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Context: There have been multiple education reforms aimed at incorporating patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) into routine clinical care. However, many factors can impact PROM use, including employment setting/policies or access to literature. Objective: To explore the influence of educational background and employment setting/policies on athletic trainer (AT) attitudes and practices related to PROM use in the secondary and collegiate settings. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Setting: Secondary schools; National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I, II, and III; National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics; and junior colleges. Patients or Other Participants: Five hundred and seven ATs working in secondary and collegiate settings. Data Collection and Analysis An established scale evaluating attitudes toward PROMs was distributed to a purposeful sample of 4000 ATs. Also included were questions concerning use of PROMs, employer policies related to PROMs, access to non-National Athletic Trainers' Association (NATA) journals, and educational background. Scores on each scale were compared based on educational background, employment setting/policies, and access to non-NATA scientific journals using Kruskal-Wallis tests with a Bonferroni correction. Frequency of PROM use was evaluated using chi-square tests ([alpha] = 0.05). Results: PROMs were viewed positively across all participants, with more positive attitudes toward PROMs observed among those with clinical doctorates (P = 0.029) compared to those with master's or bachelor's degrees and by those with an athletic training-related post-professional master's degree (P = 0.030) compared to a non-athletic training master's degree. There were no differences in attitudes based on timing of professional degree completion. There were no differences in the usage of PROMs based on educational background or employment setting, with only 10% of respondents reporting routine PROM use. However, access to non-NATA scientific journals (P = 0.016) and employer policies related to the use of PROMs were associated with increased use of PROMs (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Educational reforms have enhanced the attitudes of practicing ATs toward PROMs; however, environmental facilitators, such as expanded access to scientific literature and policies regarding the use of PROMs, are necessary to increase the use of PROMs.

A convergent strategy for synthesis of asimicin that features two highly stereoselective chelate-controlled [3+2] annulation reactions that set all the stereo-chemistry of the bis-tetrahydrofuran unit are developed. Efforts are made to extend this strategy to other members of the acetogenin family.

The article reports that Annonaceous acetogenins are a structurally diverse group of natural products isolated from the Annonaceae family. The acetogenins contain a long aliphatic backbone bearing a terminal butenolide unit and one or more tetrahydrofuran rings at internal positions of the aliphatic chain. The annulation reaction of allylsilanes and aldehydes in the presence of Lewis acids is an important method for the synthesis of substituted tetrahydrofuran and other five-membered heterocycles. Here the authors develop a convergent strategy for synthesis of asimicin that features two highly stereoselective chelate- controlled annulation reactions that set all of the stereochemistry of the bis-tetrahydrofuran unit.

Abstract Objective: To examine the interaction between high school (HS) sports participation and injury history with current moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) among young adults. Participants: Participants (N = 236) were 18–25 years old, not currently injured, and reported no physical activity limitations. Methods: Participants completed online demographic, injury history, and physical activity surveys. A two-way analysis of covariance was used to test the interaction between HS athlete status and previous injury severity on current self-reported MVPA. Results: Participants were 22.2 ± 2.1 years, primarily White (81.8%) or Asian (6.4%), and female (77.5%). After including body mass index and race as covariates, there was a statistically significant interaction between HS athlete status and previous injury history such that current MVPA was higher among former HS athletes compared to HS recreational/nonathletes when individuals reported no injuries or mild injury severity. MVPA was similar across athlete status groups when participants reported high levels of injury severity. Conclusions: Future studies should examine whether young adults who have experienced multiple and/or severe injuries as competitive HS athletes have unique physical activity barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To identify variables that influence pain reduction following peripheral nerve field stimulation (PNFS) in order to identify a potential responder profile., Methods: Exploratory univariate and multivariate (random forest) analyses were performed separately on 2 randomized controlled trials and a registry; all included patients with chronic back pain, mainly failed back surgery syndrome. An international expert panel judged the clinical relevance of variables to identify responders by consensus., Results: Variables identified that may help predict PNFS success in patients with back pain include patient and pain characteristics (age, time since onset of pain and spinal surgery, pain medication history, position and size of pain area, pain severity, mixed nociceptive/neuropathic pain, health-related quality of life, depression, functional disability, and leg pain status), implant procedure variables (the number and position of leads, paresthesia coverage, and amount of pain relief during the trial), and programming (number of programs, cathodes, and anodes; pulse rate; pulse width; and percentage of device usage)., Conclusions: While these analyses are exploratory and restricted to a limited sample size, they suggest variables that may play a role in predicting a therapeutic response. These results, however, are informative only and should be cautiously interpreted. Future research to validate the variables in a clinical study is needed., (© 2020 World Institute of Pain.)

[reaction: see text] The protiodesilylation of unactivated C(sp3)-SiMe2Ph bonds proceeds efficiently by treatment with tetrabutylammonium fluoride in wet DMF or THF via isolable dimethylsilanol intermediates.