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4. The Italian National Project of Astrobiology—Life in Space—Origin, Presence, Persistence of Life in Space, from Molecules to Extremophiles

Author

Onofri, Silvano, Balucani, Nadia, Barone, Vincenzo, Benedetti, Pietro, Billi, Daniela, Balbi, Amedeo, Brucato, John Robert, Cobucci-Ponzano, Beatrice, Costanzo, Giovanna, La Rocca, Nicoletta, Moracci, Marco, Saladino, Raffaele, Vladilo, Giovanni, Niccolò, Albertini, Mariano, Battistuzzi, Julien, Bloino, Lorenzo, Botta, Piergiorgio, Casavecchia, Alessia, Cassaro, Riccardo, Claudi, Lorenzo, Cocola, Alberto, Coduti, Paola Di Donato, Ernesto Di Mauro, Luca, Dore, Stefano, Falcinelli, Marco, Fulle, Stavro, Ivanovski, Andrea, Lombardi, Giordano, Mancini, Michele, Maris, Luisa, Maurelli, Giuseppe, Murante, Rodolfo, Negri, Claudia, Pacelli, Isabella, Pagano, Davide, Piccinino, Luca, Poletto, Giorgio, Prantera, Cristina, Puzzarini, Sergio, Rampino, Caterina, Ripa, Marzio, Rosi, Monica, Sanna, Laura, Selbmann, Laura, Silva, Dimitrios, Skouteris, Andrea, Strazzulli, Nicola, Tasinato, Anna Maria Timperio, Andrea, Tozzi, Gian Paolo Tozzi, Trainotti, Livio, Piero, Ugliengo, Luigi, Vaccaro, and Laura Zucconi, Onofri, S., Balucani, N., Barone, V., Benedetti, P., Billi, D., Balbi, A., Brucato, J. R., Cobucci-Ponzano, B., Costanzo, G., Rocca, N. L., Moracci, M., Saladino, R., Vladilo, G., Albertini, N., Battistuzzi, M., Bloino, J., Botta, L., Casavecchia, P., Cassaro, A., Claudi, R., Cocola, L., Coduti, A., Di Donato, P., Di Mauro, E., Dore, L., Falcinelli, S., Fulle, M., Ivanovski, S., Lombardi, A., Mancini, G., Maris, M., Maurelli, L., Murante, G., Negri, R., Pacelli, C., Pagano, I., Piccinino, D., Poletto, L., Prantera, G., Puzzarini, C., Rampino, S., Ripa, C., Rosi, M., Sanna, M., Selbmann, L., Silva, L., Skouteris, D., Strazzulli, A., Tasinato, N., Timperio, A. M., Tozzi, A., Tozzi, G. P., Trainotti, L., Ugliengo, P., Vaccaro, L., Zucconi, L., Onofri S., Balucani N., Barone V., Benedetti P., Billi D., Balbi A., Brucato J.R., Cobucci-Ponzano B., Costanzo G., Rocca N.L., Moracci M., Saladino R., Vladilo G., Albertini N., Battistuzzi M., Bloino J., Botta L., Casavecchia P., Cassaro A., Claudi R., Cocola L., Coduti A., Di Donato P., Di Mauro E., Dore L., Falcinelli S., Fulle M., Ivanovski S., Lombardi A., Mancini G., Maris M., Maurelli L., Murante G., Negri R., Pacelli C., Pagano I., Piccinino D., Poletto L., Prantera G., Puzzarini C., Rampino S., Ripa C., Rosi M., Sanna M., Selbmann L., Silva L., Skouteris D., Strazzulli A., Tasinato N., Timperio A.M., Tozzi A., Tozzi G.P., Trainotti L., Ugliengo P., Vaccaro L., and Zucconi L.

Subjects
Persistence (psychology), Extremophiles, Exobiology, Extraterrestrial Environment, Origin of Life, Origin of Life in Space, Space (commercial competition), Astrobiology, Life in Space, From Molecules to Extremophiles, Astrobiology, Abiogenesis, From Molecules to Extremophiles, Extremophile, Life in Space, Origin of life, space, exobiology, News and Views, extremophiles, Settore CHIM/12 - Chimica dell'Ambiente e dei Beni Culturali, Settore FIS/05, Chemistry, space, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), Space and Planetary Science, astrobiology, from Molecules to Extremophiles in space
Abstract

THE ''LIfe in Space'' project was funded in the wake of the Italian Space Agency's proposal for the development of a network of institutions and laboratories conceived to implement Italian participation in space astrobiology experiments. Of primary concern for this project is the study of the origin of life in the Universe, a focus that will promote investigation into prebiotic chemistry in various possible scenarios, whether in polar or nonpolar solvents (e.g., Titan's environment). Such results will link with study of the effects of simulated space conditions on possible chemical bio- signatures. The limits of life as we know it will be investigated in ground-based experiments with microorganisms that have already demonstrated their resistance to extreme environments on Earth and to real or simulated space conditions. The potential survival of microorganisms will also be examined with up-to-date molecular methods. The ability of some microorganisms to produce atmospheric and surface biosignatures when exposed to simulated conditions will be tested and compared with the possible existence of bio- signatures on potentially habitable exoplanets. Furthermore, the search for potentially habitable exoplanets, with space- based observational methods, will be optimized by way of dedicated climate models with the capacity to predict the detectability of atmospheric biosignatures for a broad range of planetary conditions. The project embraces the four most important topics in astrobiological research, as listed below, along with relevant contributions from the participating Italian institutions. Origins and evolution of organic compounds of biological significance in space (comets, asteroids, rocky planets, and moons); Prebiotic syntheses, origin of life, and early life; The limits of life and biological habitability: origin, evolution and adaptation of life in extreme environments on Earth and in space; Biomarkers for life detection in the Solar System and on exoplanets.

Published
2020
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5. Multidisciplinary characterization of melanin pigments from the black fungus Cryomyces antarcticus

Author

Barbara Cavalazzi, Mariana Stefan, Anna Maria Timperio, Alessia Cassaro, Federica Gevi, Claudia Pacelli, D. Ghica, Silvano Onofri, Alessandro Maturilli, and Pacelli C., Cassaro A., Maturilli A., Timperio A.M., Gevi F., Cavalazzi B., Stefan M., Ghica D, Onofri S.

Subjects
Fungus, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Melanin, 03 medical and health sciences, Pigment, medicine, Extremophile, Extremophiles, melanin, Antarctica, Raman, infrared spectroscopy, radiation, electron paramagnetic resonance, Spectral data, 030304 developmental biology, Cryomyces antarcticus, 0303 health sciences, biology, integumentary system, 030306 microbiology, Chemistry, General Medicine, biology.organism_classification, medicine.drug_formulation_ingredient, Biochemistry, visual_art, visual_art.visual_art_medium, sense organs, Melanin pigment, Desiccation, Biotechnology
Abstract

Melanin is a natural pigment present in almost all biological groups, and is composed of indolic polymers and characterized by black-brown colorization. Furthermore, it is one of the pigments produced by extremophiles including those living in the Antarctic desert, and is mainly involved in their protection from high UV radiation, desiccation, salinity and oxidation. Previous studies have shown that melanized species have an increased capability to survive high level of radiation compared with the non-melanized counterpart. Understanding the molecular composition of fungal melanin could help to understand this peculiar capability. Here, we aimed to characterize the melanin pigment extracted from the Antarctic black fungus Cryomyces antarcticus, which is a good test model for radioprotection researches, by studying its chemical properties and spectral data. Our results demonstrated that, in spite of having a specific type of melanin as the majority of fungi, the fungus possesses the ability to produce both 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) and L 3-4 dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) melanins, opening interesting scenarios for the protection role against radiation. Researches on fungal melanin have a huge application in different fields, including radioprotection, bioremediation, and biomedical applications. KEY POINTS: • Isolation and characterization by multidisciplinary approaches of fungal melanins. • Discovery that pathways for producing DOPA and DHN are both active even in its extreme habitat. • Hypothesis supporting the possibility of using melanin pigment for radioprotection.

Published
2020

6. Erratum: The Italian national project of astrobiology-life in space-origin, presence, persistence of life in space, from molecules to extremophiles (Astrobiology (2020) 20:5 (580-582) DOI: 10.1089/ast.2020.2247)

Author

Onofri S., Balucani N., Barone V., Benedetti P., Billi D., Balbi A., Brucato J. R., Cobucci-Ponzano B., Costanzo G., Rocca N. L., Moracci M., Saladino R., Vladilo G., Albertini N., Battistuzzi M., Bloino J., Botta L., Casavecchia P., Cassaro A., Claudi R., Cocola L., Coduti A., Di Donato P., Di Mauro E., Dore L., Falcinelli S., Fulle M., Ivanovski S., Lombardi A., Mancini G., Maris M., Maurelli L., Murante G., Negri R., Pacelli C., Pagano I., Piccinino D., Poletto L., Prantera G., Puzzarini C., Rampino S., Ripa C., Rosi M., Sanna M., Selbmann L., Silva L., Skouteris D., Strazzulli A., Tasinato N., Timperio A. M., Tozzi A., Tozzi G. P., Trainotti L., Ugliengo P., Vaccaro L., Zucconi L., Onofri S., Balucani N., Barone V., Benedetti P., Billi D., Balbi A., Brucato J.R., Cobucci-Ponzano B., Costanzo G., Rocca N.L., Moracci M., Saladino R., Vladilo G., Albertini N., Battistuzzi M., Bloino J., Botta L., Casavecchia P., Cassaro A., Claudi R., Cocola L., Coduti A., Di Donato P., Di Mauro E., Dore L., Falcinelli S., Fulle M., Ivanovski S., Lombardi A., Mancini G., Maris M., Maurelli L., Murante G., Negri R., Pacelli C., Pagano I., Piccinino D., Poletto L., Prantera G., Puzzarini C., Rampino S., Ripa C., Rosi M., Sanna M., Selbmann L., Silva L., Skouteris D., Strazzulli A., Tasinato N., Timperio A.M., Tozzi A., Tozzi G.P., Trainotti L., Ugliengo P., Vaccaro L., Zucconi L., Onofri, S., Balucani, N., Barone, V., Benedetti, P., Billi, D., Balbi, A., Brucato, J. R., Cobucci-Ponzano, B., Costanzo, G., Rocca, N. L., Moracci, M., Saladino, R., Vladilo, G., Albertini, N., Battistuzzi, M., Bloino, J., Botta, L., Casavecchia, P., Cassaro, A., Claudi, R., Cocola, L., Coduti, A., Di Donato, P., Di Mauro, E., Dore, L., Falcinelli, S., Fulle, M., Ivanovski, S., Lombardi, A., Mancini, G., Maris, M., Maurelli, L., Murante, G., Negri, R., Pacelli, C., Pagano, I., Piccinino, D., Poletto, L., Prantera, G., Puzzarini, C., Rampino, S., Ripa, C., Rosi, M., Sanna, M., Selbmann, L., Silva, L., Skouteris, D., Strazzulli, A., Tasinato, N., Timperio, A. M., Tozzi, A., Tozzi, G. P., Trainotti, L., Ugliengo, P., Vaccaro, L., and Zucconi, L.

Subjects
life in space-origin, astrobiology, persistence of life in space, from molecules to extremophiles in space, Settore CHIM/02 - Chimica Fisica
Abstract

The Italian National Project of Astrobiology―Life in Space―Origin, Presence, Persistence of Life in Space, from Molecules to Extremophiles A member’s name should be added to the OPPS Project Team: Stavro Ivanovski on page 580 footnotes. We have made this correction on the title page of the article and the eTOC.

Published
2020

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