time loss injuries in semi-professional football. 218 players completed the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre (OSTRC) Questionnaire on Health Problems...

Purpose Proper definition of level of development (LOD) is one of the significant issues in building information modeling (BIM) applications; however, it is still not adequately addressed during BIM implementations. The purpose of this paper is to investigate and describe the current practice in defining the LOD in large-scale BIM-based projects and identify the challenges and solutions that were provided. Design/methodology/approach Four case studies were performed at four different types of large-scale projects to depict the current practice in determining the LOD and the required properties of elements that are going to be included in a BIM model. Semi-structured face-to-face interviews were performed to collect information from six professionals from four international firms. Findings The findings of the case studies revealed that defining LOD is an ambiguous process and requires high-cumulated experience. The results provide the challenges, adopted solutions and lessons learned. It was highlighted that the cost of including an element or related information in the model should be compared to the benefit of having that information in the model from the perspective of defined BIM uses. Research limitations/implications The findings are based on the projects that were performed in three developing countries. However, the main contractors were international companies and the construction management firms were well-known companies in the USA. In the future, additional case studies can be performed in other countries to identify similarities and regional differences. Practical implications The results of this study can be used to highlight the current needs in determining the LOD and guide the efforts for developing standards and policies in the AEC sector to streamline BIM adoption process in practice. The practitioners can utilize the findings of this study to increase their efficiency in adopting BIM and to decrease the time loss and cost overruns. Originality/value Most of the previous studies investigated the benefits and challenges when adopting BIM, and few of them considered LOD definition as a core part of this process. This study specifically investigated the current practice in determining the LOD and the required properties of elements that are going to be included in a BIM model. It also described the applied solutions and lessons learned in the case studies.

Inventory control of supplies in radiology is a major contributor of time loss with potential negative effect on patient care in interventional radiology. Using Lean principles, we evaluated an outdated process and instituted an inventory control system with good results, saving time and money.