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This study's purpose was to explore how palliative care nurses' views on death and time perspectives are related to their terminal care attitudes. A questionnaire survey—consisting of the Death Attitude Inventory, Experiential Time Perspective Scale, and the Japanese version of the Frommelt Attitudes Toward Care of the Dying Scale—was administered to 300 individuals. Cluster analysis was conducted to categorize the way nurses perceive death, which revealed four types: Avoidant, middle, accepting, and indifferent. As a result of the analysis of variance on the terminal care attitudes, based on the types of views on death and time attitudes, it was found that the middle and accepting types, as well as the adaptive formation of time attitudes, were related to positive terminal care attitudes. In conclusion, more effective improvements in attitudes toward terminal care can be expected by incorporating time perspective, in addition to the conventional approaches focusing on death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theories can either have something to say about the future or provide foundations for making judgments about the future. In either case, however, a theory remains inadequate for obtaining insights about the future which no amount of advancements in information access and quality or methodologies can overcome. This article suggests that inadequacy persists and cannot be completely overcome because of the long-term and short-term time perspectives embedded within a theory. Using illustrative examples of time perspectives from Morgenthau's theory of international politics, this article illustrates and analyses how long-term and short-term time perspectives within a theory delimit claims or judgments about the future made within or derived from a theory. Subsequently, readers gain insights on how to conceptualise long-term and short-term time perspectives, methods for identifying and differentiating between time perspectives within a theory and the distinct work time perspectives perform within a theory when multiple time perspectives are present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated how different time perspectives predict people's self-rated health and engagement in healthy lifestyles, and explored the mediating effects of consideration of future consequences (CFC) and self-control as the underlying mechanisms. Young adults (n = 299, Mage = 23.65, ranges from 18 to 30 years old) completed measures of time perspectives, CFC, self-control and engagement in daily health behaviors. Generalized linear regression models showed that Past-Negative time perspective negatively predicted sleep quality; Future time perspective negatively predicted unhealthy eating patterns; Future time perspective was the only protective factor of risky drinking, while both Past-Positive and Future time perspective were protective factors of smoking. Mediation analyses showed that CFC-Immediate and self-control mediated the relationship between Future time perspective and eating patterns. Results suggested that consideration of future consequences and self-control partially explained how time perspectives affect engagement in healthy lifestyles among young Chinese adults. Implications of the current research for promoting healthy living and directions for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restrictions due to COVID-19 necessitated staying at home, but in some cases, encouraged charitable behavior, e.g., donating items to people in need (e.g., clothes, food), or money to support combatting COVID-19. Drawing on the previous findings regarding helping during disastrous situations and roles of time perspective in helping behaviors, the study tested the predictive value of age, gender, previous volunteering, altruistic social value orientation, and time perspectives of donating items to people in need or money to combat COVID-19. The study is pioneering in terms of including time perspectives as individual differences which might contribute to making donations during COVID-19 circumstances. The study was questionnaire-based and conducted online in the eighth week of social distancing in Poland. 150 young adults (age 18–35) took part in the study. Results of multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated that age, frequency of volunteering before the epidemic, and Present-Hedonistic time perspective predict donating items to people in need, but none of the tested variables predicted donating money to combat COVID-19. The findings suggest that charitable behavior, especially in the context of extraordinary social situations, needs to be treated as a multifaceted phenomenon. The study indicates that a Present-Hedonistic time perspective would be a promising individual difference to test in future studies on prosociality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on examining the relationship between the Dark Tetrad personality traits, such as Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and sadism and time perspectives. Topics include the Dark Tetrad personality traits, the impact of these traits on both males and females, and the identification of potential sex differences in these associations.

Although communicating healthcare information via social media is becoming more common, less is known about older adults who suffer from digital inequalities regarding how they perceive the values from engaging in social media for healthcare-related purposes. Time perspective theory suggests that older adults' perceptions of time influence their value assessments and actions. The paper investigates whether the effects of time perspective (present- and future-time) and its interaction with perceived values (hedonic, emotional, informational and social) explain older adults' continuance intention to engage in social media for healthcare-related purposes. About 400 responses from older adults (above 60 years) were collected and analyzed using the structural equation modelling procedure. Different time perspectives result in biases in older adults' perception of values, which discourages their social media engagement and leads to negative consequences for actively promoting online communication, including negative social value and negative social engagement attitude. Contrary to earlier findings, this study indicates that the present-time perspective has no effect on hedonic and informational values, whereas the future-time perspective has a negative influence on hedonic and social values. Further, hedonic and emotional values decrease the likelihood of continuance interaction with peers. The time perspectives affect different perceived values, which in turn affects the continuance intention to engage in social media for healthcare-related purposes. The findings demonstrated that time perspective theory operates in the opposite direction between the present and future time. The results reinforce the importance of enjoyment and emotional values and the irrelevance of informative and social values in examining older adults' social media behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Climate change is a major threat to human health and new research is highlighting its effects on physical health. However, there is still little research on the psychological effects, particularly on young people, who seem to be disproportionately affected. (2) Objectives: In this context, we conducted a study focusing on the young adult population to identify psychosocial and behavioral factors that may modulate the intensity of this anxiety. (3) Method: A cross-sectional study by questionnaire was carried out on a sample of 369 young French adults. Data were analyzed via structural equation modelling. (4) Results: The main results suggest that: (1) CFC and information seeking predict climate anxiety, which in turn predicts the emotional consequences of exposure to information about the negative consequences of climate change; (2) information seeking moderates the effects of CFC on climate anxiety. (5) Conclusions: This study highlights both the role of temporal orientation and information seeking on the climate anxiety experienced by young adults. These results provide an interesting lever for health professionals to work with this population who may be more vulnerable to climate anxiety than others.

Both time perspectives and impulsivity dimensions are groups of traits that are connected to self-control abilities and might be important for coping styles. However, to date, no study has systematically investigated their utility in predicting coping styles with regard to their multidimensional nature. The current study was correlational and exploratory, aiming to discover what amount of variance in each of the three coping styles, problem-oriented, active emotion-oriented, and avoidant, is accounted for by two groups of predictors: time perspectives and impulsivity dimensions. N = 397 young adults aged 18–35 from the general population took part in the study. Results of a multiple linear regression testing both groups of predictors separately and of hierarchical regression analysis introducing the two predictor groups in subsequent steps suggested that time perspectives accounted for more variance in adaptive coping styles: problem-oriented and active emotion-oriented coping. For avoidant coping, both time perspectives and impulsivity dimensions accounted for a similar amount of variance. The results provide evidence that time perspectives should be investigated in domains related to coping (e.g., mental health issues, substance abuse, and risk-taking behaviors), for which impulsivity has been considered an important predictor. Moreover, impulsivity ought to be tested with regard to its multidimensionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seniors are a population of concern due to exposure to both increasing gambling venues and powerful age-specific risk factors. There has been only limited research on this population so far, but studies conducted among younger adults suggest that the illusion of control is a key factor, leading players to develop strategies that increase their risk-taking in gambling. Time perspective (TP) is a good indicator of risky behaviours in a number of different areas, including health and the environment. In the present study, we sought to identify the age-specific cognitive mechanisms underlying gambling behaviour in normal ageing. We asked 115 emerging adults (mean age = 20.86 years), 86 young adults (mean age = 30.59), 82 middle-aged adults (mean age = 44.57) and 108 seniors (mean age = 65.19) to play an online game. We rated their illusion of control, risk-taking and TP. Analysis revealed that seniors took more risks and had less illusion of control than younger adults. The fatalistic-present TP positively influenced the illusion of control, such that perceiving the present as being determined by uncontrollable forces increased the perceived level of control. Finally, we found an influence of age on TP. These results suggest that seniors constitute a specific population in terms of gambling-related cognitions and behaviours. Including TP in risky behaviour assessments would allow the development of tailor-made preventive measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fist aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate the relations between Zimbardo and Boyd's (1999) time perspectives (past, present, and future) and well-being, comprising both positive components (i.e., life satisfaction, happiness, positive affects) and negative ones (i.e., negative affects, depressive symptoms, anxiety). Further, this study explored whether the relations between time perspectives and well-being depend on the participants' age and cultural context where the studies were conducted. Nine online databases were searched for articles published between 1999 and October 2018. The pooled analyses were based on random-effects models. The past negative time perspective was negatively linked to positive indicators of well-being and positively related with negative indicators of well-being. Reverse results were found for the past positive time perspective. The present fatalist time perspective was negatively related to all positive indicators of well-being and positively related with the negative ones, whereas a present hedonist time perspective had positive relations with life satisfaction, happiness, and positive affects. The future time perspective was linked to higher levels of positive indicators of well-being and lower levels of negative indicators. Finally, deviation from the balanced time perspective was negatively related to positive indicators of well-being and positively related with negative affects. The participants' age, cultural context, and methodological characteristics of the studies explained the heterogeneity observed in these relations. Our findings showed that time perspectives have important implications for peoples' evaluations of their well-being and that the magnitude of the relations between time perspective and well-being may vary due to participants' age and the cultural context where the studies were conducted. Practical implications for predicting and modifying individuals' well-being are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers have documented that exposure to traumatic events has negative effects on both physical and mental health. Much less research has examined mechanisms that may explain the link between traumatic experiences and adverse outcomes, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The current study examined direct and mediated links between lifetime trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms, with deviation from a balanced time perspective (individuals' awareness and integration of past, present, and future time frames) as a potential mediator. Participants were 199 undergraduates (88.4% Caucasian; 82.4% female; mean age 23.90, SD = 8.18) who reported their lifetime trauma exposure, PTSD symptoms, and time perspectives via online surveys. Regression analyses indicated that more deviation from a balanced time perspective (DBTP) partially mediated the path from trauma exposure to PTSD symptoms, such that more lifetime trauma exposure was related to more DBTP, which likely resulted in more PTSD symptoms. Discussion focuses on implications for research and practice, as potential mechanisms may account for the link between trauma exposure and adverse outcomes. The importance of encouraging balanced time perspectives in therapeutic settings is highlighted, particularly for individuals adjusting to challenging life events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Climate change is a major threat to human health and new research is highlighting its effects on physical health. However, there is still little research on the psychological effects, particularly on young people, who seem to be disproportionately affected. (2) Objectives: In this context, we conducted a study focusing on the young adult population to identify psychosocial and behavioral factors that may modulate the intensity of this anxiety. (3) Method: A cross-sectional study by questionnaire was carried out on a sample of 369 young French adults. Data were analyzed via structural equation modelling. (4) Results: The main results suggest that: (1) CFC and information seeking predict climate anxiety, which in turn predicts the emotional consequences of exposure to information about the negative consequences of climate change; (2) information seeking moderates the effects of CFC on climate anxiety. (5) Conclusions: This study highlights both the role of temporal orientation and information seeking on the climate anxiety experienced by young adults. These results provide an interesting lever for health professionals to work with this population who may be more vulnerable to climate anxiety than others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The present studies focused on the role of time perspectives (TPs) and regulatory foci (promotion and prevention) in explaining people’s purchases of car, accident, home, life, and travel insurance. Method Two correlational studies on nationwide Polish samples (N = 1,093 and N = 1,047) were conducted. Results The first study showed that, after controlling for age and sex, higher levels of Future TP and lower levels of Past Negative TP were related to the propensity to make voluntary purchases of car, life, home, and accident insurance. Higher levels of Present Hedonistic TP and lower levels of Present Fatalistic TP were related to the propensity to buy travel insurance. The second study identified significant positive roles of both promotion and prevention regulatory foci in explaining people’s possession of all five types of insurance considered. Conclusions TPs (mainly Future and Past Negative) and regulatory foci (promotion and prevention) seem to be important in explaining people’s insurance-related behaviours. KEY POINTS What is already known about the topic? Insurance decisions are influenced by many psychological variables, e.g., social norms, previous personal experience, emotions and cognitive biases and heuristics Future time oriented individuals focus on future consequences of today decisions and have a greater propensity to save and to invest money Prevention focused individuals try to avoid the negative consequences of unexpected event, so they prefer to invest in financial tools which are characterized by minimal risk What this topic adds? People declaring possession of car, life, home and accident insurance policies were characterized by lower levels of past negative TP and higher levels of future TP than those not possessing such policies Individuals declaring possession of all types of insurance (life, accident, car, home, and travel) were more prevention oriented than those not having such insurance Individuals declaring possession of all types of insurance (life, accident, car, home, and travel) were more promotion oriented than those not having such insurance

This research assessed direct and mediated relations between lifetime trauma exposure and physical and mental health, with deviation from a balanced time perspective (individuals' perception of the past, present, and future time frames) as a potential mediator. Participants were 238 undergraduates who completed online assessments of trauma exposure, quality of life, and time perspectives. Mediation analyses revealed that a greater number of traumas indirectly influenced quality of life by way of deviation from a balanced time perspective. Discussion underscores the importance of balance in time perspectives, particularly when adjusting to adverse life events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim and Background: The purpose of the current study is to examine the influence of time perspectives (TP) on the burnout-tendency of health care professionals. The concept of TP delivers a construct on how individuals frame their thinking and behavior on the emotional, cognitive and motivational level towards the past, the present and the future. Consequently, we assume that the TP configuration of health care professionals, determines how vulnerable or reluctant they will be to burnout. TP is assumed to influence the stress perception and the degree of self-efficacy which are in turn well-known factors of influence on burnout. Methods: The sample consisted of 398 health care professionals in Germany. We have measured TPs by the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) and the burnout tendencies by the German version of the Maslach Burnout-Inventory (MBI-GS-D). Results: The Past-Negative and Past-Positive perspectives were identified as factors that were significantly associated with the burnout dimensions of emotional exhaustion, cynicism and personal accomplishment. The Present-Fatalistic orientation was only associated with cynicism and the Future dimension with cynicism and personal accomplishment. Furthermore, we observed that high deviations from a Negative Time Perspective (DNTP) caused a decrease on all three burnout dimensions. In addition, the influence of the DNTP on emotional exhaustion, cynicism and personal accomplishment was fully mediated by perceived stress and self-efficacy. Conclusion: We identified time perspective as a substantial factor of influence on burnout for health care professions and observed an underlying mechanism of the influence of DNTP on burnout. Both factors are important for practical therapeutic conclusions, as well as for a better understanding of the role of TP for burnout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Aims: Emerging adulthood, spanning adolescence into early adulthood, is marked by heightened substance use and sexual risk-taking, and emerging adults living in disadvantaged urban areas experience disproportionately more negative outcomes. Research on the social psychology of time perspective and the behavioral economics of substance use suggests that such impoverished environments contribute to development of a decision-making style characterized by devaluation of delayed rewards and outcomes that support adaptive functioning in favor of persistent preference for short-term rewards associated with longer term costs. This cross-sectional observational study investigated the hypothesis that substance use and sexual risk-taking among young African American women living in such communities were related to present-dominated time perspectives and higher delay discounting, which reflect relative preference for sooner typically smaller than later larger rewards. Methodology: Young African American women ages 15 – 25 (N = 223, M age = 20.4 years) from disadvantaged urban neighborhoods in the Southern United States were recruited using Respondent Driven Sampling, a peer-driven sampling method suitable for recruiting community-dwelling participants that compensates for biases of snowball sampling. In-person structured field interviews assessed substance use, sexual practices, and risk/protective factors, including time perspectives (Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory [ZTPI]) and behavioral impulsivity (delay discounting task). Multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine whether substance use and sexual risk-taking were associated with delay discounting and ZTPI present hedonistic and future time perspective subscales, controlling for several demographic characteristics. Results: As hypothesized, regression models showed that higher ZTPI present hedonism scores were significantly associated with both greater substance involvement and sexual risk-taking, whereas greater discounting was associated only with greater sexual risk-taking (ps <.05). Future time perspectives were not associated with either risk behavior. Conclusions: Risk behaviors among young women living in disadvantaged urban areas appear to be associated with hedonistic rewards available in the present without considering future outcomes. Future research should investigate experimentally whether lengthening time perspectives and promoting enriched views of possible futures may prevent and reduce substance involvement and sexual risk-taking among disadvantaged young adults. Those living in disadvantaged communities likely have great need for such interventions because they tend to have limited rewarding economic and social opportunities that can compete with present choices to use substances and engage in risky sex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to clarify the psychological processes of nurses with little experience in palliative care units, focusing on changes in nurses' views on death and their time perspectives. We conducted semi-structured interviews with seven participants working in a palliative care unit for less than three and a half years. Data were analyzed using Trajectory Equifinality Model. The results showed that their view of death changed over the course of their career, and it was closely related to their choices and emotions at each stage. Additionally, the experience of ［facing unanswerable questions while providing care］ caused the nurses to encounter difficult feelings. Furthermore, there was a change in their time perspective, and this led to ［strengthening the meaning of being engaged in palliative care］, which became the driving force for their practice. These results suggest that it is effective to integrate the time perspective into the traditional death-related approach to provide psychological understanding and support to nurses working in palliative care units in their early years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People's attitudes toward time, the time perspectives (TPs) rooted in past experiences, might be crucial for the emotional evaluation of life events, such as painful situations. In a survey-based study (N = 353), we investigated the relationship of TPs with the self-perceived affective and physical aspects of pain. Specifically, we hypothesised that past-negative TP would be associated with a negative emotional appraisal of pain characterised by higher pain-related catastrophizing, fear, and physical sensitivity to pain. We tested this hypothesis with hierarchical regression models, adding depression, anxiety, and variables of early life circumstances to the model stepwise. Early life circumstances (i.e., socioeconomic status, household unpredictability, and family resources) were measured retrospectively using questionnaires. In addition, based on the results of the regression analyses, we built a structural equation model (SEM) and tested whether past-negative mediates the effect of household unpredictability toward emotional and physical appraisal of pain. We found that individuals scoring high on past-negative TP had greater pain catastrophizing, pain-related fear, and sensitivity to pain. Further, there was evidence that these associations are independent from depression, anxiety, and early life circumstances. Finally, SEM analysis suggested that unpredictable early life circumstances were directed toward intense, negatively emotionalised pain perception via the mediation of the past-negative TP. The findings generally support the view that pain behaviour is formed by emotional states and attitudes that are linked to past experiences that are not necessarily specific to the context of pain.

The principal objective of this research was to examine the relationships between thinking styles and time perspectives. Four hundred and fifty-one secondary school students from Hong Kong responded to the Thinking Styles Inventory-Revised II (TSI-R2) and the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI). Results showed that when gender, school year level, and age were taken into account, thinking styles significantly predicted time perspectives. Students possessing successful thinking styles (i.e. using a wide range of thinking styles, especially creativity-generating styles) tended to have the more desirable time perspectives. The optimal profile of a balanced time perspective was predicted positively by the hierarchical and external styles. Implications of the findings for secondary school students and educators are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated how adolescents' Big Five personality traits are related to mental health (i.e., happiness) and mental illness (i.e., depressive symptoms and anxiety) and whether their time perspectives may be potential mediators of these relations. The sample included 235 high school students (54.5% girls), aged between 15 and 18 (M = 16.87, SD = 0.68). The results indicated that adolescents with higher emotional stability also reported higher levels of happiness and lower levels of depressive symptoms and anxiety, whereas those with high levels of extraversion or conscientiousness experienced higher happiness. Further, adolescents with low levels of past negative or high levels of past positive time perspectives also reported high levels of happiness and low levels of mental illness. Furthermore, high levels of present fatalist and low levels of present hedonist time perspectives were associated with low levels of happiness. Our findings provided evidence for the mediating role of the past negative and past positive time perspectives for the relations of extraversion, emotional stability and agreeableness with both mental health and mental illness. Finally, the present hedonistic time perspective mediated the relations of extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness with happiness, whereas the present fatalist time perspective mediated the relation between emotional stability and happiness. Our study highlights the importance of time perspectives as mediational factors for the relations of the personality traits with adolescents' mental health and mental illness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined if time perspectives (TP) and the Deviation from a Balanced Time Perspective (DBTP—cf. Stolarski et al. Time Soc 20(3):346–363, 2011) have an effect on four types of Leadership Styles. Based on previous studies it was observed, that Self-Efficacy (SE) is determined by time perspectives (Epel et al. J Appl Soc Psychol 29(3):575–596, 1999). In particular, the transformational and transactional leadership styles could depend on higher self-efficacy of managers. We additionally tested if general self-efficacy (GSE) mediates the influence of time perspectives and the Deviation from a Balanced Time Perspective on Leadership Styles. We recruited a sample of former MBA-students, who now work in the middle management of German companies. We used the zimbardo time perspective inventory (ZTPI; Zimbardo and Boyd J Pers Soc Psychol 77(6):1271–1288, 1999), the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) by Felfe and Goihl (Deutsche überarbeitete und ergänzte Version des Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) [German revised and extended version of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ)], Zentrum für Umfragen Methoden und Analysen, Mannheim, 2002) and the general self-efficacy-scale by Schwarzer and Jerusalem (Generalized Self-Efficacy scale, Nfer-Nelson, Windsor, 1995). Past Positive orientation has no significant effect on any of the four leadership styles. The present hedonistic dimension enhances and the past negative orientation reduces the transformational leadership style. The present fatalistic orientation reduces the Transformational and transactional leadership styles, but enhances the laissez-faire leadership style. Moreover, future enhances the transformational and transactional leadership styles. DBTP reduces the transformational and transactional leadership styles. The mediator role of GSE was confirmed for the transformational and transactional leadership style. Managers' time perspectives are important for implementing an efficient leadership style. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present studies focused on the role of time perspectives (TPs) and regulatory foci (promotion and prevention) in explaining people's purchases of car, accident, home, life, and travel insurance. Two correlational studies on nationwide Polish samples (N = 1,093 and N = 1,047) were conducted. The first study showed that, after controlling for age and sex, higher levels of Future TP and lower levels of Past Negative TP were related to the propensity to make voluntary purchases of car, life, home, and accident insurance. Higher levels of Present Hedonistic TP and lower levels of Present Fatalistic TP were related to the propensity to buy travel insurance. The second study identified significant positive roles of both promotion and prevention regulatory foci in explaining people's possession of all five types of insurance considered. TPs (mainly Future and Past Negative) and regulatory foci (promotion and prevention) seem to be important in explaining people's insurance-related behaviours. KEY POINTS What is already known about the topic? Insurance decisions are influenced by many psychological variables, e.g., social norms, previous personal experience, emotions and cognitive biases and heuristics Future time oriented individuals focus on future consequences of today decisions and have a greater propensity to save and to invest money Prevention focused individuals try to avoid the negative consequences of unexpected event, so they prefer to invest in financial tools which are characterized by minimal risk What this topic adds? People declaring possession of car, life, home and accident insurance policies were characterized by lower levels of past negative TP and higher levels of future TP than those not possessing such policies Individuals declaring possession of all types of insurance (life, accident, car, home, and travel) were more prevention oriented than those not having such insurance Individuals declaring possession of all types of insurance (life, accident, car, home, and travel) were more promotion oriented than those not having such insurance [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the research was to study the peculiarities of the subjective picture of life as personal predictors of the readiness of future law enforcement officers for innovations. The diagnosis of readiness for innovations was carried out using the questionnaire “Personal readiness for changes”. To diagnose the peculiarities of the subjective picture of life (psycho-biological indicators), the author has used semantic time differential, the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI), and the questionnaire “Estimation of five-year intervals”. In the process of statistical processing the author has carried out a multiple regression analysis (by the straight-line stepwise method). As a result of the research, seven regression equations containing indicators of the features of the subjective picture of life, indicating the significance of their influence on components of innovation readiness, have been constructed. It has been proved that the time perspective “Future” is the most influential predictor for the development of readiness for innovations of future law enforcement officers. Strong predictors with reverse effect are the time perspective “Fatalistic present” and the indicator “Feasibility”. It has been demonstrated that moderate positive influence on the development of the innovative readiness of future law enforcement officers makes unconscious positive assessments of the present and future and realized perceptions of the richness of life by significant events and the time perspective of “Positive past”. A moderate negative impact on the development of readiness for changes is done by the time perspective “Negative past”. It has been revealed that the time perspective “Goddess present” enhances the development of passion and hinders the development of courage in the structure of innovation readiness. The results of regression analysis prove that the peculiarities of the subjective picture of life, which include the estimation of the unconscious attitude to the present, past and future, time perspectives and perceived assessments of the past, present and future events saturation are significant predictors of the development of innovation readiness of future law enforcement officers.

The relationship between a balanced time perspective and life satisfaction has been demonstrated in previous studies, yet the potential mechanisms underlying this relationship remain unclear. The current study tested whether a latent factor "temporal negative affect" underlay anxiety and depression and whether this latent factor mediated the relationship between balanced time perspective and life satisfaction. To assess life satisfaction, time perspectives, anxiety and depression, a total of 995 university students aged from 17 to 25 years were recruited. Structural equation modelling analysis demonstrated that the latent factor "temporal negative affect" consisted of anxiety and depression and played a mediating role in the relationship between balanced time perspective and life satisfaction. These findings can deepen our understanding of how time perspectives potentially influence life satisfaction, offering new directions towards enhancing well-being in health and disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most individuals experience traumatic events at some point in their lifetime, such as accidents, unexpected death of a loved one or violent crime. This study assessed direct and mediated associations between lifetime trauma exposure and less optimism, with deviation from a balanced time perspective (individuals' perception of time that emphasizes the past, present, and future), as a potential mediator. Participants were 133 undergraduates (mean age = 23.76; 84% females) who completed online surveys assessing lifetime trauma exposure, optimism, and time perspectives. Regression analyses indicated that deviation from a balanced time perspective partially mediated the path from more trauma exposure to less optimism. Overall, more lifetime trauma exposure was related to greater deviation from a balanced time perspective, which likely resulted in less optimism. Discussion centers on implications for research and practice, with an emphasis on the importance of balanced time perspectives, particularly for those adjusting to traumatic events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article analyses the relationship between coping styles, defence mechanisms and time perspectives in subjects representing type I and II alcohol dependence according to the classification developed by Lesch. The results showed that among people belonging to type I addiction according to Lesch, a higher intensity of coping style focused on emotions is associated with a higher level of immature defence mechanisms, in particular denial and devaluation. A higher intensity of task-focused coping style in type I alcohol dependent individuals according to Lesch is accompanied by the use of mature defence mechanisms, such as humour and anticipation. In the group of people with type II alcoholism according to Lesch, focusing on past positive events is associated with an increased use of avoidant coping style, as well as its two subscales -- engaging in substitute activities and seeking social contacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this report is twofold: 1) to demonstrate how grateful disposition is related to time perspectives in late adolescents and young people in the process of transition into early adulthood; 2) to verify whether age indeed moderates the relationship between the present-hedonistic dimension and gratitude, as well as future and gratitude in such a way that these relationships are stronger in high school students and undergraduates than in graduates. The results provide strong support for the hypothesis that gratitude is higher in the case of the past-positive, present-hedonistic, and future time perspectives. As regards the reverse correlations, deviation from a balanced time perspective is positively associated with gratitude GQ-6 and IPIP-VIA. This suggests that different types of focus on recalling the past, experiencing the present, and facing the future might predict a grateful disposition and gratitude. Moreover, age moderated the relationship between the present-hedonistic perspective and gratitude.

User Experience (UX) is characterized by its temporal dimension, dynamic nature, and variability. Although descriptive models about the temporal dimension and related aspects exist, an understanding of the design possibilities and a design approach that ensures the design of the temporal dimension promoting a positive UX and well-being are still lacking. This paper addresses this research gap and builds on Zimbardo and Boyd’s Time Perspective Theory (TPT). TPT presents five time perspectives (TPs)—Past-Negative, Past-Positive, Present-Fatalistic, Present-Hedonistic, and Future—to reveal that people have individual attitudes toward time that influence their thoughts, actions, and feelings. Studies conclude that a balance between the positive TPs (Past-Positive, Present-Hedonistic, and Future), i.e., temporal harmony, contributes to long-term well-being. We present our design framework and approach “designing for temporal harmony,” which incorporates the theory into the practice to highlight the temporal design possibilities and to offer guidance for designers. We applied the design framework and approach to a case study, developed an app concept, and evaluated it with users. The results demonstrate that it is possible to systematically develop temporal UX concepts that evoke positive anticipations, experiences, and retrospections, and that these promote a positive UX as well as contribute to users’ long-term well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has shown the importance of time perspectives (TP) in future-oriented decision making. However, the possible associations between time perspectives and seeking out psychological help in need have not been examined extensively, especially taking further influencing factors into consideration. Therefore, this study aimed to assess associations between personal time perspectives, stigma, socio-economic factors, and attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help (ATTSPPH) in a sample of adults in the general population in Hungary (N=273) aged 18-84 (mean=28.47, SD= 10.31). Multivariate regression analyses found that attitudes towards seeking professional psychological help were inversely associated with stigma, and residing outside of the capital city and positively associated with female gender. None of the time perspectives were associated with help-seeking. The results are discussed regarding the importance of mental health in Hungary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An individual’s relation to time may be an important driver of pro-environmental behaviour. We studied whether young individual’s gender and time-orientation are associated with pro-environmental behaviour. In a controlled laboratory environment with students in Germany, participants earned money by performing a real-effort task and were then offered the opportunity to invest their money into an environmental project that supports climate protection. Afterwards, we controlled for their time-orientation. In this consequential behavioural setting, we find that males who scored higher on future-negative orientation showed significantly more pro-environmental behaviour compared to females who scored higher on future-negative orientation and males who scored lower on future-negative orientation. Interestingly, our results are completely reversed when it comes to past-positive orientation. These findings have practical implications regarding the most appropriate way to address individuals in order to achieve more pro-environmental behaviour.

Background: The current study was designed to investigate the direct and indirect effects of the childhood trauma, metacognition, time perspectives and experiential avoidance in prediction of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Methods: Participants included 432 adult patients referred for treatment to psychological, psychiatric disorders clinics and medical clinics of Shiraz, Iran. They were exposed to a traumatic event according to criterion A in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fifth edition (DSM-V). Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), Post-traumatic Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI), Acceptance and Action Questionnaire – II (AAQ-II) and metacognitions questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30) all were applied for data collection. Results: The results indicated that childhood trauma has a direct correlation with symptoms of PTSD, metacognition, and time perspectives, while it has an indirect correlation with experiential avoidance as well as symptoms of PTSD. Thus, metacognition and time perspectives play a mediating role between childhood trauma and experiential avoidance. In the same way, all three variables (metacognition, time perspectives, and experiential avoidance) play the same role between childhood trauma and symptoms of PTSD. Conclusions: Altogether, results of this study were consistent with the metacognitive model as well as Time Perspective Theory for PTSD and emphasizes that childhood trauma, metacognition, time perspectives and experiential Avoidance are important in explanation of PTSD symptoms.

Background: The "time perspectives theory" describes how individuals emphasize some time frames over others (e.g., present vs. future) and thus create their unique approach to time perception. Building on this theory, we investigated three time orientations in Alzheimer's disease (AD): (1) present-hedonistic orientation, which focuses on current sensations and pleasures without considering the future, (2) present-fatalistic orientation, characterized by a bias of hopelessness and helplessness toward the future, and (3) future orientation, which focuses on achieving personal goals and future consequences of present actions.Methods: Participants with mild AD (n = 30) and controls (n = 33) were assessed with a questionnaire regarding time perspectives and a questionnaire of depression.Results: Results demonstrated low future orientation and high present-fatalistic orientation in AD participants, whereas older adults demonstrated the reverse pattern. Depression positively correlated with fatalistic-present orientation, but negatively correlated with hedonistic-present and future orientations.Discussion: Although our findings are preliminary and the sample size is small, depression in mild AD seems to be related with a fatalistic orientation toward the present, as well as a hopeless and helpless perspective on the future, an orientation that results in little desire to enjoy the present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of INSTED: Interdisciplinary Studies in Education & Society / Terazniejszosc - Czlowiek - Edukacja is the property of University of Lower Silesia / Dolnoslaska Szkola Wyzsza and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für sportpädagogische Forschung (ZsF) is the property of Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study concerned the relationships among personal values (conformity, tradition, benevolence,universality, self-direction, stimulation, hedonism, achievement, power, safety), time perspectivesby Zimbardo (past negative, past positive, present hedonistic, present fatalistic, future)and life satisfaction. The main hypothesis stated that value priorities would predict life satisfactionboth directly and indirectly through time perspectives. 237 Polish students (120 females) took partin the study. Path analysis demonstrated that life satisfaction was directly and positively predictedby the value of benevolence, and indirectly and negatively by conformity and tradition via the pastnegative time perspective. Life satisfaction was also indirectly predicted by the values of hedonismand security via the future time perspective - Hedonism was a negative, and security a positivepredictor of future time perspective, and the future time perspective was a positive predictor oflife satisfaction. The significance of these results for mechanisms and predictors of life satisfactionis discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The time perspective has been the subject of various studies aimed at understanding human behavior. Our goal was to extend the growing literature in this field by studying the role of time perspectives in shaping online behavior among digital natives. 569 digital natives at the tertiary education level completed self-report forms assessing two major processes: time perspectives and online behavior. Adverse time-perspective biases were found to be related to rude, harsh, and distrustful online behavior. Present-oriented people displayed a high amount of online activity, while future-oriented ones showed a more functional approach to Internet use. Past-positive and past-negative orientations occurred concomitantly with different levels of affability online. We discuss the findings and their limitations, along with suggestions for future research in this field. As it is possible to modify time perspectives, this study may contribute to the development of methods aimed at preventing undesirable online behavior and improving individuals' well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescent boys are characterised by increased risk-taking behavior, including a relatively high propensity to develop problem gambling habits. The association between gambling and sensitivity to immediately available rewards is well-established, suggesting that gamblers are less influenced by potential future consequences than non-gamblers. Nevertheless, existing studies have considered present- and future-orientation as two ends of the same continuum, and have not investigated the possibility that present and future perspectives might make independent contributions to gambling behavior. In the current study, we adopted Zimbardo's multidimensional approach, which discriminates between not only present and future perspectives, but also between a hedonistic and fatalistic present-orientation (in addition to positive and negative orientations towards the past). The participants were 223 male adolescents (mean age = 16.7 years). We investigated the effects of time perspectives on gambling frequency and gambling problem severity, after taking into account the effects of age, sensation seeking, and gambling-related cognitive distortions. Gambling frequency was significantly predicted by the present fatalistic perspective, and problem gambling was significantly (negatively) related to the future perspective. The present hedonistic and past negative perspectives were also significantly related to both gambling frequency and gambling problems, although they did not explain additional variance in gambling behavior when the effects of the other factors were controlled. Overall, these results offer a fresh perspective on the role of time perspectives in gambling behavior, with potential implications for understanding the origins of gambling problems and the development of novel interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

User Experience (UX) is characterized by its temporal dimension, dynamic nature, and variability. Although descriptive models about the temporal dimension and related aspects exist, an understanding of the design possibilities and a design approach that ensures the design of the temporal dimension promoting a positive UX and well-being are still lacking. This paper addresses this research gap and builds on Zimbardo and Boyd’s Time Perspective Theory (TPT). TPT presents five time perspectives (TPs)—Past-Negative, Past-Positive, Present-Fatalistic, Present-Hedonistic, and Future—to reveal that people have individual attitudes toward time that influence their thoughts, actions, and feelings. Studies conclude that a balance between the positive TPs (Past-Positive, Present-Hedonistic, and Future), i.e., temporal harmony, contributes to long-term well-being. We present our design framework and approach “designing for temporal harmony,” which incorporates the theory into the practice to highlight the temporal design possibilities and to offer guidance for designers. We applied the design framework and approach to a case study, developed an app concept, and evaluated it with users. The results demonstrate that it is possible to systematically develop temporal UX concepts that evoke positive anticipations, experiences, and retrospections, and that these promote a positive UX as well as contribute to users’ long-term well-being.

This paper examines the influence of managers’ personal time perspectives on perceived peer coaching effectiveness. Relatively little research has been done on peer coaching in business environments and on how to incorporate personal time perspectives into peer coaching settings. This paper investigates the compatibility of different time perspectives within peer coaching relationships. Mixed method research was undertaken with 42 engineers in management positions in Germany at four interventions. The paper provides empirical evidence that perceived peer coaching effectiveness varies significantly with the combinations of the matched coaches’ and coachees’ preferred time perspectives. It also highlights the importance of meaning and proficiency, and raise questions for further research on perceived peer coaching effectiveness.