1. HIV associated hypocalcaemia among diarrheic patients in northwest Ethiopia: a cross sectional study
- Author
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Afework Kassu, Bemnet Amare, Beyene Moges, and Timoki Yabutani
- Subjects
Diarrhea ,Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Hypercalcaemia ,Adolescent ,Cross-sectional study ,HIV Infections ,Gastroenterology ,Young Adult ,Risk Factors ,Salmonella ,Internal medicine ,Epidemiology ,HIV Seropositivity ,medicine ,Prevalence ,Humans ,Hypocalcaemia ,Young adult ,Risk factor ,Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic ,Hypocalcaemi ,Hypocalcemia ,business.industry ,Coinfection ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,HIV ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Immunology ,Female ,Ethiopia ,Shigella ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Research Article - Abstract
Background: Hypocalcaemia, defined by serum calcium level less than 8.5 mg/dl, could be caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and diarrheal diseases. In Ethiopia, while morbidities from diarrheal diseases and HIV are serious health problems, studies assessing the interactions amongst of the three do not exist. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to investigate the level of calcium among diarrheic patients with and without HIV co-infection. Methods: Consecutive diarrheic patients attending Gondar University Hospital in Ethiopia were enrolled and screened for HIV, intestinal parasites, Shigella and Salmonella. Concentration of calcium in serum was determined using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. Results: A total of 206 diarrheic patients were included in the study (109 = HIV positive, 97 = HIV negative). Intestinal parasites and Shigella species were detected in 32.2% and 8.5% of the patients, respectively. The serum calcium levels in the patients who were found positive for Shigella species or intestinal parasites was not significantly different by the presence or absence of HIV co-infection. HIV infected diarrheic patients had significantly lower mean serum calcium levels (7.82 ± 1.23 mg/dl) than those negative for HIV (8.38 ± 1.97) (P = 0.015). The age groups 25–35 and greater than 45 years showed significantly lower mean serum calcium levels (7.77 ± 1.55 mg/dl) in comparison to the other age groups (7.84 ± 1.41 mg/dl, P = 0.009). On the other hand, females presented with significantly lower mean serum calcium levels (7.79 ± 1.60 mg/dl, P = 0.044) than males (8.26 ± 1.65 mg/dl). Conclusion: There is high prevalence of hypocalcaemia among diarrheic patients in northwest Ethiopia. And HIV stood out to be a major risk factor for development of hypocalcaemia among the diarrheic patients in northwest Ethiopia. Further studies are required to substantiate and characterize the mechanisms and consequences of calcium metabolism disorders among HIV infected individuals in the study area.
- Published
- 2014