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2. Widespread horse-based mobility arose around 2200 bce in Eurasia

Author

Librado, Pablo, Tressières, Gaetan, Chauvey, Lorelei, Fages, Antoine, Khan, Naveed, Schiavinato, Stéphanie, Calvière-Tonasso, Laure, Kusliy, Mariya A., Gaunitz, Charleen, Liu, Xuexue, Wagner, Stefanie, Der Sarkissian, Clio, Seguin-Orlando, Andaine, Perdereau, Aude, Aury, Jean-Marc, Southon, John, Shapiro, Beth, Bouchez, Olivier, Donnadieu, Cécile, Collin, Yvette Running Horse, Gregersen, Kristian M., Jessen, Mads Dengsø, Christensen, Kirsten, Claudi-Hansen, Lone, Pruvost, Mélanie, Pucher, Erich, Vulic, Hrvoje, Novak, Mario, Rimpf, Andrea, Turk, Peter, Reiter, Simone, Brem, Gottfried, Schwall, Christoph, Barrey, Éric, Robert, Céline, Degueurce, Christophe, Horwitz, Liora Kolska, Klassen, Lutz, Rasmussen, Uffe, Kveiborg, Jacob, Johannsen, Niels Nørkjær, Makowiecki, Daniel, Makarowicz, Przemysław, Szeliga, Marcin, Ilchyshyn, Vasyl, Rud, Vitalii, Romaniszyn, Jan, Mullin, Victoria E., Verdugo, Marta, Bradley, Daniel G., Cardoso, João L., Valente, Maria J., Telles Antunes, Miguel, Ameen, Carly, Thomas, Richard, Ludwig, Arne, Marzullo, Matilde, Prato, Ornella, Bagnasco Gianni, Giovanna, Tecchiati, Umberto, Granado, José, Schlumbaum, Angela, Deschler-Erb, Sabine, Mráz, Monika Schernig, Boulbes, Nicolas, Gardeisen, Armelle, Mayer, Christian, Döhle, Hans-Jürgen, Vicze, Magdolna, Kosintsev, Pavel A., Kyselý, René, Peške, Lubomír, O’Connor, Terry, Ananyevskaya, Elina, Shevnina, Irina, Logvin, Andrey, Kovalev, Alexey A., Iderkhangai, Tumur-Ochir, Sablin, Mikhail V., Dashkovskiy, Petr K., Graphodatsky, Alexander S., Merts, Ilia, Merts, Viktor, Kasparov, Aleksei K., Pitulko, Vladimir V., Onar, Vedat, Öztan, Aliye, Arbuckle, Benjamin S., McColl, Hugh, Renaud, Gabriel, Khaskhanov, Ruslan, Demidenko, Sergey, Kadieva, Anna, Atabiev, Biyaslan, Sundqvist, Marie, Lindgren, Gabriella, López-Cachero, F. Javier, Albizuri, Silvia, Trbojević Vukičević, Tajana, Rapan Papeša, Anita, Burić, Marcel, Rajić Šikanjić, Petra, Weinstock, Jaco, Asensio Vilaró, David, Codina, Ferran, García Dalmau, Cristina, Morer de Llorens, Jordi, Pou, Josep, de Prado, Gabriel, Sanmartí, Joan, Kallala, Nabil, Torres, Joan Ramon, Maraoui-Telmini, Bouthéina, Belarte Franco, Maria-Carme, Valenzuela-Lamas, Silvia, Zazzo, Antoine, Lepetz, Sébastien, Duchesne, Sylvie, Alexeev, Anatoly, Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav, Houle, Jean-Luc, Bayarkhuu, Noost, Turbat, Tsagaan, Crubézy, Éric, Shingiray, Irina, Mashkour, Marjan, Berezina, Natalia Ya., Korobov, Dmitriy S., Belinskiy, Andrey, Kalmykov, Alexey, Demoule, Jean-Paul, Reinhold, Sabine, Hansen, Svend, Wallner, Barbara, Roslyakova, Natalia, Kuznetsov, Pavel F., Tishkin, Alexey A., Wincker, Patrick, Kanne, Katherine, Outram, Alan, and Orlando, Ludovic

Published
2024
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3. The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes

Author

Librado, Pablo, Khan, Naveed, Fages, Antoine, Kusliy, Mariya A, Suchan, Tomasz, Tonasso-Calvière, Laure, Schiavinato, Stéphanie, Alioglu, Duha, Fromentier, Aurore, Perdereau, Aude, Aury, Jean-Marc, Gaunitz, Charleen, Chauvey, Lorelei, Seguin-Orlando, Andaine, Der Sarkissian, Clio, Southon, John, Shapiro, Beth, Tishkin, Alexey A, Kovalev, Alexey A, Alquraishi, Saleh, Alfarhan, Ahmed H, Al-Rasheid, Khaled AS, Seregély, Timo, Klassen, Lutz, Iversen, Rune, Bignon-Lau, Olivier, Bodu, Pierre, Olive, Monique, Castel, Jean-Christophe, Boudadi-Maligne, Myriam, Alvarez, Nadir, Germonpré, Mietje, Moskal-del Hoyo, Magdalena, Wilczyński, Jarosław, Pospuła, Sylwia, Lasota-Kuś, Anna, Tunia, Krzysztof, Nowak, Marek, Rannamäe, Eve, Saarma, Urmas, Boeskorov, Gennady, Lōugas, Lembi, Kyselý, René, Peške, Lubomír, Bălășescu, Adrian, Dumitrașcu, Valentin, Dobrescu, Roxana, Gerber, Daniel, Kiss, Viktória, Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna, Mende, Balázs G, Gallina, Zsolt, Somogyi, Krisztina, Kulcsár, Gabriella, Gál, Erika, Bendrey, Robin, Allentoft, Morten E, Sirbu, Ghenadie, Dergachev, Valentin, Shephard, Henry, Tomadini, Noémie, Grouard, Sandrine, Kasparov, Aleksei, Basilyan, Alexander E, Anisimov, Mikhail A, Nikolskiy, Pavel A, Pavlova, Elena Y, Pitulko, Vladimir, Brem, Gottfried, Wallner, Barbara, Schwall, Christoph, Keller, Marcel, Kitagawa, Keiko, Bessudnov, Alexander N, Bessudnov, Alexander, Taylor, William, Magail, Jérome, Gantulga, Jamiyan-Ombo, Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav, Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav, Tabaldiev, Kubatbeek, Mijiddorj, Enkhbayar, Boldgiv, Bazartseren, Tsagaan, Turbat, Pruvost, Mélanie, Olsen, Sandra, Makarewicz, Cheryl A, Valenzuela Lamas, Silvia, Albizuri Canadell, Silvia, Nieto Espinet, Ariadna, Iborra, Ma Pilar, Lira Garrido, Jaime, Rodríguez González, Esther, Celestino, Sebastián, Olària, Carmen, Arsuaga, Juan Luis, Kotova, Nadiia, Pryor, Alexander, Crabtree, Pam, and Zhumatayev, Rinat

Subjects
Animals, Archaeology, Asia, DNA, Ancient, Domestication, Europe, Genetics, Population, Genome, Grassland, Horses, Phylogeny, General Science & Technology
Abstract

Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare1. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling2-4 at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 BC3. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia5 and Anatolia6, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 BC, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association7 between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 BC8,9 driving the spread of Indo-European languages10. This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium BC Sintashta culture11,12.

Published
2021

5. Metal Wear of the Ancient Nomads of the Altai Foothills: Х-ray fluorescence analysis and cultural-chronological attribution

Author

Tishkin Alexey A.

Subjects
аrchaeology, altai, museum, metal mirror, war hammer, x-ray fluorescence analysis, early saka time, mayemir culture, Archaeology, CC1-960
Abstract

For a long time, the Mayemir (Mayemer) culture of the Early Saka period was considered insufficiently well-studied. By now the range of sources has expanded considerably with the excavation of barrows at several burial grounds. Specific archaeological materials have been obtained. This situation has determined the necessity of additional involvement of museum objects and their study at the interdisciplinary level. The article considers two metal objects (a mirror and a war hammer), which are stored in the Regional Museum of Rubtsovsk (Altai Territory, Russia). They were discovered at the junction of the northwestern foothills of the Altai and the Aleysk steppe. For the first time an X-ray fluorescent analysis of the exhibits has been made and the specifics of the bronze alloy used have been established. On the basis of the involved analogies the cultural-chronological attribution of important finds has been carried out.

Published
2022
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6. Middle Holocene Siberian genomes reveal highly connected gene pools throughout North Asia

Author

Wang, Ke, Yu, He, Radzevičiūtė, Rita, Kiryushin, Yuriy F., Tishkin, Alexey A., Frolov, Yaroslav V., Stepanova, Nadezhda F., Kiryushin, Kirill Yu., Kungurov, Artur L., Shnaider, Svetlana V., Tur, Svetlana S., Tiunov, Mikhail P., Zubova, Alisa V., Pevzner, Maria, Karimov, Timur, Buzhilova, Alexandra, Slon, Viviane, Jeong, Choongwon, Krause, Johannes, and Posth, Cosimo

Published
2023
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8. Not great, not terrible: distance learning of chemistry in Russian secondary schools during COVID-19

Author

Anokhin Evgeny O., Aleshin Gleb Yu., Tishkin Alexey A., Korolev Vladimir V., Sobol Alexander G., Evdokimov Konstantin M., and Chepiga Alexey A.

Subjects
covid-19, emergency remote teaching, secondary schools, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract

The COVID-19 outbreak has influenced virtually all aspects of our life, in particular, hundreds of millions of people around the world have been forced to study online. To observe the practical realization of emergency remote teaching of chemistry during the first wave of COVID-19 in Russia we gave the survey to 217 teachers and 355 students from more than 50% regions of Russia about their experience during distance learning of chemistry. 17% of students were lacking chemistry lessons at all. We compared this with the situation in Letovo international boarding school in Moscow and found relative success in terms of lessons adaptation and overall satisfaction compared to the Russia-wide survey. This might be because of the fine educational organization effort and implemented learning management system (LMS). There is a high probability of a second COVID-19 wave or any other occasion that may lead to sudden change to distance learning. Teacher community should learn from world-wide and country-wide experiences of the first COVID-19 wave to become prepared for future challenges. Those preparation measures may include implementing LMS and strategy development.

Published
2021
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9. Widespread horse-based mobility arose around 2200 bcein Eurasia

Author

Librado, Pablo, Tressières, Gaetan, Chauvey, Lorelei, Fages, Antoine, Khan, Naveed, Schiavinato, Stéphanie, Calvière-Tonasso, Laure, Kusliy, Mariya A., Gaunitz, Charleen, Liu, Xuexue, Wagner, Stefanie, Der Sarkissian, Clio, Seguin-Orlando, Andaine, Perdereau, Aude, Aury, Jean-Marc, Southon, John, Shapiro, Beth, Bouchez, Olivier, Donnadieu, Cécile, Collin, Yvette Running Horse, Gregersen, Kristian M., Jessen, Mads Dengsø, Christensen, Kirsten, Claudi-Hansen, Lone, Pruvost, Mélanie, Pucher, Erich, Vulic, Hrvoje, Novak, Mario, Rimpf, Andrea, Turk, Peter, Reiter, Simone, Brem, Gottfried, Schwall, Christoph, Barrey, Éric, Robert, Céline, Degueurce, Christophe, Horwitz, Liora Kolska, Klassen, Lutz, Rasmussen, Uffe, Kveiborg, Jacob, Johannsen, Niels Nørkjær, Makowiecki, Daniel, Makarowicz, Przemysław, Szeliga, Marcin, Ilchyshyn, Vasyl, Rud, Vitalii, Romaniszyn, Jan, Mullin, Victoria E., Verdugo, Marta, Bradley, Daniel G., Cardoso, João L., Valente, Maria J., Telles Antunes, Miguel, Ameen, Carly, Thomas, Richard, Ludwig, Arne, Marzullo, Matilde, Prato, Ornella, Bagnasco Gianni, Giovanna, Tecchiati, Umberto, Granado, José, Schlumbaum, Angela, Deschler-Erb, Sabine, Mráz, Monika Schernig, Boulbes, Nicolas, Gardeisen, Armelle, Mayer, Christian, Döhle, Hans-Jürgen, Vicze, Magdolna, Kosintsev, Pavel A., Kyselý, René, Peške, Lubomír, O’Connor, Terry, Ananyevskaya, Elina, Shevnina, Irina, Logvin, Andrey, Kovalev, Alexey A., Iderkhangai, Tumur-Ochir, Sablin, Mikhail V., Dashkovskiy, Petr K., Graphodatsky, Alexander S., Merts, Ilia, Merts, Viktor, Kasparov, Aleksei K., Pitulko, Vladimir V., Onar, Vedat, Öztan, Aliye, Arbuckle, Benjamin S., McColl, Hugh, Renaud, Gabriel, Khaskhanov, Ruslan, Demidenko, Sergey, Kadieva, Anna, Atabiev, Biyaslan, Sundqvist, Marie, Lindgren, Gabriella, López-Cachero, F. Javier, Albizuri, Silvia, Trbojević Vukičević, Tajana, Rapan Papeša, Anita, Burić, Marcel, Rajić Šikanjić, Petra, Weinstock, Jaco, Asensio Vilaró, David, Codina, Ferran, García Dalmau, Cristina, Morer de Llorens, Jordi, Pou, Josep, de Prado, Gabriel, Sanmartí, Joan, Kallala, Nabil, Torres, Joan Ramon, Maraoui-Telmini, Bouthéina, Belarte Franco, Maria-Carme, Valenzuela-Lamas, Silvia, Zazzo, Antoine, Lepetz, Sébastien, Duchesne, Sylvie, Alexeev, Anatoly, Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav, Houle, Jean-Luc, Bayarkhuu, Noost, Turbat, Tsagaan, Crubézy, Éric, Shingiray, Irina, Mashkour, Marjan, Berezina, Natalia Ya., Korobov, Dmitriy S., Belinskiy, Andrey, Kalmykov, Alexey, Demoule, Jean-Paul, Reinhold, Sabine, Hansen, Svend, Wallner, Barbara, Roslyakova, Natalia, Kuznetsov, Pavel F., Tishkin, Alexey A., Wincker, Patrick, Kanne, Katherine, Outram, Alan, and Orlando, Ludovic

Abstract

Horses revolutionized human history with fast mobility1. However, the timeline between their domestication and their widespread integration as a means of transport remains contentious2–4. Here we assemble a collection of 475 ancient horse genomes to assess the period when these animals were first reshaped by human agency in Eurasia. We find that reproductive control of the modern domestic lineage emerged around 2200 bce, through close-kin mating and shortened generation times. Reproductive control emerged following a severe domestication bottleneck starting no earlier than approximately 2700 bce, and coincided with a sudden expansion across Eurasia that ultimately resulted in the replacement of nearly every local horse lineage. This expansion marked the rise of widespread horse-based mobility in human history, which refutes the commonly held narrative of large horse herds accompanying the massive migration of steppe peoples across Europe around 3000 bceand earlier3,5. Finally, we detect significantly shortened generation times at Botai around 3500 bce, a settlement from central Asia associated with corrals and a subsistence economy centred on horses6,7. This supports local horse husbandry before the rise of modern domestic bloodlines.

Published
2024
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10. Horses from Xiongnu Elite Burial Complex Tsaram

Author

Tishkin Alexey A., Plasteeva Natalya A., and Minyaev Sergey S.

Subjects
archaeology, xiongnu time, archaeozoology, buryatia, burial, chariot, horse remains, morphometry, Archaeology, CC1-960
Abstract

The paper presents morphological description of horse remains from the elite burial complex Tsaram dated to the Xiongnu period. The complex is located in the Kyakhtinsky district of the Republic of Buryatia (Russia) and consists of one central burial № 7 and accompanying funerary objects. In the grave pit of the largest burial a typical Han chariot was found, which was damaged during later intrusions. The skeletal remains (skull, two cervical vertebrae, metapodials and phalanges) belonged to one stallion were excavated near the chariot. At the northern edge of the grave pit the sacrificial complex with numerous remains of domestic animals was discovered. The animal sacrifice included remains of 25 horse individuals, both males and females. All bone remains originate from incomplete skeletons: only bones of the head, distal parts of the forelimbs and hind limbs are presented. The anatomical composition of the skeletons suggests that in the funeral practice horse skins were used instead of whole carcasses. Among sacrificed horses, adult and senile individuals predominated. The number of young individuals is small, while juveniles are absent. The withers height attributes horses to the small, short and medium Vitt's categories. The chariot horse had a larger body size than other horses. The morphometric analysis demonstrates that Tsaram horses are different in the size and proportions of the limb bones from the Paziryk and Bulan-Kobin horses.

Published
2021
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11. Genomic insights into the formation of human populations in East Asia

Author

Wang, Chuan-Chao, Yeh, Hui-Yuan, Popov, Alexander N., Zhang, Hu-Qin, Matsumura, Hirofumi, Sirak, Kendra, Cheronet, Olivia, Kovalev, Alexey, Rohland, Nadin, Kim, Alexander M., Mallick, Swapan, Bernardos, Rebecca, Tumen, Dashtseveg, Zhao, Jing, Liu, Yi-Chang, Liu, Jiun-Yu, Mah, Matthew, Wang, Ke, Zhang, Zhao, Adamski, Nicole, Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen, Callan, Kimberly, Candilio, Francesca, Carlson, Kellie Sara Duffett, Culleton, Brendan J., Eccles, Laurie, Freilich, Suzanne, Keating, Denise, Lawson, Ann Marie, Mandl, Kirsten, Michel, Megan, Oppenheimer, Jonas, Özdoğan, Kadir Toykan, Stewardson, Kristin, Wen, Shaoqing, Yan, Shi, Zalzala, Fatma, Chuang, Richard, Huang, Ching-Jung, Looh, Hana, Shiung, Chung-Ching, Nikitin, Yuri G., Tabarev, Andrei V., Tishkin, Alexey A., Lin, Song, Sun, Zhou-Yong, Wu, Xiao-Ming, Yang, Tie-Lin, Hu, Xi, Chen, Liang, Du, Hua, Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav, Mijiddorj, Enkhbayar, Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav, Iderkhangai, Tumur-Ochir, Myagmar, Erdene, Kanzawa-Kiriyama, Hideaki, Nishino, Masato, Shinoda, Ken-ichi, Shubina, Olga A., Guo, Jianxin, Cai, Wangwei, Deng, Qiongying, Kang, Longli, Li, Dawei, Li, Dongna, Lin, Rong, Nini, Shrestha, Rukesh, Wang, Ling-Xiang, Wei, Lanhai, Xie, Guangmao, Yao, Hongbing, Zhang, Manfei, He, Guanglin, Yang, Xiaomin, Hu, Rong, Robbeets, Martine, Schiffels, Stephan, Kennett, Douglas J., Jin, Li, Li, Hui, Krause, Johannes, Pinhasi, Ron, and Reich, David

Published
2021
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12. Dog body size in Siberia and the Russian Far East and its implications

Author

Losey, Robert J., Nomokonova, Tatiana, Kosintsev, Pavel A., Bachura, Olga P., Gusev, Andrei V., Vasyukov, Dmitry D., Savinetsky, Arkady B., Tishkin, Alexey A., Grushin, Sergei P., Gorbunov, Vadim V., Papin, Dmitri V., Sablin, Mikhail V., Popov, Alexandr N., Lazin, Boris, Nikitin, Iurii G., Bazaliiskii, Vladimir I., Pitulko, Vladimir V., and Kasparov, Aleksey K.

Published
2020
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13. Postglacial genomes from foragers across Northern Eurasia reveal prehistoric mobility associated with the spread of the Uralic and Yeniseian languages

Author

Zeng, Tian Chen, primary, Vyazov, Leonid A., additional, Kim, Alexander, additional, Flegontov, Pavel, additional, Sirak, Kendra, additional, Maier, Robert, additional, Lazaridis, Iosif, additional, Akbari, Ali, additional, Frachetti, Michael, additional, Tishkin, Alexey A., additional, Ryabogina, Natalia E., additional, Agapov, Sergey A., additional, Agapov, Danila S., additional, Alekseev, Anatoliy N., additional, Boeskorov, Gennady G., additional, Derevianko, Anatoly P., additional, Dyakonov, Viktor M., additional, Enshin, Dmitry N., additional, Fribus, Alexey V., additional, Frolov, Yaroslav V., additional, Grushin, Sergey P., additional, Khokhlov, Alexander A., additional, Kiryushin, Kirill Yu, additional, Kiryushin, Yurii F., additional, Kitov, Egor P., additional, Kosintsev, Pavel, additional, Kovtun, Igor V., additional, Makarov, Nikolai P., additional, Morozov, Viktor V., additional, Nikolaev, Egor N., additional, Rykun, Marina P., additional, Savenkova, Tatyana M., additional, Shchelchkova, Marina V., additional, Shirokov, Vladimir, additional, Skochina, Svetlana N., additional, Sherstobitova, Olga S., additional, Slepchenko, Sergey M., additional, Solodovnikov, Konstantin N., additional, Solovyova, Elena N., additional, Stepanov, Aleksandr D., additional, Timoshchenko, Aleksei A., additional, Vdovin, Aleksandr S., additional, Vybornov, Anton V., additional, Balanovska, Elena V., additional, Dryomov, Stanislav, additional, Hellenthal, Garrett, additional, Kidd, Kenneth, additional, Krause, Johannes, additional, Starikovskaya, Elena, additional, Sukenik, Rem, additional, Tatarinova, Tatiana, additional, Thomas, Mark G., additional, Zhabagin, Maxat, additional, Callan, Kim, additional, Cheronet, Olivia, additional, Fernandes, Daniel, additional, Keating, Denise, additional, Francesca, Candilio, additional, Iliev, Lora, additional, Kearns, Aisling, additional, Özdoğan, Kadir Toykan, additional, Mah, Matthew, additional, Micco, Adam, additional, Michel, Megan, additional, Olalde, Iñigo, additional, Zalzala, Fatma, additional, Mallick, Swapan, additional, Rohland, Nadin, additional, Pinhasi, Ron, additional, Narasimhan, Vagheesh, additional, and Reich, David, additional

Published
2023
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14. Horses from the Arzhan-1 Mound: Results of Archaeological Research and Morphometric Analysis of the Preserved Osteological Collection

Author

Bokovenko Nikolay A., Plasteeva Natalya A., and Tishkin Alexey A.

Subjects
archaeology, tuva, arzhan-1, the arzhan-mayemir time, barrow, excavations, horse bones, morphometric analysis, Archaeology, CC1-960
Abstract

The widely known mound Arzhan-1 dates from the end of the 10th – beginning of the 8th centuries BC and is a key archaeological site for the study of the early nomads in Eurasia. Its excavations in Tuva in the early 1970s provided researchers with unique and numerous materials, the study of which continues to this day. In this regard, collection of discovered remains of approximately 160–180 ancient horses was the most poorly studied. Unfortunately, for various reasons only a small part of the collection remained, and now it is stored at the Institute of the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg). The authors analyze the results of a morphological study of these horse bones. Judging by them, the sexually mature stallions were used in order to implement funeral rituals. The horses from the burials of the Arzhan-1 mound had a height at the withers not exceeding 144 cm, and by the degree of massiveness of the metacarpal bones they fall into groups of half-legged and thin-legged. Morphometric analysis of the preserved osteological material showed that these animals differed from horses from the mounds of the Pazyryk culture of Altai in terms of bone size and constitutional features. Despite the insignificant volume of the remaining collection, there are prospects of its paleogenetic research.

Published
2020
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15. Teleutsky Vzvoz-I – a Barrow Group of the Golden Horde Period in the South of Western Siberia (Results of Interdisciplinary Research)

Author

Tishkin Alexey A.

Subjects
archaeological finds, south of western siberia, the golden horde time, teleutsky vzvoz-i, interdisciplinary studies, x-ray fluorescence analysis, microscopic methods, restoration, anthropological determinations, ams dating, Archaeology, CC1-960
Abstract

The Teleutsky Vzvoz-I barrow group is located in the Pavlovsky district of the Altai Territory. It was investigated by the expeditions of Altai State University for several field seasons. As a result, 14 burial mounds have been excavated. Despite the fact that the burials were robbed, a significant amount of archaeological materials of the Golden Horde time has been obtained. The beginning of an interdisciplinary study of the finds was the X-ray fluorescence analysis of a fragment of a metal mirror, full analogies of which are given in the paper. The use of microscopic methods was aimed at studying the detected tissue fragment, the restoration of which was carried out in the Grabar Art Conservation Scientific and Restoration Center (Moscow). Of particular importance are the numerous details of birch bark frames from the headgear of married Mongolian women (bokka, bogtag). It was possible to carry out the restoration of the complete set. This allows not only reliably reconstructing the appearance of the finished product, but also identifying other similar finds from the Teleutsky Vzvoz-I site and other complexes of Western Siberia. The anthropological definitions of the craniological collection and the first result of AMS dating became important.

Published
2020
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17. Genetic History of the Altai Breed Horses: From Ancient Times to Modernity.

Author

Kusliy, Mariya A., Yurlova, Anna A., Neumestova, Alexandra I., Vorobieva, Nadezhda V., Gutorova, Natalya V., Molodtseva, Anna S., Trifonov, Vladimir A., Popova, Kseniya O., Polosmak, Natalia V., Molodin, Vyacheslav I., Vasiliev, Sergei K., Semibratov, Vladimir P., Iderkhangai, Tumur-O., Kovalev, Alexey A., Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav, Graphodatsky, Alexander S., and Tishkin, Alexey A.

Subjects
HORSE breeding, HORSE breeds, MITOCHONDRIAL DNA, HYPERVARIABLE regions, MODERNITY, GENETIC markers
Abstract

This study focuses on expanding knowledge about the genetic diversity of the Altai horse native to Siberia. While studying modern horses from two Altai regions, where horses were subjected to less crossbreeding, we tested the hypothesis, formulated on the basis of morphological data, that the Altai horse is represented by two populations (Eastern and Southern) and that the Mongolian horse has a greater genetic proximity to Eastern Altai horses. Bone samples of ancient horses from different cultures of Altai were investigated to clarify the genetic history of this horse breed. As a genetic marker, we chose hypervariable region I of mitochondrial DNA. The results of the performed phylogenetic and population genetic analyses of our and previously published data confirmed the hypothesis stated above. As we found out, almost all the haplotypes of the ancient domesticated horses of Altai are widespread among modern Altai horses. The differences between the mitochondrial gene pools of the ancient horses of Altai and Mongolia are more significant than between those of modern horses of the respective regions, which is most likely due to an increase in migration processes between these regions after the Early Iron Age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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18. The evolution of dog diet and foraging: Insights from archaeological canids in Siberia

Author

Losey, Robert J., primary, Nomokonova, Tatiana, additional, Guiry, Eric, additional, Fleming, Lacey S., additional, Garvie-Lok, Sandra J., additional, Waters-Rist, Andrea L., additional, Bieraugle, Megan, additional, Szpak, Paul, additional, Bachura, Olga P., additional, Bazaliiskii, Vladimir I., additional, Berdnikova, Natalia E., additional, Diatchina, Natal’ia G., additional, Frolov, Iaroslav V., additional, Gorbunov, Vadim V., additional, Goriunova, Olga I., additional, Grushin, Sergei P., additional, Gusev, Andrei V., additional, Iaroslavtseva, Larisa G., additional, Ivanov, Grigorii L., additional, Kharinskii, Artur V., additional, Konstantinov, Mikhail V., additional, Kosintsev, Pavel A., additional, Kovychev, Evgenii V., additional, Lazin, Boris, additional, Nikitin, Iurii G., additional, Papin, Dmitri V., additional, Popov, Alexandr N., additional, Sablin, Mikhail V., additional, Savel’ev, Nikolai A., additional, Savinetsky, Arkady B., additional, and Tishkin, Alexey A., additional

Published
2022
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19. Investigating Holocene human population history in North Asia using ancient mitogenomes

Author

Kılınç, Gülşah Merve, Kashuba, Natalija, Yaka, Reyhan, Sümer, Arev Pelin, Yüncü, Eren, Shergin, Dmitrij, Ivanov, Grigorij Leonidovich, Kichigin, Dmitrii, Pestereva, Kjunnej, Volkov, Denis, Mandryka, Pavel, Kharinskii, Artur, Tishkin, Alexey, Ineshin, Evgenij, Kovychev, Evgeniy, Stepanov, Aleksandr, Alekseev, Aanatolij, Fedoseeva, Svetlana Aleksandrovna, Somel, Mehmet, Jakobsson, Mattias, Krzewińska, Maja, Storå, Jan, and Götherström, Anders

Published
2018
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20. Phylogeography of ancient and modern brown bears from eastern Eurasia

Author

Molodtseva, Anna S, primary, Makunin, Alexey I, additional, Salomashkina, Valentina V, additional, Kichigin, Ilya G, additional, Vorobieva, Nadezhda V, additional, Vasiliev, Sergey K, additional, Shunkov, Mikhail V, additional, Tishkin, Alexey A, additional, Grushin, Sergey P, additional, Anijalg, Peeter, additional, Tammeleht, Egle, additional, Keis, Marju, additional, Boeskorov, Gennady G, additional, Mamaev, Nikolai, additional, Okhlopkov, Innokenty M, additional, Kryukov, Alexey P, additional, Lyapunova, Elena A, additional, Kholodova, Marina V, additional, Seryodkin, Ivan V, additional, Saarma, Urmas, additional, Trifonov, Vladimir A, additional, and Graphodatsky, Alexander S, additional

Published
2022
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22. Performance and automation of ancient DNA capture with RNA hyRAD probes

Author

Suchan, Tomasz, primary, Kusliy, Mariya A., additional, Khan, Naveed, additional, Chauvey, Loreleï, additional, Tonasso‐Calvière, Laure, additional, Schiavinato, Stéphanie, additional, Southon, John, additional, Keller, Marcel, additional, Kitagawa, Keiko, additional, Krause, Johannes, additional, Bessudnov, Alexander N., additional, Bessudnov, Alexander A., additional, Graphodatsky, Alexander S., additional, Valenzuela‐Lamas, Silvia, additional, Wilczyński, Jarosław, additional, Pospuła, Sylwia, additional, Tunia, Krzysztof, additional, Nowak, Marek, additional, Moskal‐delHoyo, Magdalena, additional, Tishkin, Alexey A., additional, Pryor, Alexander J. E., additional, Outram, Alan K., additional, and Orlando, Ludovic, additional

Published
2021
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23. Performance and automation of ancient DNA capture with RNA hyRAD probes.

Author

Suchan, Tomasz, Kusliy, Mariya A., Khan, Naveed, Chauvey, Loreleï, Tonasso‐Calvière, Laure, Schiavinato, Stéphanie, Southon, John, Keller, Marcel, Kitagawa, Keiko, Krause, Johannes, Bessudnov, Alexander N., Bessudnov, Alexander A., Graphodatsky, Alexander S., Valenzuela‐Lamas, Silvia, Wilczyński, Jarosław, Pospuła, Sylwia, Tunia, Krzysztof, Nowak, Marek, Moskal‐delHoyo, Magdalena, and Tishkin, Alexey A.

Subjects
FOSSIL DNA, DNA methyltransferases, RNA, DNA damage, AUTOMATION, DNA
Abstract

DNA hybridization‐capture techniques allow researchers to focus their sequencing efforts on preselected genomic regions. This feature is especially useful when analysing ancient DNA (aDNA) extracts, which are often dominated by exogenous environmental sources. Here, we assessed, for the first time, the performance of hyRAD as an inexpensive and design‐free alternative to commercial capture protocols to obtain authentic aDNA data from osseous remains. HyRAD relies on double enzymatic restriction of fresh DNA extracts to produce RNA probes that cover only a fraction of the genome and can serve as baits for capturing homologous fragments from aDNA libraries. We found that this approach could retrieve sequence data from horse remains coming from a range of preservation environments, including beyond radiocarbon range, yielding up to 146.5‐fold on‐target enrichment for aDNA extracts showing extremely low endogenous content (<1%). Performance was, however, more limited for those samples already characterized by good DNA preservation (>20%–30%), while the fraction of endogenous reads mapping on‐ and off‐target was relatively insensitive to the original endogenous DNA content. Procedures based on two instead of a single round of capture increased on‐target coverage up to 3.6‐fold. Additionally, we used methylation‐sensitive restriction enzymes to produce probes targeting hypomethylated regions, which improved data quality by reducing post‐mortem DNA damage and mapping within multicopy regions. Finally, we developed a fully automated hyRAD protocol utilizing inexpensive robotic platforms to facilitate capture processing. Overall, our work establishes hyRAD as a cost‐effective strategy to recover a set of shared orthologous variants across multiple ancient samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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26. Human population dynamics and Yersinia pestis in ancient northeast Asia

Author

Kılınç, Gülşah Merve, primary, Kashuba, Natalija, additional, Koptekin, Dilek, additional, Bergfeldt, Nora, additional, Dönertaş, Handan Melike, additional, Rodríguez-Varela, Ricardo, additional, Shergin, Dmitrij, additional, Ivanov, Grigorij, additional, Kichigin, Dmitrii, additional, Pestereva, Kjunnej, additional, Volkov, Denis, additional, Mandryka, Pavel, additional, Kharinskii, Artur, additional, Tishkin, Alexey, additional, Ineshin, Evgenij, additional, Kovychev, Evgeniy, additional, Stepanov, Aleksandr, additional, Dalén, Love, additional, Günther, Torsten, additional, Kırdök, Emrah, additional, Jakobsson, Mattias, additional, Somel, Mehmet, additional, Krzewińska, Maja, additional, Storå, Jan, additional, and Götherström, Anders, additional

Published
2021
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27. Human population dynamics and

Author

Kılınç, Gülşah Merve, Kashuba, Natalija, Koptekin, Dilek, Bergfeldt, Nora, Dönertaş, Handan Melike, Rodríguez-Varela, Ricardo, Shergin, Dmitrij, Ivanov, Grigorij, Kichigin, Dmitrii, Pestereva, Kjunnej, Volkov, Denis, Mandryka, Pavel, Kharinskii, Artur, Tishkin, Alexey, Ineshin, Evgenij, Kovychev, Evgeniy, Stepanov, Aleksandr, Dalén, Love, Günther, Torsten, Kırdök, Emrah, Jakobsson, Mattias, Somel, Mehmet, Krzewińska, Maja, Storå, Jan, and Götherström, Anders

Subjects
Archaeology, Anthropology, SciAdv r-articles, Arkeologi, Research Articles, Research Article
Abstract

Ancient genomes reveal a complex demographic picture since the post-LGM in northeast Asia and report the presence of Y. pestis., We present genome-wide data from 40 individuals dating to c.16,900 to 550 years ago in northeast Asia. We describe hitherto unknown gene flow and admixture events in the region, revealing a complex population history. While populations east of Lake Baikal remained relatively stable from the Mesolithic to the Bronze Age, those from Yakutia and west of Lake Baikal witnessed major population transformations, from the Late Upper Paleolithic to the Neolithic, and during the Bronze Age, respectively. We further locate the Asian ancestors of Paleo-Inuits, using direct genetic evidence. Last, we report the most northeastern ancient occurrence of the plague-related bacterium, Yersinia pestis. Our findings indicate the highly connected and dynamic nature of northeast Asia populations throughout the Holocene.

Published
2020

30. High mitochondrial diversity of domesticated goats persisted among Bronze and Iron Age pastoralists in the Inner Asian Mountain Corridor

Author

Hermes, Taylor R., primary, Frachetti, Michael D., additional, Voyakin, Dmitriy, additional, Yerlomaeva, Antonina S., additional, Beisenov, Arman Z., additional, Doumani Dupuy, Paula N., additional, Papin, Dmitry V., additional, Motuzaite Matuzeviciute, Giedre, additional, Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav, additional, Houle, Jean-Luc, additional, Tishkin, Alexey A., additional, Nebel, Almut, additional, Krause-Kyora, Ben, additional, and Makarewicz, Cheryl A., additional

Published
2020
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31. The Genomic Formation of Human Populations in East Asia

Author

Wang, Chuan-Chao, primary, Yeh, Hui-Yuan, additional, Popov, Alexander N, additional, Zhang, Hu-Qin, additional, Matsumura, Hirofumi, additional, Sirak, Kendra, additional, Cheronet, Olivia, additional, Kovalev, Alexey, additional, Rohland, Nadin, additional, Kim, Alexander M., additional, Bernardos, Rebecca, additional, Tumen, Dashtseveg, additional, Zhao, Jing, additional, Liu, Yi-Chang, additional, Liu, Jiun-Yu, additional, Mah, Matthew, additional, Mallick, Swapan, additional, Wang, Ke, additional, Zhang, Zhao, additional, Adamski, Nicole, additional, Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen, additional, Callan, Kimberly, additional, Culleton, Brendan J., additional, Eccles, Laurie, additional, Lawson, Ann Marie, additional, Michel, Megan, additional, Oppenheimer, Jonas, additional, Stewardson, Kristin, additional, Wen, Shaoqing, additional, Yan, Shi, additional, Zalzala, Fatma, additional, Chuang, Richard, additional, Huang, Ching-Jung, additional, Shiung, Chung-Ching, additional, Nikitin, Yuri G., additional, Tabarev, Andrei V., additional, Tishkin, Alexey A., additional, Lin, Song, additional, Sun, Zhou-Yong, additional, Wu, Xiao-Ming, additional, Yang, Tie-Lin, additional, Hu, Xi, additional, Chen, Liang, additional, Du, Hua, additional, Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav, additional, Mijiddorj, Enkhbayar, additional, Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav, additional, Iderkhangai, Tumur-Ochir, additional, Myagmar, Erdene, additional, Kanzawa-Kiriyama, Hideaki, additional, Nishino, Msato, additional, Shinoda, Ken-ichi, additional, Shubina, Olga A., additional, Guo, Jianxin, additional, Deng, Qiongying, additional, Kang, Longli, additional, Li, Dawei, additional, Li, Dongna, additional, Lin, Rong, additional, Cai, Wangwei, additional, Shrestha, Rukesh, additional, Wang, Ling-Xiang, additional, Wei, Lanhai, additional, Xie, Guangmao, additional, Yao, Hongbing, additional, Zhang, Manfei, additional, He, Guanglin, additional, Yang, Xiaomin, additional, Hu, Rong, additional, Robbeets, Martine, additional, Schiffels, Stephan, additional, Kennett, Douglas J., additional, Jin, Li, additional, Li, Hui, additional, Krause, Johannes, additional, Pinhasi, Ron, additional, and Reich, David, additional

Published
2020
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33. Investigating Holocene human population history in North Asia using ancient mitogenomes

Author

Kilinc, Gulsah Merve, Kashuba, Natalija, Yaka, Reyhan, Sumer, Arev Pelin, Yuncu, Eren, Shergin, Dmitrij, Ivanov, Grigorij Leonidovich, Kichigin, Dmitrii, Pestereva, Kjunnej, Volkov, Denis, Mandryka, Pavel, Kharinskii, Artur, Tishkin, Alexey, Ineshin, Evgenij, Kovychev, Evgeniy, Stepanov, Aleksandr, Alekseev, Aanatolij, Fedoseeva, Svetlana Aleksandrovna, Somel, Mehmet, Jakobsson, Mattias, Krzewinska, Maja, Stora, Jan, and Gotherstrom, Anders

Subjects
Male, Evolutionary Biology, lcsh:R, Genetic Variation, lcsh:Medicine, DNA, Mitochondrial, Evolutionsbiologi, Genome, Microbial, Genetics, Asia, Northern, Humans, Female, lcsh:Q, DNA, Ancient, Genetik, lcsh:Science, History, Ancient
Abstract

Archaeogenomic studies have largely elucidated human population history in West Eurasia during the Stone Age. However, despite being a broad geographical region of significant cultural and linguistic diversity, little is known about the population history in North Asia. We present complete mitochondrial genome sequences together with stable isotope data for 41 serially sampled ancient individuals from North Asia, dated between c.13,790 BP and c.1,380 BP extending from the Palaeolithic to the Iron Age. Analyses of mitochondrial DNA sequences and haplogroup data of these individuals revealed the highest genetic affinity to present-day North Asian populations of the same geographical region suggesting a possible long-term maternal genetic continuity in the region. We observed a decrease in genetic diversity over time and a reduction of maternal effective population size (Ne) approximately seven thousand years before present. Coalescent simulations were consistent with genetic continuity between present day individuals and individuals dating to 7,000 BP, 4,800 BP or 3,000 BP. Meanwhile, genetic differences observed between 7,000 BP and 3,000 BP as well as between 4,800 BP and 3,000 BP were inconsistent with genetic drift alone, suggesting gene flow into the region from distant gene pools or structure within the population. These results indicate that despite some level of continuity between ancient groups and present-day populations, the region exhibits a complex demographic history during the Holocene.

Published
2018

34. The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia

Author

Narasimhan, Vagheesh M., primary, Patterson, Nick, additional, Moorjani, Priya, additional, Rohland, Nadin, additional, Bernardos, Rebecca, additional, Mallick, Swapan, additional, Lazaridis, Iosif, additional, Nakatsuka, Nathan, additional, Olalde, Iñigo, additional, Lipson, Mark, additional, Kim, Alexander M., additional, Olivieri, Luca M., additional, Coppa, Alfredo, additional, Vidale, Massimo, additional, Mallory, James, additional, Moiseyev, Vyacheslav, additional, Kitov, Egor, additional, Monge, Janet, additional, Adamski, Nicole, additional, Alex, Neel, additional, Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen, additional, Candilio, Francesca, additional, Callan, Kimberly, additional, Cheronet, Olivia, additional, Culleton, Brendan J., additional, Ferry, Matthew, additional, Fernandes, Daniel, additional, Freilich, Suzanne, additional, Gamarra, Beatriz, additional, Gaudio, Daniel, additional, Hajdinjak, Mateja, additional, Harney, Éadaoin, additional, Harper, Thomas K., additional, Keating, Denise, additional, Lawson, Ann Marie, additional, Mah, Matthew, additional, Mandl, Kirsten, additional, Michel, Megan, additional, Novak, Mario, additional, Oppenheimer, Jonas, additional, Rai, Niraj, additional, Sirak, Kendra, additional, Slon, Viviane, additional, Stewardson, Kristin, additional, Zalzala, Fatma, additional, Zhang, Zhao, additional, Akhatov, Gaziz, additional, Bagashev, Anatoly N., additional, Bagnera, Alessandra, additional, Baitanayev, Bauryzhan, additional, Bendezu-Sarmiento, Julio, additional, Bissembaev, Arman A., additional, Bonora, Gian Luca, additional, Chargynov, Temirlan T., additional, Chikisheva, Tatiana, additional, Dashkovskiy, Petr K., additional, Derevianko, Anatoly, additional, Dobeš, Miroslav, additional, Douka, Katerina, additional, Dubova, Nadezhda, additional, Duisengali, Meiram N., additional, Enshin, Dmitry, additional, Epimakhov, Andrey, additional, Fribus, Alexey V., additional, Fuller, Dorian, additional, Goryachev, Alexander, additional, Gromov, Andrey, additional, Grushin, Sergey P., additional, Hanks, Bryan, additional, Judd, Margaret, additional, Kazizov, Erlan, additional, Khokhlov, Aleksander, additional, Krygin, Aleksander P., additional, Kupriyanova, Elena, additional, Kuznetsov, Pavel, additional, Luiselli, Donata, additional, Maksudov, Farhod, additional, Mamedov, Aslan M., additional, Mamirov, Talgat B., additional, Meiklejohn, Christopher, additional, Merrett, Deborah C., additional, Micheli, Roberto, additional, Mochalov, Oleg, additional, Mustafokulov, Samariddin, additional, Nayak, Ayushi, additional, Pettener, Davide, additional, Potts, Richard, additional, Razhev, Dmitry, additional, Rykun, Marina, additional, Sarno, Stefania, additional, Savenkova, Tatyana M., additional, Sikhymbaeva, Kulyan, additional, Slepchenko, Sergey M., additional, Soltobaev, Oroz A., additional, Stepanova, Nadezhda, additional, Svyatko, Svetlana, additional, Tabaldiev, Kubatbek, additional, Teschler-Nicola, Maria, additional, Tishkin, Alexey A., additional, Tkachev, Vitaly V., additional, Vasilyev, Sergey, additional, Velemínský, Petr, additional, Voyakin, Dmitriy, additional, Yermolayeva, Antonina, additional, Zahir, Muhammad, additional, Zubkov, Valery S., additional, Zubova, Alisa, additional, Shinde, Vasant S., additional, Lalueza-Fox, Carles, additional, Meyer, Matthias, additional, Anthony, David, additional, Boivin, Nicole, additional, Thangaraj, Kumarasamy, additional, Kennett, Douglas J., additional, Frachetti, Michael, additional, Pinhasi, Ron, additional, and Reich, David, additional

Published
2019
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41. High mitochondrial diversity of domesticated goats persisted among Bronze and Iron Age pastoralists in the Inner Asian Mountain Corridor

Author

Hermes, Taylor R., Frachetti, Michael D., Voyakin, Dmitriy, Yerlomaeva, Antonina S., Beisenov, Arman Z., Doumani Dupuy, Paula N., Papin, Dmitry V., Motuzaite Matuzeviciute, Giedre, Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav, Houle, Jean-Luc, Tishkin, Alexey A., Nebel, Almut, Krause-Kyora, Ben, and Makarewicz, Cheryl A.

Subjects
Heredity, Biochemistry, Geographical Locations, Domestication, History, Ancient, Phylogeny, Mammals, goats, mitochondrial diversity, Bronze Age, Iron Age, Goats, Eukaryota, Agriculture, Ruminants, Cytochromes b, Mitochondrial DNA, Nucleic acids, Genetic Mapping, Phylogeography, Animals, Domestic, Vertebrates, Medicine, Research Article, Asia, Livestock, Forms of DNA, Animal Types, Science, Animals, Wild, DNA, Mitochondrial, Middle East, Genetics, Animals, Domestic Animals, Ecosystem, Evolutionary Biology, Population Biology, Organisms, Biology and Life Sciences, Paleontology, Genetic Variation, DNA, Genetics, Population, Haplotypes, Amniotes, People and Places, Earth Sciences, Haplogroups, Paleogenetics, Zoology, Population Genetics
Abstract

Goats were initially managed in the Near East approximately 10,000 years ago and spread across Eurasia as economically productive and environmentally resilient herd animals. While the geographic origins of domesticated goats (Capra hircus) in the Near East have been long-established in the zooarchaeological record and, more recently, further revealed in ancient genomes, the precise pathways by which goats spread across Asia during the early Bronze Age (ca. 3000 to 2500 cal BC) and later remain unclear. We analyzed sequences of hypervariable region 1 and cytochrome b gene in the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) of goats from archaeological sites along two proposed transmission pathways as well as geographically intermediary sites. Unexpectedly high genetic diversity was present in the Inner Asian Mountain Corridor (IAMC), indicated by mtDNA haplotypes representing common A lineages and rarer C and D lineages. High mtDNA diversity was also present in central Kazakhstan, while only mtDNA haplotypes of lineage A were observed from sites in the Northern Eurasian Steppe (NES). These findings suggest that herding communities living in montane ecosystems were drawing from genetically diverse goat populations, likely sourced from communities in the Iranian Plateau, that were sustained by repeated interaction and exchange. Notably, the mitochondrial genetic diversity associated with goats of the IAMC also extended into the semi-arid region of central Kazakhstan, while NES communities had goats reflecting an isolated founder population, possibly sourced via eastern Europe or the Caucasus region.

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42. The Genetic Origin of the Indo-Europeans.

Author

Lazaridis I, Patterson N, Anthony D, Vyazov L, Fournier R, Ringbauer H, Olalde I, Khokhlov AA, Kitov EP, Shishlina NI, Ailincăi SC, Agapov DS, Agapov SA, Batieva E, Bauyrzhan B, Bereczki Z, Buzhilova A, Changmai P, Chizhevsky AA, Ciobanu I, Constantinescu M, Csányi M, Dani J, Dashkovskiy PK, Évinger S, Faifert A, Flegontov PN, Frînculeasa A, Frînculeasa MN, Hajdu T, Higham T, Jarosz P, Jelínek P, Khartanovich VI, Kirginekov EN, Kiss V, Kitova A, Kiyashko AV, Koledin J, Korolev A, Kosintsev P, Kulcsár G, Kuznetsov P, Magomedov R, Malikovich MA, Melis E, Moiseyev V, Molnár E, Monge J, Negrea O, Nikolaeva NA, Novak M, Ochir-Goryaeva M, Pálfi G, Popovici S, Rykun MP, Savenkova TM, Semibratov VP, Seregin NN, Šefčáková A, Serikovna MR, Shingiray I, Shirokov VN, Simalcsik A, Sirak K, Solodovnikov KN, Tárnoki J, Tishkin AA, Trifonov V, Vasilyev S, Akbari A, Brielle ES, Callan K, Candilio F, Cheronet O, Curtis E, Flegontova O, Iliev L, Kearns A, Keating D, Lawson AM, Mah M, Micco A, Michel M, Oppenheimer J, Qiu L, Noah Workman J, Zalzala F, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Palamara PF, Mallick S, Rohland N, Pinhasi R, and Reich D

Abstract

The Yamnaya archaeological complex appeared around 3300BCE across the steppes north of the Black and Caspian Seas, and by 3000BCE reached its maximal extent from Hungary in the west to Kazakhstan in the east. To localize the ancestral and geographical origins of the Yamnaya among the diverse Eneolithic people that preceded them, we studied ancient DNA data from 428 individuals of which 299 are reported for the first time, demonstrating three previously unknown Eneolithic genetic clines. First, a "Caucasus-Lower Volga" (CLV) Cline suffused with Caucasus hunter-gatherer (CHG) ancestry extended between a Caucasus Neolithic southern end in Neolithic Armenia, and a steppe northern end in Berezhnovka in the Lower Volga. Bidirectional gene flow across the CLV cline created admixed intermediate populations in both the north Caucasus, such as the Maikop people, and on the steppe, such as those at the site of Remontnoye north of the Manych depression. CLV people also helped form two major riverine clines by admixing with distinct groups of European hunter-gatherers. A "Volga Cline" was formed as Lower Volga people mixed with upriver populations that had more Eastern hunter-gatherer (EHG) ancestry, creating genetically hyper-variable populations as at Khvalynsk in the Middle Volga. A "Dnipro Cline" was formed as CLV people bearing both Caucasus Neolithic and Lower Volga ancestry moved west and acquired Ukraine Neolithic hunter-gatherer (UNHG) ancestry to establish the population of the Serednii Stih culture from which the direct ancestors of the Yamnaya themselves were formed around 4000BCE. This population grew rapidly after 3750-3350BCE, precipitating the expansion of people of the Yamnaya culture who totally displaced previous groups on the Volga and further east, while admixing with more sedentary groups in the west. CLV cline people with Lower Volga ancestry contributed four fifths of the ancestry of the Yamnaya, but also, entering Anatolia from the east, contributed at least a tenth of the ancestry of Bronze Age Central Anatolians, where the Hittite language, related to the Indo-European languages spread by the Yamnaya, was spoken. We thus propose that the final unity of the speakers of the "Proto-Indo-Anatolian" ancestral language of both Anatolian and Indo-European languages can be traced to CLV cline people sometime between 4400-4000 BCE., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest Statement The authors declare no competing interests.

Published
2024
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