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1. The MET Oncogene: Thirty Years of Insights into Molecular Mechanisms Driving Malignancy

Author: Tiziana Crepaldi, Simona Gallo, and Paolo Maria Comoglio
Subjects: MET, HGF, genetic alterations, protein overexpression, Medicine, Pharmacy and materia medica, RS1-441
Abstract: The discovery and subsequent research on the MET oncogene’s role in cancer onset and progression have illuminated crucial insights into the molecular mechanisms driving malignancy. The identification of MET as the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor has paved the path for characterizing the MET tyrosine kinase activation mechanism and its downstream signaling cascade. Over the past thirty years, research has established the importance of HGF/MET signaling in normal cellular processes, such as cell dissociation, migration, proliferation, and cell survival. Notably, genetic alterations that lead to the continuous activation of MET, known as constitutive activation, have been identified as oncogenic drivers in various cancers. The genetic lesions affecting MET, such as exon skipping, gene amplification, and gene rearrangements, provide valuable targets for therapeutic intervention. Moreover, the implications of MET as a resistance mechanism to targeted therapies emphasize the need for combination treatments that include MET inhibitors. The intriguing “flare effect” phenomenon, wherein MET inhibition can lead to post-treatment increases in cancer cell proliferation, underscores the dynamic nature of cancer therapeutics. In human tumors, increased protein expression often occurs without gene amplification. Various mechanisms may cause an overexpression: transcriptional upregulation induced by other oncogenes; environmental factors (such as hypoxia or radiation); or substances produced by the reactive stroma, such as inflammatory cytokines, pro-angiogenic factors, and even HGF itself. In conclusion, the journey to understanding MET’s involvement in cancer onset and progression over the past three decades has not only deepened our knowledge, but has also paved the way for innovative therapeutic strategies. Selective pharmacological inactivation of MET stands as a promising avenue for achieving cancer remission, particularly in cases where MET alterations are the primary drivers of malignancy.
Published: 2024
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2. MET Oncogene Enhances Pro-Migratory Functions by Counteracting NMDAR2B Cleavage

Author: Simona Gallo, Annapia Vitacolonna, Paolo Maria Comoglio, and Tiziana Crepaldi
Subjects: MET tyrosine kinase receptor, glutamate receptor, NMDAR, cancers, proteolytic cleavage, cell migration, Cytology, QH573-671
Abstract: The involvement of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), a glutamate-gated ion channel, in promoting the invasive growth of cancer cells is an area of ongoing investigation. Our previous findings revealed a physical interaction between NMDAR and MET, the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this NMDAR/MET interaction remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that the NMDAR2B subunit undergoes proteolytic processing, resulting in a low-molecular-weight form of 100 kDa. Interestingly, when the NMDAR2B and MET constructs were co-transfected, the full-size high-molecular-weight NMDAR2B form of 160 kDa was predominantly observed. The protection of NMDAR2B from cleavage was dependent on the kinase activity of MET. We provide the following evidence that MET opposes the autophagic lysosomal proteolysis of NMDAR2B: (i) MET decreased the protein levels of lysosomal cathepsins; (ii) treatment with either an inhibitor of autophagosome formation or the fusion of the autophagosome and lysosome elevated the proportion of the NMDAR2B protein’s uncleaved form; (iii) a specific mTOR inhibitor hindered the anti-autophagic effect of MET. Finally, we demonstrate that MET coopts NMDAR2B to augment cell migration. This implies that MET harnesses the functionality of NMDAR2B to enhance the ability of cancer cells to migrate.
Published: 2023
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3. Identification of novel circulating microRNAs in advanced heart failure by next‐generation sequencing

Author: Alessandro Galluzzo, Simona Gallo, Barbara Pardini, Giovanni Birolo, Piero Fariselli, Paolo Boretto, Annapia Vitacolonna, Caterina Peraldo‐Neia, Martina Spilinga, Alessandra Volpe, Dario Celentani, Stefano Pidello, Alessandro Bonzano, Giuseppe Matullo, Carla Giustetto, Serena Bergerone, and Tiziana Crepaldi
Subjects: Biomarkers, Circulating microRNAs, Heart failure, Risk stratification, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: Abstract Aims Risk stratification in patients with advanced chronic heart failure (HF) is an unmet need. Circulating microRNA (miRNA) levels have been proposed as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in several diseases including HF. The aims of the present study were to characterize HF‐specific miRNA expression profiles and to identify miRNAs with prognostic value in HF patients. Methods and results We performed a global miRNome analysis using next‐generation sequencing in the plasma of 30 advanced chronic HF patients and of matched healthy controls. A small subset of miRNAs was validated by real‐time PCR (P
Published: 2021
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4. NMDA Receptor and Its Emerging Role in Cancer

Author: Simona Gallo, Annapia Vitacolonna, and Tiziana Crepaldi
Subjects: glutamate, NMDAR, neuron, cancers, metabolism, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract: Glutamate is a key player in excitatory neurotransmission in the central nervous system (CNS). The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is a glutamate-gated ion channel which presents several unique features and is involved in various physiological and pathological neuronal processes. Thanks to great efforts in neuroscience, its structure and the molecular mechanisms controlling its localization and functional regulation in neuronal cells are well known. The signaling mediated by NMDAR in neurons is very complex as it depends on its localization, composition, Ca2+ influx, and ion flow-independent conformational changes. Moreover, NMDA receptors are highly diffusive in the plasma membrane of neurons, where they form heterocomplexes with other membrane receptors and scaffold proteins which determine the receptor function and activation of downstream signaling. Interestingly, a recent paper demonstrates that NMDAR signaling is involved in epithelial cell competition, an evolutionary conserved cell fitness process influencing cancer initiation and progress. The idea that NMDAR signaling is limited to CNS has been challenged in the past two decades. A large body of evidence suggests that NMDAR is expressed in cancer cells outside the CNS and can respond to the autocrine/paracrine release of glutamate. In this review, we survey research on NMDAR signaling and regulation in neurons that can help illuminate its role in tumor biology. Finally, we will discuss existing data on the role of the glutamine/glutamate metabolism, the anticancer action of NMDAR antagonists in experimental models, NMDAR synaptic signaling in tumors, and clinical evidence in human cancer.
Published: 2023
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5. Engineering, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation of an Antibody Targeting the HGF Receptor

Author: Claudia Desole, Simona Gallo, Annapia Vitacolonna, Elisa Vigna, Cristina Basilico, Francesca Montarolo, Francesca Zuppini, Elena Casanova, Riccardo Miggiano, Davide Maria Ferraris, Antonio Bertolotto, Paolo Maria Comoglio, and Tiziana Crepaldi
Subjects: HGF, MET, PSI domains, antibody engineering, regenerative medicine, anti-cancer therapy, Immunologic diseases. Allergy, RC581-607
Abstract: The Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor (MET) promote several physiological activities such as tissue regeneration and protection from cell injury of epithelial, endothelial, neuronal and muscle cells. The therapeutic potential of MET activation has been scrutinized in the treatment of acute tissue injury, chronic inflammation, such as renal fibrosis and multiple sclerosis (MS), cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. On the other hand, the HGF-MET signaling pathway may be caught by cancer cells and turned to work for invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance in the tumor microenvironment. Here, we engineered a recombinant antibody (RDO24) and two derived fragments, binding the extracellular domain (ECD) of the MET protein. The antibody binds with high affinity (8 nM) to MET ECD and does not cross-react with the closely related receptors RON nor with Semaphorin 4D. Deletion mapping studies and computational modeling show that RDO24 binds to the structure bent on the Plexin-Semaphorin-Integrin (PSI) domain, implicating the PSI domain in its binding to MET. The intact RDO24 antibody and the bivalent Fab2, but not the monovalent Fab induce MET auto-phosphorylation, mimicking the mechanism of action of HGF that activates the receptor by dimerization. Accordingly, the bivalent recombinant molecules induce HGF biological responses, such as cell migration and wound healing, behaving as MET agonists of therapeutic interest in regenerative medicine. In vivo administration of RDO24 in the murine model of MS, represented by experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), delays the EAE onset, mitigates the early clinical symptoms, and reduces inflammatory infiltrates. Altogether, these results suggest that engineered RDO24 antibody may be beneficial in multiple sclerosis and possibly other types of inflammatory disorders.
Published: 2021
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6. The PSI Domain of the MET Oncogene Encodes a Functional Disulfide Isomerase Essential for the Maturation of the Receptor Precursor

Author: Dogus Murat Altintas, Simona Gallo, Cristina Basilico, Marina Cerqua, Alessio Bocedi, Annapia Vitacolonna, Orsola Botti, Elena Casanova, Ilaria Rancati, Chiara Milanese, Sara Notari, Giorgia Gambardella, Giorgio Ricci, Pier Giorgio Mastroberardino, Carla Boccaccio, Tiziana Crepaldi, and Paolo Maria Comoglio
Subjects: MET, oncogene, PSI domain, protein disulfide isomerase, protein maturation, Golgi apparatus, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract: The tyrosine kinase receptor encoded by the MET oncogene has been extensively studied. Surprisingly, one extracellular domain, PSI, evolutionary conserved between plexins, semaphorins, and integrins, has no established function. The MET PSI sequence contains two CXXC motifs, usually found in protein disulfide isomerases (PDI). Using a scrambled oxidized RNAse enzymatic activity assay in vitro, we show, for the first time, that the MET extracellular domain displays disulfide isomerase activity, abolished by PSI domain antibodies. PSI domain deletion or mutations of CXXC sites to AXXA or SXXS result in a significant impairment of the cleavage of the MET 175 kDa precursor protein, abolishing the maturation of α and β chains, of, respectively, 50 kDa and 145 kDa, disulfide-linked. The uncleaved precursor is stuck in the Golgi apparatus and, interestingly, is constitutively phosphorylated. However, no signal transduction is observed as measured by AKT and MAPK phosphorylation. Consequently, biological responses to the MET ligand—hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)—such as growth and epithelial to mesenchymal transition, are hampered. These data show that the MET PSI domain is functional and is required for the maturation, surface expression, and biological functions of the MET oncogenic protein.
Published: 2022
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7. HGF and MET: From Brain Development to Neurological Disorders

Author: Claudia Desole, Simona Gallo, Annapia Vitacolonna, Francesca Montarolo, Antonio Bertolotto, Denis Vivien, Paolo Comoglio, and Tiziana Crepaldi
Subjects: HGF, MET, synaptogenesis, autism, cerebral ischemia, spinal cord injury, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract: Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its tyrosine kinase receptor, encoded by the MET cellular proto-oncogene, are expressed in the nervous system from pre-natal development to adult life, where they are involved in neuronal growth and survival. In this review, we highlight, beyond the neurotrophic action, novel roles of HGF-MET in synaptogenesis during post-natal brain development and the connection between deregulation of MET expression and developmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). On the pharmacology side, HGF-induced MET activation exerts beneficial neuroprotective effects also in adulthood, specifically in neurodegenerative disease, and in preclinical models of cerebral ischemia, spinal cord injuries, and neurological pathologies, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis (MS). HGF is a key factor preventing neuronal death and promoting survival through pro-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulatory mechanisms. Recent evidence suggests that HGF acts on neural stem cells to enhance neuroregeneration. The possible therapeutic application of HGF and HGF mimetics for the treatment of neurological disorders is discussed.
Published: 2021
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8. Two-Chains Tissue Plasminogen Activator Unifies Met and NMDA Receptor Signalling to Control Neuronal Survival

Author: Elodie Hedou, Sara Douceau, Arnaud Chevilley, Alexandre Varangot, Audrey M. Thiebaut, Hortense Triniac, Isabelle Bardou, Carine Ali, Mike Maillasson, Tiziana Crepaldi, Paolo Comoglio, Eloïse Lemarchand, Véronique Agin, Benoit D. Roussel, and Denis Vivien
Subjects: neuronal death, tissue-type plasminogen activator, NMDA receptor, MET receptor, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract: Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) plays roles in the development and the plasticity of the nervous system. Here, we demonstrate in neurons, that by opposition to the single chain form (sc-tPA), the two-chains form of tPA (tc-tPA) activates the MET receptor, leading to the recruitment of N-Methyl-d-Aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and to the endocytosis and proteasome-dependent degradation of NMDARs containing the GluN2B subunit. Accordingly, tc-tPA down-regulated GluN2B-NMDAR-driven signalling, a process prevented by blockers of HGFR/MET and mimicked by its agonists, leading to a modulation of neuronal death. Thus, our present study unmasks a new mechanism of action of tPA, with its two-chains form mediating a crosstalk between MET and the GluN2B subunit of NMDARs to control neuronal survival.
Published: 2021
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9. The Long-Lasting Protective Effect of HGF in Cardiomyoblasts Exposed to Doxorubicin Requires a Positive Feed-Forward Loop Mediated by Erk1,2-Timp1-Stat3

Author: Simona Gallo, Martina Spilinga, Elena Casanova, Alessandro Bonzano, Carla Boccaccio, Paolo Maria Comoglio, and Tiziana Crepaldi
Subjects: Met receptor, HGF, Erk1,2, Stat3, Timp1, anthracycline, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract: Previous studies showed that the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)–Met receptor axis plays long-lasting cardioprotection against doxorubicin anti-cancer therapy. Here, we explored the mechanism(s) underlying the HGF protective effect. DNA damage was monitored by histone H2AX phosphorylation and apoptosis by proteolytic cleavage of caspase 3. In doxorubicin-treated H9c2 cardiomyoblasts, the long-lasting cardioprotection is mediated by activation of the Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1,2) signaling pathway and requires Stat3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) activation. The HGF protection was abrogated by the Erk1,2 inhibitor, PD98059. This translated into reduced Y705 phosphorylation and impaired nuclear translocation of Stat3, showing crosstalk between Erk1,2 and Stat3 signaling. An array of 29 cytokines, known to activate Stat3, was interrogated to identify the molecule(s) linking the two pathways. The analysis showed a selective increase in expression of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (Timp1). Consistently, inhibition in cardiomyoblasts of Timp1 translation by siRNAs blunted both Stat3 activation and the cardioprotective effect of HGF. Thus, Timp1 is responsible for the generation of a feed-forward loop of Stat3 activation and helps cardiomyocytes to survive during the genotoxic stress induced by anthracyclines.
Published: 2020
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10. Anti-Differentiation Effect of Oncogenic Met Receptor in Terminally-Differentiated Myotubes

Author: Valentina Sala, Simona Gallo, Stefano Gatti, Elisa Vigna, Antonio Ponzetto, and Tiziana Crepaldi
Subjects: HGF, Met receptor, myogenic stem cells, skeletal muscle, differentiation, proteasome, Erk1,2 MAPK, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract: Activation of the hepatocyte growth factor/Met receptor is involved in muscle regeneration, through promotion of proliferation and inhibition of differentiation in myogenic stem cells (MSCs). We previously described that the specific expression of an oncogenic version of the Met receptor (Tpr–Met) in terminally-differentiated skeletal muscle causes muscle wasting in vivo. Here, we induced Tpr–Met in differentiated myotube cultures derived from the transgenic mouse. These cultures showed a reduced protein level of myosin heavy chain (MyHC), increased phosphorylation of Erk1,2 MAPK, the formation of giant sacs of myonuclei and the collapse of elongated myotubes. Treatment of the cultures with an inhibitor of the MAPK kinase pathway or with an inhibitor of the proteasome increased the expression levels of MyHC. In addition, the inhibition of the MAPK kinase pathway prevented the formation of myosacs and myotube collapse. Finally, we showed that induction of Tpr–Met in primary myotubes was unable to produce endoreplication in their nuclei. In conclusion, our data indicate that multinucleated, fused myotubes may be forced to disassemble their contractile apparatus by the Tpr–Met oncogenic factor, but they resist the stimulus toward the reactivation of the cell cycle.
Published: 2015
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11. HGF/Met Axis in Heart Function and Cardioprotection

Author: Simona Gallo, Valentina Sala, Stefano Gatti, and Tiziana Crepaldi
Subjects: hepatocyte growth factor, Met tyrosine kinase receptor, heart development, cardiotoxicity, cardioprotection, myocardial infarction, angiogenesis, fibrosis, inflammation, cardiac regeneration, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract: Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its tyrosine kinase receptor (Met) play important roles in myocardial function both in physiological and pathological situations. In the developing heart, HGF influences cardiomyocyte proliferation and differentiation. In the adult, HGF/Met signaling controls heart homeostasis and prevents oxidative stress in normal cardiomyocytes. Thus, the possible cardiotoxicity of current Met-targeted anti-cancer therapies has to be taken in consideration. In the injured heart, HGF plays important roles in cardioprotection by promoting: (1) prosurvival (anti-apoptotic and anti-autophagic) effects in cardiomyocytes, (2) angiogenesis, (3) inhibition of fibrosis, (4) anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory signals, and (5) regeneration through activation of cardiac stem cells. Furthermore, we discuss the putative role of elevated HGF as prognostic marker of severity in patients with cardiac diseases. Finally, we examine the potential of HGF-based molecules as new therapeutic tools for the treatment of cardiac diseases.
Published: 2014
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12. ERK: A Key Player in the Pathophysiology of Cardiac Hypertrophy

Author: Simona Gallo, Annapia Vitacolonna, Alessandro Bonzano, Paolo Comoglio, and Tiziana Crepaldi
Subjects: ERK pathway, adaptive and maladaptive hypertrophy, anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, RASopathies, target therapies, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract: Cardiac hypertrophy is an adaptive and compensatory mechanism preserving cardiac output during detrimental stimuli. Nevertheless, long-term stimuli incite chronic hypertrophy and may lead to heart failure. In this review, we analyze the recent literature regarding the role of ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) activity in cardiac hypertrophy. ERK signaling produces beneficial effects during the early phase of chronic pressure overload in response to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and integrin stimulation. These functions comprise (i) adaptive concentric hypertrophy and (ii) cell death prevention. On the other hand, ERK participates in maladaptive hypertrophy during hypertension and chemotherapy-mediated cardiac side effects. Specific ERK-associated scaffold proteins are implicated in either cardioprotective or detrimental hypertrophic functions. Interestingly, ERK phosphorylated at threonine 188 and activated ERK5 (the big MAPK 1) are associated with pathological forms of hypertrophy. Finally, we examine the connection between ERK activation and hypertrophy in (i) transgenic mice overexpressing constitutively activated RTKs (receptor tyrosine kinases), (ii) animal models with mutated sarcomeric proteins characteristic of inherited hypertrophic cardiomyopathies (HCMs), and (iii) mice reproducing syndromic genetic RASopathies. Overall, the scientific literature suggests that during cardiac hypertrophy, ERK could be a “good” player to be stimulated or a “bad” actor to be mitigated, depending on the pathophysiological context.
Published: 2019
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13. Hepatocyte Growth Factor-mediated satellite cells niche perturbation promotes development of distinct sarcoma subtypes

Author: Deborah Morena, Nicola Maestro, Francesca Bersani, Paolo Emanuele Forni, Marcello Francesco Lingua, Valentina Foglizzo, Petar Šćepanović, Silvia Miretti, Alessandro Morotti, Jack F Shern, Javed Khan, Ugo Ala, Paolo Provero, Valentina Sala, Tiziana Crepaldi, Patrizia Gasparini, Michela Casanova, Andrea Ferrari, Gabriella Sozzi, Roberto Chiarle, Carola Ponzetto, and Riccardo Taulli
Subjects: stem cell niche, HGF/met axis, embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma, clonal evolution, combination therapy, Medicine, Science, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract: Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) and Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma (UPS) are distinct sarcoma subtypes. Here we investigate the relevance of the satellite cell (SC) niche in sarcoma development by using Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) to perturb the niche microenvironment. In a Pax7 wild type background, HGF stimulation mainly causes ERMS that originate from satellite cells following a process of multistep progression. Conversely, in a Pax7 null genotype ERMS incidence drops, while UPS becomes the most frequent subtype. Murine EfRMS display genetic heterogeneity similar to their human counterpart. Altogether, our data demonstrate that selective perturbation of the SC niche results in distinct sarcoma subtypes in a Pax7 lineage-dependent manner, and define a critical role for the Met axis in sarcoma initiation. Finally, our results provide a rationale for the use of combination therapy, tailored on specific amplifications and activated signaling pathways, to minimize resistance emerging from sarcomas heterogeneity.
Published: 2016
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14. Activated Met signalling in the developing mouse heart leads to cardiac disease.

Author: Christian Leo, Valentina Sala, Mara Morello, Amedeo Chiribiri, Ilan Riess, Daniele Mancardi, Stefano Schiaffino, Carola Ponzetto, and Tiziana Crepaldi
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: BackgroundThe Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in many physiological processes, including skeletal muscle, placenta and liver development. Little is known about its role and that of Met tyrosine kinase receptor in cardiac development.Methodology/principal findingsIn this study, we generated two transgenic mice with cardiac-specific, tetracycline-suppressible expression of either Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) or the constitutively activated Tpr-Met kinase to explore: i) the effect of stimulation of the endogenous Met receptor by autocrine production of HGF and ii) the consequence of sustained activation of Met signalling in the heart. We first showed that Met is present in the neonatal cardiomyocytes and is responsive to exogenous HGF. Exogenous HGF starting from prenatal stage enhanced cardiac proliferation and reduced sarcomeric proteins and Connexin43 (Cx43) in newborn mice. As adults, these transgenics developed systolic contractile dysfunction. Conversely, prenatal Tpr-Met expression was lethal after birth. Inducing Tpr-Met expression during postnatal life caused early-onset heart failure, characterized by decreased Cx43, upregulation of fetal genes and hypertrophy.Conclusions/significanceTaken together, our data show that excessive activation of the HGF/Met system in development may result in cardiac damage and suggest that Met signalling may be implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiac disease.
Published: 2011
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15. Data from Validation of Met as a Therapeutic Target in Alveolar and Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma

Author: Carola Ponzetto, Tiziana Crepaldi, Michel Schmitt-Ney, Paola Allegra, Alberto Grinza, Silvia Miretti, Paolo E. Forni, Paolo Accornero, Francesca Bersani, Claudio Scuoppo, and Riccardo Taulli
Abstract: Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a highly malignant soft-tissue tumor of childhood deriving from skeletal muscle cells. RMS can be classified in two major histologic subtypes: embryonal (ERMS) and alveolar (ARMS), the latter being characterized by the PAX3/7-FKHR translocation. Here we first investigated whether the Met receptor, a transcriptional target of PAX3 and PAX7, has a role in PAX3-FKHR–mediated transformation. Following PAX3-FKHR transduction, Met was up-regulated in mouse embryonal fibroblasts (MEF), NIH 3T3 and C2C12 cells, and they all acquired anchorage independence. This property was lost in low serum but addition of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) rescued soft-agar growth. Genetic proof that Met is necessary for this PAX3-FKHR–mediated effect was obtained by transducing with PAX3-FKHR MEFs derived from Met mutant (MetD/D) and wild-type (Met+/+) embryos. Only Met+/+ MEFs acquired anchorage-independent growth whereas PAX3-FKHR–transduced MetD/D cells were unable to form colonies in soft agar. To verify if Met had a role in RMS maintenance, we silenced the receptor by transducing ERMS and ARMS cell lines with an inducible lentivirus expressing an anti-Met short hairpin RNA (shRNA). Met down-regulation significantly affected RMS cells proliferation, survival, invasiveness, and anchorage-independent growth. Finally, induction of the Met-directed shRNA promoted a dramatic reduction of tumor mass in a xenograft model of RMS. Our data show that both ARMS- and ERMS-derived cell lines, in spite of the genetic drift which may have occurred in years of culture, seem to have retained an “addiction” to the Met oncogene and suggest that Met may represent a target of choice to develop novel therapeutic strategies for ARMS. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(9): 4742-9)
Published: 2023

16. Supplementary Figure 1 from Validation of Met as a Therapeutic Target in Alveolar and Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma

Author: Carola Ponzetto, Tiziana Crepaldi, Michel Schmitt-Ney, Paola Allegra, Alberto Grinza, Silvia Miretti, Paolo E. Forni, Paolo Accornero, Francesca Bersani, Claudio Scuoppo, and Riccardo Taulli
Abstract: Supplementary Figure 1 from Validation of Met as a Therapeutic Target in Alveolar and Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma
Published: 2023

17. Supplementary Figure 2 from Validation of Met as a Therapeutic Target in Alveolar and Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma

Author: Carola Ponzetto, Tiziana Crepaldi, Michel Schmitt-Ney, Paola Allegra, Alberto Grinza, Silvia Miretti, Paolo E. Forni, Paolo Accornero, Francesca Bersani, Claudio Scuoppo, and Riccardo Taulli
Abstract: Supplementary Figure 2 from Validation of Met as a Therapeutic Target in Alveolar and Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma
Published: 2023

18. MET Oncogene Controls Invasive Growth by Coupling with NMDA Receptor

Author: Simona Gallo, Annapia Vitacolonna, Paolo Comoglio, and Tiziana Crepaldi
Subjects: Cancer Research, MET tyrosine kinase receptor, hepatocyte growth factor, Oncology, glutamate receptor, tumor invasion
Abstract: The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is a glutamate-gated ion channel involved in excitatory synaptic transmission. Outside the nervous system, the NMDAR is expressed in a variety of tissues and in cancers, notably in the highly invasive and metastatic triple-negative breast carcinoma. MET encodes the tyrosine kinase receptor for HGF and is a master regulator gene for “invasive growth”. In silico analysis shows that high expression of the NMDAR2B subunit is a negative prognostic factor in human invasive breast carcinoma. Here, we show that in triple-negative breast cancer cell lines NMDAR2B and MET proteins are coexpressed. HGF stimulation of these cells is followed by autophosphorylation of the MET kinase and phosphorylation of the NMDAR2B subunit at tyrosines 1252 and 1474. MET and phosphorylated NMDAR2B are physically associated, as demonstrated by co-immunoprecipitation, confocal immunofluorescence, and proximity ligation assays. Notably, pharmacological inhibition of NMDAR by MK801 and ifenprodil blunts the biological response to HGF. These results demonstrate the existence of a MET-NMDAR crosstalk driving the invasive program, paving the way for a new combinatorial therapy.
Published: 2022

19. Factor XII protects neurons from apoptosis by epidermal and hepatocyte growth factor receptor-dependent mechanisms

Author: Sara Martinez de Lizarrondo, Carine Ali, Marina Rubio, Tiziana Crepaldi, Maxime Gauberti, Fabian Docagne, Eugénie Garnier, Izaskun Buendia, Damien Levard, Paolo M. Comoglio, Yannick Hommet, and Denis Vivien
Subjects: Factor XIIa, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, contact pathway, Neuroprotection, Mice, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Epidermal growth factor, medicine, Animals, Receptor, Blood Coagulation, Neurons, Factor XII, Chemistry, apoptosis, Hematology, intrinsic pathway, neuroprotection, thromboinflammation, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met, Cell biology, Coagulation, Hepatocyte Growth Factor Receptor, Hepatocyte growth factor, Signal transduction, medicine.drug
Abstract: Background Factor XII (FXII) is a serine protease that participates in the intrinsic coagulation pathway. Several studies have shown that plasma FXII exerts a deleterious role in cerebral ischemia and traumatic brain injury by promoting thrombo-inflammation. Nevertheless, the impact of FXII on neuronal cell fate remains unknown. Objectives We investigated the role of FXII and FXIIa in neuronal injury and apoptotic cell-death. Methods We tested the neuroprotective roles of FXII and FXIIa in an experimental model of neuronal injury induced by stereotaxic intracerebral injection of N-Methyl-D-Aspartic acid (NMDA) in vivo and in a model of apoptotic death of murine primary neuronal cultures through serum-deprivation in vitro. Results Here, we found that exogenous FXII and FXIIa reduce brain lesions induced by NMDA injection in vivo. Furthermore, FXII protects cultured neurons from apoptosis through a growth factor-like effect. This mechanism was triggered by direct interaction with epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor and subsequent activation of this receptor. Interestingly, the "proteolytically" active and two-chain form of FXII, FXIIa, exerts its protective effects by an alternative signaling pathway. FXIIa activates the pro-form of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) into HGF, which in turn activated HGF receptor (HGFR) pathway. Conclusion This study describes two novel mechanisms of action of FXII and identifies neurons as target cells for the protective effects of single and two-chain forms of FXII. Therefore, inhibition of FXII in neurological disorders may have deleterious effects by preventing its beneficial effects on neuronal survival.
Published: 2021

20. Coagulation Factor XII protects neurons from apoptosis by triggering a crosstalk between HGFR/c-Met and EGFR/ErbB1 signaling pathways

Author: Yannick Hommet, Fabian Docagne, Denis Vivien, Paolo M. Comoglio, Marina Rubio, Carine Ali, Damien Levard, Eugénie Garnier, Tiziana Crepaldi, and Sara Martinez de Lizarrondo
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_compound, Crosstalk (biology), C-Met, nervous system, chemistry, Apoptosis, Coagulation Factor XII, Signal transduction, Cell biology
Abstract: Background Factor XII (FXII) is a serine protease that participates in the intrinsic coagulation pathway. Several studies have shown that plasmatic FXII exert a deleterious role in cerebral ischemia and traumatic brain injury by promoting thrombo-inflammation. Nevertheless, the direct impact of FXII on neuronal cell fate remains unknown.Methods We investigated whether FXII influenced neuronal death induced in vivo by stereotaxic injection of N-methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) and in vitro by serum deprivation of cultured neurons.Results We found that FXII reduced brain lesions induced in vivo and protected cultured neurons from apoptosis through a growth factor-like effect. This mechanism was triggered by direct interaction with epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, activation of this receptor and engagement of anti-apoptotic intracellular pathways. Interestingly, the “proteolytically” active and two-chain form of FXII, αFXIIa, exerted additional protective effects by converting the pro-form of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) into its mature form, which in turn activated HGF receptor (HGFR/c-Met) pathway. Lastly, the use of non-proteolytic FXII (αFXIIa-PPACK) unveiled an alternative EGFR and HGFR co-activation pathway, through co-receptor transphosphorylation. Conclusion This study describes novel mechanisms of action of FXII and discloses neurons as target cells for the protective effects of single and double-chain forms of FXII.
Published: 2020

21. The Long-Lasting Protective Effect of HGF in Cardiomyoblasts Exposed to Doxorubicin Requires a Positive Feed-Forward Loop Mediated by Erk1,2-Timp1-Stat3

Author: Alessandro Bonzano, Paolo M. Comoglio, Elena Casanova, Martina Spilinga, Tiziana Crepaldi, Carla Boccaccio, and Simona Gallo
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, MAPK/ERK pathway, cardiac injury, Time Factors, Erk1, Erk1,2, lcsh:Chemistry, 0302 clinical medicine, HGF, STAT3, lcsh:QH301-705.5, Spectroscopy, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3, biology, Chemistry, Kinase, Hepatocyte Growth Factor, apoptosis, General Medicine, Computer Science Applications, Cell biology, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Phosphorylation, Hepatocyte growth factor, Signal transduction, Myoblasts, Cardiac, medicine.drug, STAT3 Transcription Factor, MAP Kinase Signaling System, Caspase 3, Met receptor, anthracycline, Catalysis, Article, Cell Line, Inorganic Chemistry, 03 medical and health sciences, medicine, Animals, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Molecular Biology, Flavonoids, Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1, Stat3, Anthracycline, Apoptosis, Cardiac injury, DNA damage, Timp1, Organic Chemistry, Rats, 030104 developmental biology, lcsh:Biology (General), lcsh:QD1-999, Doxorubicin, STAT protein, biology.protein
Abstract: Previous studies showed that the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)&ndash, Met receptor axis plays long-lasting cardioprotection against doxorubicin anti-cancer therapy. Here, we explored the mechanism(s) underlying the HGF protective effect. DNA damage was monitored by histone H2AX phosphorylation and apoptosis by proteolytic cleavage of caspase 3. In doxorubicin-treated H9c2 cardiomyoblasts, the long-lasting cardioprotection is mediated by activation of the Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1,2) signaling pathway and requires Stat3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) activation. The HGF protection was abrogated by the Erk1,2 inhibitor, PD98059. This translated into reduced Y705 phosphorylation and impaired nuclear translocation of Stat3, showing crosstalk between Erk1,2 and Stat3 signaling. An array of 29 cytokines, known to activate Stat3, was interrogated to identify the molecule(s) linking the two pathways. The analysis showed a selective increase in expression of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (Timp1). Consistently, inhibition in cardiomyoblasts of Timp1 translation by siRNAs blunted both Stat3 activation and the cardioprotective effect of HGF. Thus, Timp1 is responsible for the generation of a feed-forward loop of Stat3 activation and helps cardiomyocytes to survive during the genotoxic stress induced by anthracyclines.
Published: 2020

22. Molecular Engineering Strategies Tailoring the Apoptotic Response to a MET Therapeutic Antibody

Author: Martina Spilinga, Cristina Basilico, Chiara Modica, Cristina Chiriaco, Paolo M. Comoglio, Elisa Vigna, Tiziana Crepaldi, Simona Gallo, Modica, Chiara, Gallo, Simona, Chiriaco, Cristina, Spilinga, Martina, Comoglio, Paolo Maria, Crepaldi, Tiziana, Basilico, Cristina, and Vigna, Elisa
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Cancer Research, Programmed cell death, lcsh:RC254-282, Article, Receptor tyrosine kinase, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, MET oncogene, medicine, antibodies, Antibodies, Apoptosis, MET targeted therapy, Receptor, biology, Cell growth, Chemistry, apoptosis, lcsh:Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens, met targeted therapy, Cell biology, 030104 developmental biology, Oncology, met oncogene, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Cancer cell, biology.protein, Hepatocyte growth factor, Antibody, medicine.drug
Abstract: The MET oncogene encodes a tyrosine kinase receptor involved in the control of a complex network of biological responses that include protection from apoptosis and stimulation of cell growth during embryogenesis, tissue regeneration, and cancer progression. We previously developed an antagonist antibody (DN30) inducing the physical removal of the receptor from the cell surface and resulting in suppression of the biological responses to MET. In its bivalent form, the antibody displayed a residual agonist activity, due to dimerization of the lingering receptors, and partial activation of the downstream signaling cascade. The balance between the two opposing activities is variable in different biological systems and is hardly predictable. In this study, we generated and characterized two single-chain antibody fragments derived from DN30, sharing the same variable regions but including linkers different in length and composition. The two engineered molecules bind MET with high affinity but induce different biological responses. One behaves as a MET-antagonist, promoting programmed cell death in MET “addicted” cancer cells. The other acts as a hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-mimetic, protecting normal cells from doxorubicin-induced apoptosis. Thus, by engineering the same receptor antibody, it is possible to generate molecules enhancing or inhibiting apoptosis either to kill cancer cells or to protect healthy tissues from the injuries of chemotherapy.
Published: 2020

23. ERK: A Key Player in the Pathophysiology of Cardiac Hypertrophy

Author: Annapia Vitacolonna, Alessandro Bonzano, Paolo M. Comoglio, Simona Gallo, and Tiziana Crepaldi
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, MAPK/ERK pathway, anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity, MAP Kinase Signaling System, Concentric hypertrophy, Cardiomegaly, Review, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, adaptive and maladaptive hypertrophy, Catalysis, Receptor tyrosine kinase, Muscle hypertrophy, Inorganic Chemistry, lcsh:Chemistry, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Medicine, Animals, Humans, target therapies, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Molecular Biology, lcsh:QH301-705.5, RASopathies, Spectroscopy, G protein-coupled receptor, Pressure overload, biology, business.industry, Kinase, Myocardium, Organic Chemistry, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, General Medicine, medicine.disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Computer Science Applications, Cell biology, 030104 developmental biology, lcsh:Biology (General), lcsh:QD1-999, biology.protein, ERK pathway, Adaptive and maladaptive hypertrophy, Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity, Target therapies, business
Abstract: Cardiac hypertrophy is an adaptive and compensatory mechanism preserving cardiac output during detrimental stimuli. Nevertheless, long-term stimuli incite chronic hypertrophy and may lead to heart failure. In this review, we analyze the recent literature regarding the role of ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) activity in cardiac hypertrophy. ERK signaling produces beneficial effects during the early phase of chronic pressure overload in response to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and integrin stimulation. These functions comprise (i) adaptive concentric hypertrophy and (ii) cell death prevention. On the other hand, ERK participates in maladaptive hypertrophy during hypertension and chemotherapy-mediated cardiac side effects. Specific ERK-associated scaffold proteins are implicated in either cardioprotective or detrimental hypertrophic functions. Interestingly, ERK phosphorylated at threonine 188 and activated ERK5 (the big MAPK 1) are associated with pathological forms of hypertrophy. Finally, we examine the connection between ERK activation and hypertrophy in (i) transgenic mice overexpressing constitutively activated RTKs (receptor tyrosine kinases), (ii) animal models with mutated sarcomeric proteins characteristic of inherited hypertrophic cardiomyopathies (HCMs), and (iii) mice reproducing syndromic genetic RASopathies. Overall, the scientific literature suggests that during cardiac hypertrophy, ERK could be a “good” player to be stimulated or a “bad” actor to be mitigated, depending on the pathophysiological context.
Published: 2019

24. Anti-Differentiation Effect of Oncogenic Met Receptor in Terminally-Differentiated Myotubes

Author: Simona Gallo, Tiziana Crepaldi, Stefano Gatti, Elisa Vigna, Valentina Sala, and Antonio Ponzetto
Subjects: MAPK/ERK pathway, Erk1,2 MAPK, Myogenesis, Medicine (miscellaneous), Skeletal muscle, Met receptor, differentiation, Cell cycle, Biology, Molecular biology, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, proteasome, medicine.anatomical_structure, lcsh:Biology (General), Myosin, medicine, Endoreduplication, Hepatocyte growth factor, HGF, skeletal muscle, Receptor, lcsh:QH301-705.5, myogenic stem cells, medicine.drug
Abstract: Activation of the hepatocyte growth factor/Met receptor is involved in muscle regeneration, through promotion of proliferation and inhibition of differentiation in myogenic stem cells (MSCs). We previously described that the specific expression of an oncogenic version of the Met receptor (Tpr–Met) in terminally-differentiated skeletal muscle causes muscle wasting in vivo. Here, we induced Tpr–Met in differentiated myotube cultures derived from the transgenic mouse. These cultures showed a reduced protein level of myosin heavy chain (MyHC), increased phosphorylation of Erk1,2 MAPK, the formation of giant sacs of myonuclei and the collapse of elongated myotubes. Treatment of the cultures with an inhibitor of the MAPK kinase pathway or with an inhibitor of the proteasome increased the expression levels of MyHC. In addition, the inhibition of the MAPK kinase pathway prevented the formation of myosacs and myotube collapse. Finally, we showed that induction of Tpr–Met in primary myotubes was unable to produce endoreplication in their nuclei. In conclusion, our data indicate that multinucleated, fused myotubes may be forced to disassemble their contractile apparatus by the Tpr–Met oncogenic factor, but they resist the stimulus toward the reactivation of the cell cycle.
Published: 2015

25. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)

Author: Daniel J. Klionsky, Kotb Abdelmohsen, Akihisa Abe, Md Joynal Abedin, Hagai Abeliovich, Abraham Acevedo Arozena, Hiroaki Adachi, Christopher M. Adams, Peter D. Adams, Khosrow Adeli, Peter J. Adhihetty, Sharon G. Adler, Galila Agam, Rajesh Agarwal, Manish K. Aghi, Maria Agnello, Patrizia Agostinis, Patricia V. Aguilar, Julio Aguirre Ghiso, Edoardo M. Airoldi, Slimane Ait Si Ali, Takahiko Akematsu, Emmanuel T. Akporiaye, Mohamed Al Rubeai, Guillermo M. Albaiceta, Chris Albanese, Diego Albani, Matthew L. Albert, Jesus Aldudo, Hana Algül, Mehrdad Alirezaei, Iraide Alloza, Alexandru Almasan, Maylin Almonte Beceril, Emad S. Alnemri, Covadonga Alonso, Nihal Altan Bonnet, Dario C. Altieri, Silvia Alvarez, Lydia Alvarez Erviti, Sandro Alves, Giuseppina Amadoro, Atsuo Amano, Consuelo Amantini, Santiago Ambrosio, Ivano Amelio, Amal O. Amer, Mohamed Amessou, Angelika Amon, Zhenyi An, Frank A. Anania, Stig U. Andersen, Usha P. Andley, Catherine K. Andreadi, Nathalie Andrieu Abadie, Alberto Anel, David K. Ann, Shailendra Anoopkumar Dukie, Manuela Antonioli, Hiroshi Aoki, Nadezda Apostolova, Saveria Aquila, Katia Aquilano, Koichi Araki, Eli Arama, Agustin Aranda, Jun Araya, Alexandre Arcaro, Esperanza Arias, Hirokazu Arimoto, Aileen R. Ariosa, Jane L. Armstrong, Thierry Arnould, Ivica Arsov, Katsuhiko Asanuma, Valerie Askanas, Eric Asselin, Ryuichiro Atarashi, Sally S. Atherton, Julie D. Atkin, Laura D. Attardi, Patrick Auberger, Georg Auburger, Laure Aurelian, Riccardo Autelli, Laura Avagliano, Maria Laura Avantaggiati, Limor Avrahami, Suresh Awale, Neelam Azad, Tiziana Bachetti, Jonathan M. Backer, Dong Hun Bae, Jae sung Bae, Ok Nam Bae, Soo Han Bae, Eric H. Baehrecke, Seung Hoon Baek, Stephen Baghdiguian, Agnieszka Bagniewska Zadworna, Hua Bai, Jie Bai, Xue Yuan Bai, Yannick Bailly, Kithiganahalli Narayanaswamy Balaji, Walter Balduini, Andrea Ballabio, Rena Balzan, Rajkumar Banerjee, Gábor Bánhegyi, Haijun Bao, Benoit Barbeau, Maria D. Barrachina, Esther Barreiro, Bonnie Bartel, Alberto Bartolomé, Diane C. Bassham, Maria Teresa Bassi, Robert C. Bast Jr, Alakananda Basu, Maria Teresa Batista, Henri Batoko, Maurizio Battino, Kyle Bauckman, Bradley L. Baumgarner, K. Ulrich Bayer, Rupert Beale, Jean François Beaulieu, George R. Beck Jr, Christoph Becker, J. David Beckham, Pierre André Bédard, Patrick J. Bednarski, Thomas J. Begley, Christian Behl, Christian Behrends, Georg MN Behrens, Kevin E. Behrns, Eloy Bejarano, Amine Belaid, Francesca Belleudi, Giovanni Bénard, Guy Berchem, Daniele Bergamaschi, Matteo Bergami, Ben Berkhout, Laura Berliocchi, Amélie Bernard, Monique Bernard, Francesca Bernassola, Anne Bertolotti, Amanda S. Bess, Sébastien Besteiro, Saverio Bettuzzi, Savita Bhalla, Shalmoli Bhattacharyya, Sujit K. Bhutia, Caroline Biagosch, Michele Wolfe Bianchi, Martine Biard Piechaczyk, Viktor Billes, Claudia Bincoletto, Baris Bingol, Sara W. Bird, Marc Bitoun, Ivana Bjedov, Craig Blackstone, Lionel Blanc, Guillermo A. Blanco, Heidi Kiil Blomhoff, Emilio Boada Romero, Stefan Böckler, Marianne Boes, Kathleen Boesze Battaglia, Lawrence H. Boise, Alessandra Bolino, Andrea Boman, Paolo Bonaldo, Matteo Bordi, Jürgen Bosch, Luis M. Botana, Joelle Botti, German Bou, Marina Bouché, Marion Bouchecareilh, Marie Josée Boucher, Michael E. Boulton, Sebastien G. Bouret, Patricia Boya, Michaël Boyer Guittaut, Peter V. Bozhkov, Nathan Brady, Vania MM Braga, Claudio Brancolini, Gerhard H. Braus, José M. Bravo San Pedro, Lisa A. Brennan, Emery H. Bresnick, Patrick Brest, Dave Bridges, MarieAgnès Bringer, Marisa Brini, Glauber C. Brito, Bertha Brodin, Paul S. Brookes, Eric J. Brown, Karen Brown, Hal E. Broxmeyer, Alain Bruhat, Patricia Chakur Brum, John H. Brumell, Nicola Brunetti Pierri, Robert J. Bryson Richardson, Shilpa Buch, Alastair M. Buchan, Hikmet Budak, Dmitry V. Bulavin, Scott J. Bultman, Geert Bultynck, Vladimir Bumbasirevic, Yan Burelle, Robert E. Burke, Margit Burmeister, Peter Bütikofer, Laura Caberlotto, Ken Cadwell, Monika Cahova, Dongsheng Cai, Jingjing Cai, Qian Cai, Sara Calatayud, Nadine Camougrand, Michelangelo Campanella, Grant R. Campbell, Matthew Campbell, Silvia Campello, Robin Candau, Isabella Caniggia, Lavinia Cantoni, Lizhi Cao, Allan B. Caplan, Michele Caraglia, Claudio Cardinali, Sandra Morais Cardoso, Jennifer S. Carew, Laura A. Carleton, Cathleen R. Carlin, Silvia Carloni, Sven R. Carlsson, Didac Carmona Gutierrez, Leticia AM Carneiro, Oliana Carnevali, Serena Carra, Alice Carrier, Bernadette Carroll, Caty Casas, Josefina Casas, Giuliana Cassinelli, Perrine Castets, Susana Castro Obregon, Gabriella Cavallini, Isabella Ceccherini, Francesco Cecconi, Arthur I. Cederbaum, Valentín Ceña, Simone Cenci, Claudia Cerella, Davide Cervia, CETRULLO, SILVIA, Hassan Chaachouay, Han Jung Chae, Andrei S. Chagin, Chee Yin Chai, Gopal Chakrabarti, Georgios Chamilos, Edmond YW Chan, Matthew TV Chan, Dhyan Chandra, Pallavi Chandra, Chih Peng Chang, Raymond Chuen Chung Chang, Ta Yuan Chang, John C. Chatham, Saurabh Chatterjee, Santosh Chauhan, Yongsheng Che, Michael E. Cheetham, Rajkumar Cheluvappa, Chun Jung Chen, Gang Chen, Guang Chao Chen, Guoqiang Chen, Hongzhuan Chen, Jeff W. Chen, Jian Kang Chen, Min Chen, Mingzhou Chen, Peiwen Chen, Qi Chen, Quan Chen, Shang Der Chen, Si Chen, Steve S. L. Chen, Wei Chen, Wei Jung Chen, Wen Qiang Chen, Wenli Chen, Xiangmei Chen, Yau Hung Chen, Ye Guang Chen, Yin Chen, Yingyu Chen, Yongshun Chen, Yu Jen Chen, Yue Qin Chen, Yujie Chen, Zhen Chen, Zhong Chen, Alan Cheng, Christopher HK Cheng, Hua Cheng, Heesun Cheong, Sara Cherry, Jason Chesney, Chun Hei Antonio Cheung, Eric Chevet, Hsiang Cheng Chi, Sung Gil Chi, Fulvio Chiacchiera, Hui Ling Chiang, Roberto Chiarelli, Mario Chiariello, Marcello Chieppa, Lih Shen Chin, Mario Chiong, Gigi NC Chiu, Dong Hyung Cho, Ssang Goo Cho, William C. Cho, Yong Yeon Cho, Young Seok Cho, Augustine MK Choi, Eui Ju Choi, Eun Kyoung Choi, Jayoung Choi, Mary E. Choi, Seung Il Choi, Tsui Fen Chou, Salem Chouaib, Divaker Choubey, Vinay Choubey, Kuan Chih Chow, Kamal Chowdhury, Charleen T. Chu, Tsung Hsien Chuang, Taehoon Chun, Hyewon Chung, Taijoon Chung, Yuen Li Chung, Yong Joon Chwae, Valentina Cianfanelli, Roberto Ciarcia, Iwona A. Ciechomska, Maria Rosa Ciriolo, Mara Cirone, Sofie Claerhout, Michael J. Clague, Joan Clària, Peter GH Clarke, Robert Clarke, Emilio Clementi, Cédric Cleyrat, Miriam Cnop, Eliana M. Coccia, Tiziana Cocco, Patrice Codogno, Jörn Coers, Ezra EW Cohen, David Colecchia, Luisa Coletto, Núria S. Coll, Emma Colucci Guyon, Sergio Comincini, Maria Condello, Katherine L. Cook, Graham H. Coombs, Cynthia D. Cooper, J. Mark Cooper, Isabelle Coppens, Maria Tiziana Corasaniti, Marco Corazzari, Ramon Corbalan, Elisabeth Corcelle Termeau, Mario D. Cordero, Cristina Corral Ramos, Olga Corti, Andrea Cossarizza, Paola Costelli, Safia Costes, Susan L. Cotman, Ana Coto Montes, Sandra Cottet, Eduardo Couve, Lori R. Covey, L. Ashley Cowart, Jeffery S. Cox, Fraser P. Coxon, Carolyn B. Coyne, Mark S. Cragg, Rolf J. Craven, Tiziana Crepaldi, Jose L. Crespo, Alfredo Criollo, Valeria Crippa, Maria Teresa Cruz, Ana Maria Cuervo, Jose M. Cuezva, Taixing Cui, Pedro R. Cutillas, Mark J. Czaja, Maria F. Czyzyk Krzeska, Ruben K. Dagda, Uta Dahmen, Chunsun Dai, Wenjie Dai, Yun Dai, Kevin N. Dalby, Luisa Dalla Valle, Guillaume Dalmasso, Marcello D'Amelio, Markus Damme, Arlette Darfeuille Michaud, Catherine Dargemont, Victor M. Darley Usmar, Srinivasan Dasarathy, Biplab Dasgupta, Srikanta Dash, Crispin R. Dass, Hazel Marie Davey, Lester M. Davids, David Dávila, Roger J. Davis, Ted M. Dawson, Valina L. Dawson, Paula Daza, Jackie de Belleroche, Paul de Figueiredo, Regina Celia Bressan Queiroz de Figueiredo, José de la Fuente, Luisa De Martino, Antonella De Matteis, Guido RY De Meyer, Angelo De Milito, Mauro De Santi, Wanderley de Souza, Vincenzo De Tata, Daniela De Zio, Jayanta Debnath, Reinhard Dechant, Jean Paul Decuypere, Shane Deegan, Benjamin Dehay, Barbara Del Bello, Dominic P. Del Re, Régis Delage Mourroux, Lea MD Delbridge, Louise Deldicque, Elizabeth Delorme Axford, Yizhen Deng, Joern Dengjel, Melanie Denizot, Paul Dent, Channing J. Der, Vojo Deretic, Benoît Derrien, Eric Deutsch, Timothy P. Devarenne, Rodney J. Devenish, Sabrina Di Bartolomeo, Nicola Di Daniele, Fabio Di Domenico, Alessia Di Nardo, Simone Di Paola, Antonio Di Pietro, Livia Di Renzo, Aaron DiAntonio, Guillermo Díaz Araya, Ines Díaz Laviada, Maria T. Diaz Meco, Javier Diaz Nido, Chad A. Dickey, Robert C. Dickson, Marc Diederich, Paul Digard, Ivan Dikic, Savithrama P. Dinesh Kumar, Chan Ding, Wen Xing Ding, Zufeng Ding, Luciana Dini, Jörg HW Distler, Abhinav Diwan, Mojgan Djavaheri Mergny, Kostyantyn Dmytruk, Renwick CJ Dobson, Volker Doetsch, Karol Dokladny, Svetlana Dokudovskaya, Massimo Donadelli, X. Charlie Dong, Xiaonan Dong, Zheng Dong, Terrence M. Donohue Jr, Kelly S. Doran, Gabriella D'Orazi, Gerald W. Dorn II, Victor Dosenko, Sami Dridi, Liat Drucker, Jie Du, Li Lin Du, Lihuan Du, André du Toit, Priyamvada Dua, Lei Duan, Pu Duann, Vikash Kumar Dubey, Michael R. Duchen, Michel A. Duchosal, Helene Duez, Isabelle Dugail, Verónica I. Dumit, Mara C. Duncan, Elaine A. Dunlop, William A. Dunn Jr, Nicolas Dupont, Luc Dupuis, Raúl V. Durán, Thomas M. Durcan, Stéphane Duvezin Caubet, Umamaheswar Duvvuri, Vinay Eapen, Darius Ebrahimi Fakhari, Arnaud Echard, Leopold Eckhart, Charles L. Edelstein, Aimee L. Edinger, Ludwig Eichinger, Tobias Eisenberg, Avital Eisenberg Lerner, N. Tony Eissa, Wafik S. El Deiry, Victoria El Khoury, Zvulun Elazar, Hagit Eldar Finkelman, Chris JH Elliott, Enzo Emanuele, Urban Emmenegger, Nikolai Engedal, Anna Mart Engelbrecht, Simone Engelender, Jorrit M. Enserink, Ralf Erdmann, Jekaterina Erenpreisa, Rajaraman Eri, Jason L. Eriksen, Andreja Erman, Ricardo Escalante, Eeva Liisa Eskelinen, Lucile Espert, Lorena Esteban Martínez, Thomas J. Evans, Mario Fabri, Gemma Fabrias, Cinzia Fabrizi, Antonio Facchiano, Nils J. Færgeman, Alberto Faggioni, W. Douglas Fairlie, Chunhai Fan, Daping Fan, Jie Fan, Shengyun Fang, Manolis Fanto, Alessandro Fanzani, Thomas Farkas, Mathias Faure, Francois B. Favier, Howard Fearnhead, Massimo Federici, Erkang Fei, Tania C. Felizardo, Hua Feng, Yibin Feng, Yuchen Feng, Thomas A. Ferguson, Álvaro F. Fernández, Maite G. Fernandez Barrena, Jose C. Fernandez Checa, Arsenio Fernández López, Martin E. Fernandez Zapico, Olivier Feron, Elisabetta Ferraro, Carmen Veríssima Ferreira Halder, Laszlo Fesus, Ralph Feuer, Fabienne C. Fiesel, Eduardo C. Filippi Chiela, Giuseppe Filomeni, Gian Maria Fimia, John H. Fingert, Steven Finkbeiner, Toren Finkel, Filomena Fiorito, Paul B. Fisher, Marc Flajolet, FLAMIGNI, FLAVIO, Oliver Florey, Salvatore Florio, R. Andres Floto, Marco Folini, Carlo Follo, Edward A. Fon, Francesco Fornai, Franco Fortunato, Alessandro Fraldi, Rodrigo Franco, Arnaud Francois, Aurélie François, Lisa B. Frankel, Iain DC Fraser, Norbert Frey, Damien G. Freyssenet, Christian Frezza, Scott L. Friedman, Daniel E. Frigo, Dongxu Fu, José M. Fuentes, Juan Fueyo, Yoshio Fujitani, Yuuki Fujiwara, Mikihiro Fujiya, Mitsunori Fukuda, Simone Fulda, Carmela Fusco, Bozena Gabryel, Matthias Gaestel, Philippe Gailly, Malgorzata Gajewska, Sehamuddin Galadari, Gad Galili, Inmaculada Galindo, Maria F. Galindo, Giovanna Galliciotti, Lorenzo Galluzzi, Luca Galluzzi, Vincent Galy, Noor Gammoh, Sam Gandy, Anand K. Ganesan, Swamynathan Ganesan, Ian G. Ganley, Monique Gannagé, Fen Biao Gao, Feng Gao, Jian Xin Gao, Lorena García Nannig, Eleonora García Véscovi, Marina Garcia Macía, Carmen Garcia Ruiz, Abhishek D. Garg, Pramod Kumar Garg, Ricardo Gargini, Nils Christian Gassen, Damián Gatica, Evelina Gatti, Julie Gavard, Evripidis Gavathiotis, Liang Ge, Pengfei Ge, Shengfang Ge, Po Wu Gean, Vania Gelmetti, Armando A. Genazzani, Jiefei Geng, Pascal Genschik, Lisa Gerner, Jason E. Gestwicki, David A. Gewirtz, Saeid Ghavami, Eric Ghigo, Debabrata Ghosh, Anna Maria Giammarioli, Francesca Giampieri, Claudia Giampietri, Alexandra Giatromanolaki, Derrick J. Gibbings, Lara Gibellini, Spencer B. Gibson, Vanessa Ginet, Antonio Giordano, Flaviano Giorgini, Elisa Giovannetti, Stephen E. Girardin, Suzana Gispert, Sandy Giuliano, Candece L. Gladson, Alvaro Glavic, Martin Gleave, Nelly Godefroy, Robert M. Gogal Jr, Kuppan Gokulan, Gustavo H. Goldman, Delia Goletti, Michael S. Goligorsky, Aldrin V. Gomes, Ligia C. Gomes, Hernando Gomez, Candelaria Gomez Manzano, Rubén Gómez Sánchez, Dawit AP Gonçalves, Ebru Goncu, Qingqiu Gong, Céline Gongora, Carlos B. Gonzalez, Pedro Gonzalez Alegre, Pilar Gonzalez Cabo, Rosa Ana González Polo, Ing Swie Goping, Carlos Gorbea, Nikolai V. Gorbunov, Daphne R. Goring, Adrienne M. Gorman, Sharon M. Gorski, Sandro Goruppi, Shino Goto Yamada, Cecilia Gotor, Roberta A. Gottlieb, Illana Gozes, Devrim Gozuacik, Yacine Graba, Martin Graef, Giovanna E. Granato, Gary Dean Grant, Steven Grant, Giovanni Luca Gravina, Douglas R. Green, Alexander Greenhough, Michael T. Greenwood, Benedetto Grimaldi, Frédéric Gros, Charles Grose, Jean Francois Groulx, Florian Gruber, Paolo Grumati, Tilman Grune, Jun Lin Guan, Kun Liang Guan, Barbara Guerra, Carlos Guillen, Kailash Gulshan, Jan Gunst, Chuanyong Guo, Lei Guo, Ming Guo, Wenjie Guo, Xu Guang Guo, Andrea A. Gust, Åsa B. Gustafsson, Elaine Gutierrez, Maximiliano G. Gutierrez, Ho Shin Gwak, Albert Haas, James E. Haber, Shinji Hadano, Monica Hagedorn, David R. Hahn, Andrew J. Halayko, Anne Hamacher Brady, Kozo Hamada, Ahmed Hamai, Andrea Hamann, Maho Hamasaki, Isabelle Hamer, Qutayba Hamid, Ester M. Hammond, Feng Han, Weidong Han, James T. Handa, John A. Hanover, Malene Hansen, Masaru Harada, Ljubica Harhaji Trajkovic, J. Wade Harper, Abdel Halim Harrath, Adrian L. Harris, James Harris, Udo Hasler, Peter Hasselblatt, Kazuhisa Hasui, Robert G. Hawley, Teresa S. Hawley, Congcong He, Cynthia Y. He, Fengtian He, Gu He, Rong Rong He, Xian Hui He, You Wen He, Yu Ying He, Joan K. Heath, Marie Josée Hébert, Robert A. Heinzen, Gudmundur Vignir Helgason, Michael Hensel, Elizabeth P. Henske, Chengtao Her, Paul K. Herman, Agustín Hernández, Carlos Hernandez, Sonia Hernández Tiedra, Claudio Hetz, P. Robin Hiesinger, Katsumi Higaki, Sabine Hilfiker, Bradford G. Hill, Joseph A. Hill, William D. Hill, Keisuke Hino, Daniel Hofius, Paul Hofman, Günter U. Höglinger, Jörg Höhfeld, Marina K. Holz, Yonggeun Hong, David A. Hood, Jeroen JM Hoozemans, Thorsten Hoppe, Chin Hsu, Chin Yuan Hsu, Li Chung Hsu, Dong Hu, Guochang Hu, Hong Ming Hu, Hongbo Hu, Ming Chang Hu, Yu Chen Hu, Zhuo Wei Hu, Fang Hua, Ya Hua, Canhua Huang, Huey Lan Huang, Kuo How Huang, Kuo Yang Huang, Shile Huang, Shiqian Huang, Wei Pang Huang, Yi Ran Huang, Yong Huang, Yunfei Huang, Tobias B. Huber, Patricia Huebbe, Won Ki Huh, Juha J. Hulmi, Gang Min Hur, James H. Hurley, Zvenyslava Husak, Sabah NA Hussain, Salik Hussain, Jung Jin Hwang, Seungmin Hwang, Thomas IS Hwang, Atsuhiro Ichihara, Yuzuru Imai, Carol Imbriano, Megumi Inomata, Takeshi Into, Valentina Iovane, Juan L. Iovanna, Renato V. Iozzo, Nancy Y. Ip, Javier E. Irazoqui, Pablo Iribarren, Yoshitaka Isaka, Aleksandra J. Isakovic, Harry Ischiropoulos, Jeffrey S. Isenberg, Mohammad Ishaq, Hiroyuki Ishida, Isao Ishii, Jane E. Ishmael, Ciro Isidoro, Ken ichi Isobe, Erika Isono, Shohreh Issazadeh Navikas, Koji Itahana, Eisuke Itakura, Andrei I. Ivanov, Anand Krishnan V. Iyer, José M. Izquierdo, Yotaro Izumi, Valentina Izzo, Marja Jäättelä, Nadia Jaber, Daniel John Jackson, William T. Jackson, Tony George Jacob, Thomas S. Jacques, Chinnaswamy Jagannath, Ashish Jain, Nihar Ranjan Jana, Byoung Kuk Jang, Alkesh Jani, Bassam Janji, Paulo Roberto Jannig, Patric J. Jansson, Steve Jean, Marina Jendrach, Ju Hong Jeon, Niels Jessen, Eui Bae Jeung, Kailiang Jia, Lijun Jia, Hong Jiang, Hongchi Jiang, Liwen Jiang, Teng Jiang, Xiaoyan Jiang, Xuejun Jiang, Ying Jiang, Yongjun Jiang, Alberto Jiménez, Cheng Jin, Hongchuan Jin, Lei Jin, Meiyan Jin, Shengkan Jin, Umesh Kumar Jinwal, Eun Kyeong Jo, Terje Johansen, Daniel E. Johnson, Gail VW Johnson, James D. Johnson, Eric Jonasch, Chris Jones, Leo AB Joosten, Joaquin Jordan, Anna Maria Joseph, Bertrand Joseph, Annie M. Joubert, Dianwen Ju, Jingfang Ju, Hsueh Fen Juan, Katrin Juenemann, Gábor Juhász, Hye Seung Jung, Jae U. Jung, Yong Keun Jung, Heinz Jungbluth, Matthew J. Justice, Barry Jutten, Nadeem O. Kaakoush, Kai Kaarniranta, Allen Kaasik, Tomohiro Kabuta, Bertrand Kaeffer, Katarina Kågedal, Alon Kahana, Shingo Kajimura, Or Kakhlon, Manjula Kalia, Dhan V. Kalvakolanu, Yoshiaki Kamada, Konstantinos Kambas, Vitaliy O. Kaminskyy, Harm H. Kampinga, Mustapha Kandouz, Chanhee Kang, Rui Kang, Tae Cheon Kang, Tomotake Kanki, Thirumala Devi Kanneganti, Haruo Kanno, Anumantha G. Kanthasamy, Marc Kantorow, Maria Kaparakis Liaskos, Orsolya Kapuy, Vassiliki Karantza, Md Razaul Karim, Parimal Karmakar, Arthur Kaser, Susmita Kaushik, Thomas Kawula, A. Murat Kaynar, Po Yuan Ke, Zun Ji Ke, John H. Kehrl, Kate E. Keller, Jongsook Kim Kemper, Anne K. Kenworthy, Oliver Kepp, Andreas Kern, Santosh Kesari, David Kessel, Robin Ketteler, Isis do Carmo Kettelhut, Bilon Khambu, Muzamil Majid Khan, Vinoth KM Khandelwal, Sangeeta Khare, Juliann G. Kiang, Amy A. Kiger, Akio Kihara, Arianna L. Kim, Cheol Hyeon Kim, Deok Ryong Kim, Do Hyung Kim, Eung Kweon Kim, Hye Young Kim, Hyung Ryong Kim, Jae Sung Kim, Jeong Hun Kim, Jin Cheon Kim, Jin Hyoung Kim, Kwang Woon Kim, Michael D. Kim, Moon Moo Kim, Peter K. Kim, Seong Who Kim, Soo Youl Kim, Yong Sun Kim, Yonghyun Kim, Adi Kimchi, Alec C. Kimmelman, Tomonori Kimura, Jason S. King, Karla Kirkegaard, Vladimir Kirkin, Lorrie A. Kirshenbaum, Shuji Kishi, Yasuo Kitajima, Katsuhiko Kitamoto, Yasushi Kitaoka, Kaio Kitazato, Rudolf A. Kley, Walter T. Klimecki, Michael Klinkenberg, Jochen Klucken, Helene Knævelsrud, Erwin Knecht, Laura Knuppertz, Jiunn Liang Ko, Satoru Kobayashi, Jan C. Koch, Christelle Koechlin Ramonatxo, Ulrich Koenig, Young Ho Koh, Katja Köhler, Sepp D. Kohlwein, Masato Koike, Masaaki Komatsu, Eiki Kominami, Dexin Kong, Hee Jeong Kong, Eumorphia G. Konstantakou, Benjamin T. Kopp, Tamas Korcsmaros, Laura Korhonen, Viktor I. Korolchuk, Nadya V. Koshkina, Yanjun Kou, Michael I. Koukourakis, Constantinos Koumenis, Attila L. Kovács, Tibor Kovács, Werner J. Kovacs, Daisuke Koya, Claudine Kraft, Dimitri Krainc, Helmut Kramer, Tamara Kravic Stevovic, Wilhelm Krek, Carole Kretz Remy, Roswitha Krick, Malathi Krishnamurthy, Janos Kriston Vizi, Guido Kroemer, Michael C. Kruer, Rejko Kruger, Nicholas T. Ktistakis, Kazuyuki Kuchitsu, Christian Kuhn, Addanki Pratap Kumar, Anuj Kumar, Ashok Kumar, Deepak Kumar, Dhiraj Kumar, Rakesh Kumar, Sharad Kumar, Mondira Kundu, Hsing Jien Kung, Atsushi Kuno, Sheng Han Kuo, Jeff Kuret, Tino Kurz, Terry Kwok, Taeg Kyu Kwon, Yong Tae Kwon, Irene Kyrmizi, Albert R. La Spada, Frank Lafont, Tim Lahm, Aparna Lakkaraju, Truong Lam, Trond Lamark, Steve Lancel, Terry H. Landowski, Darius JR Lane, Jon D. Lane, Cinzia Lanzi, Pierre Lapaquette, Louis R. Lapierre, Jocelyn Laporte, Johanna Laukkarinen, Gordon W. Laurie, Sergio Lavandero, Lena Lavie, Matthew J. LaVoie, Betty Yuen Kwan Law, Helen Ka wai Law, Kelsey B. Law, Robert Layfield, Pedro A. Lazo, Laurent Le Cam, Karine G. Le Roch, Hervé Le Stunff, Vijittra Leardkamolkarn, Marc Lecuit, Byung Hoon Lee, Che Hsin Lee, Erinna F. Lee, Gyun Min Lee, He Jin Lee, Hsinyu Lee, Jae Keun Lee, Jongdae Lee, Juhyun Lee, Jun Hee Lee, Michael Lee, Myung Shik Lee, Patty J. Lee, Sam W. Lee, Seung Jae Lee, Shiow Ju Lee, Stella Y. Lee, Sug Hyung Lee, Sung Sik Lee, Sung Joon Lee, Sunhee Lee, Ying Ray Lee, Yong J. Lee, Young H. Lee, Christiaan Leeuwenburgh, Sylvain Lefort, Renaud Legouis, Jinzhi Lei, Qun Ying Lei, David A. Leib, Gil Leibowitz, Istvan Lekli, Stéphane D. Lemaire, John J. Lemasters, Marius K. Lemberg, Antoinette Lemoine, Shuilong Leng, Guido Lenz, Paola Lenzi, Lilach O. Lerman, Daniele Lettieri Barbato, Julia I. Ju Leu, Hing Y. Leung, Beth Levine, Patrick A. Lewis, Frank Lezoualc'h, Chi Li, Faqiang Li, Feng Jun Li, Jun Li, Ke Li, Lian Li, Min Li, Qiang Li, Rui Li, Sheng Li, Wei Li, Xiaotao Li, Yumin Li, Jiqin Lian, Chengyu Liang, Qiangrong Liang, Yulin Liao, Joana Liberal, Pawel P. Liberski, Pearl Lie, Andrew P. Lieberman, Hyunjung Jade Lim, Kah Leong Lim, Kyu Lim, Raquel T. Lima, Chang Shen Lin, Chiou Feng Lin, Fang Lin, Fangming Lin, Fu Cheng Lin, Kui Lin, Kwang Huei Lin, Pei Hui Lin, Tianwei Lin, Wan Wan Lin, Yee Shin Lin, Yong Lin, Rafael Linden, Dan Lindholm, Lisa M. Lindqvist, Paul Lingor, Andreas Linkermann, Lance A. Liotta, Marta M. Lipinski, Vitor A. Lira, Michael P. Lisanti, Paloma B. Liton, Bo Liu, Chong Liu, Chun Feng Liu, Fei Liu, Hung Jen Liu, Jianxun Liu, Jing Jing Liu, Jing Lan Liu, Ke Liu, Leyuan Liu, Liang Liu, Quentin Liu, Rong Yu Liu, Shiming Liu, Shuwen Liu, Wei Liu, Xian De Liu, Xiangguo Liu, Xiao Hong Liu, Xinfeng Liu, Xu Liu, Xueqin Liu, Yang Liu, Yule Liu, Zexian Liu, Zhe Liu, Juan P. Liuzzi, Gérard Lizard, Mila Ljujic, Irfan J. Lodhi, Susan E. Logue, Bal L. Lokeshwar, Yun Chau Long, Sagar Lonial, Benjamin Loos, Carlos López Otín, Cristina López Vicario, Mar Lorente, Philip L. Lorenzi, Péter Lõrincz, Marek Los, Michael T. Lotze, Penny E. Lovat, Binfeng Lu, Bo Lu, Jiahong Lu, Qing Lu, She Min Lu, Shuyan Lu, Yingying Lu, Frédéric Luciano, Shirley Luckhart, John Milton Lucocq, Paula Ludovico, Aurelia Lugea, Nicholas W. Lukacs, Julian J. Lum, Anders H. Lund, Honglin Luo, Jia Luo, Shouqing Luo, Claudio Luparello, Timothy Lyons, Jianjie Ma, Yi Ma, Yong Ma, Zhenyi Ma, Juliano Machado, Glaucia M. Machado Santelli, Fernando Macian, Gustavo C. MacIntosh, Jeffrey P. MacKeigan, Kay F. Macleod, John D. MacMicking, Lee Ann MacMillan Crow, Frank Madeo, Muniswamy Madesh, Julio Madrigal Matute, Akiko Maeda, Tatsuya Maeda, Gustavo Maegawa, Emilia Maellaro, Hannelore Maes, Marta Magariños, Kenneth Maiese, Tapas K. Maiti, Luigi Maiuri, Maria Chiara Maiuri, Carl G. Maki, Roland Malli, Walter Malorni, Alina Maloyan, Fathia Mami Chouaib, Na Man, Joseph D. Mancias, Eva Maria Mandelkow, Michael A. Mandell, Angelo A. Manfredi, Serge N. Manié, Claudia Manzoni, Kai Mao, Zixu Mao, Zong Wan Mao, Philippe Marambaud, Anna Maria Marconi, Zvonimir Marelja, Gabriella Marfe, Marta Margeta, Eva Margittai, Muriel Mari, Francesca V. Mariani, Concepcio Marin, Sara Marinelli, Guillermo Mariño, Ivanka Markovic, Rebecca Marquez, MARTELLI, ALBERTO MARIA, Sascha Martens, Katie R. Martin, Seamus J. Martin, Shaun Martin, Miguel A. Martin Acebes, Paloma Martín Sanz, Camille Martinand Mari, Wim Martinet, Jennifer Martinez, Nuria Martinez Lopez, Ubaldo Martinez Outschoorn, Moisés Martínez Velázquez, Marta Martinez Vicente, Waleska Kerllen Martins, Hirosato Mashima, James A. Mastrianni, Giuseppe Matarese, Paola Matarrese, Roberto Mateo, Satoaki Matoba, Naomichi Matsumoto, Takehiko Matsushita, Akira Matsuura, Takeshi Matsuzawa, Mark P. Mattson, Soledad Matus, Norma Maugeri, Caroline Mauvezin, Andreas Mayer, Dusica Maysinger, Guillermo D. Mazzolini, Mary Kate McBrayer, Kimberly McCall, Craig McCormick, Gerald M. McInerney, Skye C. McIver, Sharon McKenna, John J. McMahon, Iain A. McNeish, Fatima Mechta Grigoriou, Jan Paul Medema, Diego L. Medina, Klara Megyeri, Maryam Mehrpour, Jawahar L. Mehta, Yide Mei, Ute Christiane Meier, Alfred J. Meijer, Alicia Meléndez, Gerry Melino, Sonia Melino, Edesio Jose Tenorio de Melo, Maria A. Mena, Marc D. Meneghini, Javier A. Menendez, Regina Menezes, Liesu Meng, Ling hua Meng, Songshu Meng, Rossella Menghini, A. Sue Menko, Rubem FS Menna Barreto, Manoj B. Menon, Marco A. Meraz Ríos, Giuseppe Merla, Luciano Merlini, Angelica M. Merlot, Andreas Meryk, Stefania Meschini, Joel N. Meyer, Man tian Mi, Chao Yu Miao, Lucia Micale, Simon Michaeli, Carine Michiels, FRANCO MIGLIACCIO, ANNA RITA, Anastasia Susie Mihailidou, Dalibor Mijaljica, Katsuhiko Mikoshiba, Enrico Milan, Leonor Miller Fleming, Gordon B. Mills, Ian G. Mills, Georgia Minakaki, Berge A. Minassian, Xiu Fen Ming, Farida Minibayeva, Elena A. Minina, Justine D. Mintern, Saverio Minucci, Antonio Miranda Vizuete, Claire H. Mitchell, Shigeki Miyamoto, Keisuke Miyazawa, Noboru Mizushima, Katarzyna Mnich, Baharia Mograbi, Simin Mohseni, Luis Ferreira Moita, Marco Molinari, Maurizio Molinari, Andreas Buch Møller, Bertrand Mollereau, Faustino Mollinedo, Marco Mongillo, Martha M. Monick, Serena Montagnaro, Craig Montell, Darren J. Moore, Michael N. Moore, Rodrigo Mora Rodriguez, Paula I. Moreira, Etienne Morel, Maria Beatrice Morelli, Sandra Moreno, Michael J. Morgan, Arnaud Moris, Yuji Moriyasu, Janna L. Morrison, Lynda A. Morrison, Eugenia Morselli, Jorge Moscat, Pope L. Moseley, Serge Mostowy, Elisa Motori, Denis Mottet, Jeremy C. Mottram, Charbel E. H. Moussa, Vassiliki E. Mpakou, Hasan Mukhtar, Jean M. Mulcahy Levy, Sylviane Muller, Raquel Muñoz Moreno, Cristina Muñoz Pinedo, Christian Münz, Maureen E. Murphy, James T. Murray, Aditya Murthy, Indira U. Mysorekar, Ivan R. Nabi, Massimo Nabissi, Gustavo A. Nader, Yukitoshi Nagahara, Yoshitaka Nagai, Kazuhiro Nagata, Anika Nagelkerke, Péter Nagy, Samisubbu R. Naidu, Sreejayan Nair, Hiroyasu Nakano, Hitoshi Nakatogawa, Meera Nanjundan, Gennaro Napolitano, Naweed I. Naqvi, Roberta Nardacci, Derek P. Narendra, Masashi Narita, Anna Chiara Nascimbeni, Ramesh Natarajan, Luiz C. Navegantes, Steffan T. Nawrocki, Taras Y. Nazarko, Volodymyr Y. Nazarko, Thomas Neill, Luca M. Neri, Mihai G. Netea, Romana T. Netea Maier, Bruno M. Neves, Paul A. Ney, Ioannis P. Nezis, Hang TT Nguyen, Huu Phuc Nguyen, Anne Sophie Nicot, Hilde Nilsen, Per Nilsson, Mikio Nishimura, Ichizo Nishino, Mireia Niso Santano, Hua Niu, Ralph A. Nixon, Vincent CO Njar, Takeshi Noda, Angelika A. Noegel, Elsie Magdalena Nolte, Erik Norberg, Koenraad K. Norga, Sakineh Kazemi Noureini, Shoji Notomi, Lucia Notterpek, Karin Nowikovsky, Nobuyuki Nukina, Thorsten Nürnberger, Valerie B. O'Donnell, Tracey O'Donovan, Peter J. O'Dwyer, Ina Oehme, Clara L. Oeste, Michinaga Ogawa, Besim Ogretmen, Yuji Ogura, Young J. Oh, Masaki Ohmuraya, Takayuki Ohshima, Rani Ojha, Koji Okamoto, Toshiro Okazaki, F. Javier Oliver, Karin Ollinger, Stefan Olsson, Daniel P. Orban, Paulina Ordonez, Idil Orhon, Laszlo Orosz, Eyleen J. O'Rourke, Helena Orozco, Angel L. Ortega, Elena Ortona, Laura D. Osellame, Junko Oshima, Shigeru Oshima, Heinz D. Osiewacz, Takanobu Otomo, Kinya Otsu, Jing hsiung James Ou, Tiago F. Outeiro, Dong yun Ouyang, Hongjiao Ouyang, Michael Overholtzer, Michelle A. Ozbun, P. Hande Ozdinler, Bulent Ozpolat, Consiglia Pacelli, Paolo Paganetti, Guylène Page, Gilles Pages, Ugo Pagnini, Beata Pajak, Stephen C. Pak, Karolina Pakos Zebrucka, Nazzy Pakpour, Zdena Palková, Francesca Palladino, Kathrin Pallauf, Nicolas Pallet, Marta Palmieri, Søren R. Paludan, Camilla Palumbo, Silvia Palumbo, Olatz Pampliega, Hongming Pan, Wei Pan, Theocharis Panaretakis, Aseem Pandey, Areti Pantazopoulou, Zuzana Papackova, Daniela L. Papademetrio, Issidora Papassideri, Alessio Papini, Nirmala Parajuli, Julian Pardo, Vrajesh V. Parekh, Giancarlo Parenti, Jong In Park, Junsoo Park, Ohkmae K. Park, Roy Parker, Rosanna Parlato, Jan B. Parys, Katherine R. Parzych, Jean Max Pasquet, Benoit Pasquier, Kishore BS Pasumarthi, Daniel Patschan, Cam Patterson, Sophie Pattingre, Scott Pattison, Arnim Pause, Hermann Pavenstädt, Flaminia Pavone, Zully Pedrozo, Fernando J. Peña, Miguel A. Peñalva, Mario Pende, Jianxin Peng, Fabio Penna, Josef M. Penninger, Anna Pensalfini, Salvatore Pepe, Gustavo JS Pereira, Paulo C. Pereira, Verónica Pérez de la Cruz, María Esther Pérez Pérez, Diego Pérez Rodríguez, Dolores Pérez Sala, Celine Perier, Andras Perl, David H. Perlmutter, Ida Perrotta, Shazib Pervaiz, Maija Pesonen, Jeffrey E. Pessin, Godefridus J. Peters, Morten Petersen, Irina Petrache, Basil J. Petrof, Goran Petrovski, James M. Phang, Mauro Piacentini, Marina Pierdominici, Philippe Pierre, Valérie Pierrefite Carle, Federico Pietrocola, Felipe X. Pimentel Muiños, Mario Pinar, Benjamin Pineda, Ronit Pinkas Kramarski, Marcello Pinti, Paolo Pinton, Bilal Piperdi, James M. Piret, Leonidas C. Platanias, Harald W. Platta, Edward D. Plowey, Stefanie Pöggeler, Marc Poirot, Peter Polčic, Angelo Poletti, Audrey H. Poon, Hana Popelka, Blagovesta Popova, Izabela Poprawa, Shibu M. Poulose, Joanna Poulton, Scott K. Powers, Ted Powers, Mercedes Pozuelo Rubio, Krisna Prak, Reinhild Prange, Mark Prescott, Muriel Priault, Sharon Prince, Richard L. Proia, Tassula Proikas Cezanne, Holger Prokisch, Vasilis J. Promponas, Karin Przyklenk, Rosa Puertollano, Subbiah Pugazhenthi, Luigi Puglielli, Aurora Pujol, Julien Puyal, Dohun Pyeon, Xin Qi, Wen bin Qian, Zheng Hong Qin, Yu Qiu, Ziwei Qu, Joe Quadrilatero, Frederick Quinn, Nina Raben, Hannah Rabinowich, Flavia Radogna, Michael J. Ragusa, Mohamed Rahmani, Komal Raina, Sasanka Ramanadham, Rajagopal Ramesh, Abdelhaq Rami, Sarron Randall Demllo, Felix Randow, Hai Rao, V. Ashutosh Rao, Blake B. Rasmussen, Tobias M. Rasse, Edward A. Ratovitski, Pierre Emmanuel Rautou, Swapan K. Ray, Babak Razani, Bruce H. Reed, Fulvio Reggiori, Markus Rehm, Andreas S. Reichert, Theo Rein, David J. Reiner, Eric Reits, Jun Ren, Xingcong Ren, Maurizio Renna, Jane EB Reusch, Jose L. Revuelta, Leticia Reyes, Alireza R. Rezaie, Robert I. Richards, Des R. Richardson, Clémence Richetta, Michael A. Riehle, Bertrand H. Rihn, Yasuko Rikihisa, Brigit E. Riley, Gerald Rimbach, Maria Rita Rippo, Konstantinos Ritis, Federica Rizzi, Elizete Rizzo, Peter J. Roach, Jeffrey Robbins, Michel Roberge, Gabriela Roca, Maria Carmela Roccheri, Sonia Rocha, Cecilia MP Rodrigues, Clara I. Rodríguez, Santiago Rodriguez de Cordoba, Natalia Rodriguez Muela, Jeroen Roelofs, Vladimir V. Rogov, Troy T. Rohn, Bärbel Rohrer, Davide Romanelli, Luigina Romani, Patricia Silvia Romano, M. Isabel G. Roncero, Jose Luis Rosa, Alicia Rosello, Kirill V. Rosen, Philip Rosenstiel, Magdalena Rost Roszkowska, Kevin A. Roth, Gael Roué, Mustapha Rouis, Kasper M. Rouschop, Daniel T. Ruan, Diego Ruano, David C. Rubinsztein, Edmund B. Rucker III, Assaf Rudich, Emil Rudolf, Ruediger Rudolf, Markus A. Ruegg, Carmen Ruiz Roldan, Avnika Ashok Ruparelia, Paola Rusmini, David W. Russ, Gian Luigi Russo, Giuseppe Russo, Rossella Russo, Tor Erik Rusten, Victoria Ryabovol, Kevin M. Ryan, Stefan W. Ryter, David M. Sabatini, Michael Sacher, Carsten Sachse, Michael N. Sack, Junichi Sadoshima, Paul Saftig, Ronit Sagi Eisenberg, Sumit Sahni, Pothana Saikumar, Tsunenori Saito, Tatsuya Saitoh, Koichi Sakakura, Machiko Sakoh Nakatogawa, Yasuhito Sakuraba, María Salazar Roa, Paolo Salomoni, Ashok K. Saluja, Paul M. Salvaterra, Rosa Salvioli, Afshin Samali, Anthony MJ Sanchez, José A. Sánchez Alcázar, Ricardo Sanchez Prieto, Marco Sandri, Miguel A. Sanjuan, Stefano Santaguida, Laura Santambrogio, Giorgio Santoni, Claudia Nunes dos Santos, Shweta Saran, Marco Sardiello, Graeme Sargent, Pallabi Sarkar, Sovan Sarkar, Maria Rosa Sarrias, Minnie M. Sarwal, Chihiro Sasakawa, Motoko Sasaki, Miklos Sass, Ken Sato, Miyuki Sato, Joseph Satriano, Niramol Savaraj, Svetlana Saveljeva, Liliana Schaefer, Ulrich E. Schaible, Michael Scharl, Hermann M. Schatzl, Randy Schekman, Wiep Scheper, Alfonso Schiavi, Hyman M. Schipper, Hana Schmeisser, Jens Schmidt, Ingo Schmitz, Bianca E. Schneider, E. Marion Schneider, Jaime L. Schneider, Eric A. Schon, Miriam J. Schönenberger, Axel H. Schönthal, Daniel F. Schorderet, Bernd Schröder, Sebastian Schuck, Ryan J. Schulze, Melanie Schwarten, Thomas L. Schwarz, Sebastiano Sciarretta, Kathleen Scotto, A. Ivana Scovassi, Robert A. Screaton, Mark Screen, Hugo Seca, Simon Sedej, Laura Segatori, Nava Segev, Per O. Seglen, Jose M. Seguí Simarro, Juan Segura Aguilar, Ekihiro Seki, Iban Seiliez, Christian Sell, Clay F. Semenkovich, Gregg L. Semenza, Utpal Sen, Andreas L. Serra, Ana Serrano Puebla, Hiromi Sesaki, Takao Setoguchi, Carmine Settembre, John J. Shacka, Ayesha N. Shajahan Haq, Irving M. Shapiro, Shweta Sharma, Hua She, C. K. James Shen, Chiung Chyi Shen, Han Ming Shen, Sanbing Shen, Weili Shen, Rui Sheng, Xianyong Sheng, Zu Hang Sheng, Trevor G. Shepherd, Junyan Shi, Qiang Shi, Qinghua Shi, Yuguang Shi, Shusaku Shibutani, Kenichi Shibuya, Yoshihiro Shidoji, Jeng Jer Shieh, Chwen Ming Shih, Yohta Shimada, Shigeomi Shimizu, Dong Wook Shin, Mari L. Shinohara, Michiko Shintani, Takahiro Shintani, Tetsuo Shioi, Ken Shirabe, Ronit Shiri Sverdlov, Orian Shirihai, Gordon C. Shore, Chih Wen Shu, Deepak Shukla, Andriy A. Sibirny, Valentina Sica, Christina J. Sigurdson, Einar M. Sigurdsson, Puran Singh Sijwali, Beata Sikorska, Wilian A. Silveira, Sandrine Silvente Poirot, Gary A. Silverman, Jan Simak, Thomas Simmet, Anna Katharina Simon, Hans Uwe Simon, Cristiano Simone, Matias Simons, Anne Simonsen, Rajat Singh, Shivendra V. Singh, Shrawan K. Singh, Debasish Sinha, Sangita Sinha, Frank A. Sinicrope, Agnieszka Sirko, Kapil Sirohi, Balindiwe JN Sishi, Annie Sittler, Parco M. Siu, Efthimios Sivridis, Anna Skwarska, Ruth Slack, Iva Slaninová, Nikolai Slavov, Soraya S. Smaili, Keiran SM Smalley, Duncan R. Smith, Stefaan J. Soenen, Scott A. Soleimanpour, Anita Solhaug, Kumaravel Somasundaram, Jin H. Son, Avinash Sonawane, Chunjuan Song, Fuyong Song, Hyun Kyu Song, Ju Xian Song, Wei Song, Kai Y. Soo, Anil K. Sood, Tuck Wah Soong, Virawudh Soontornniyomkij, Maurizio Sorice, Federica Sotgia, David R. Soto Pantoja, Areechun Sotthibundhu, Maria João Sousa, Herman P. Spaink, Paul N. Span, Anne Spang, Janet D. Sparks, Peter G. Speck, Stephen A. Spector, Claudia D. Spies, Wolfdieter Springer, Daret St Clair, Alessandra Stacchiotti, Bart Staels, Michael T. Stang, Daniel T. Starczynowski, Petro Starokadomskyy, Clemens Steegborn, John W. Steele, Leonidas Stefanis, Joan Steffan, Christine M. Stellrecht, Harald Stenmark, Tomasz M. Stepkowski, Stęphan T. Stern, Craig Stevens, Brent R. Stockwell, Veronika Stoka, Zuzana Storchova, Björn Stork, Vassilis Stratoulias, Dimitrios J. Stravopodis, Pavel Strnad, Anne Marie Strohecker, Anna Lena Ström, Per Stromhaug, Jiri Stulik, Yu Xiong Su, Zhaoliang Su, Carlos S. Subauste, Srinivasa Subramaniam, Carolyn M. Sue, Sang Won Suh, Xinbing Sui, Supawadee Sukseree, David Sulzer, Fang Lin Sun, Jiaren Sun, Jun Sun, Shi Yong Sun, Yang Sun, Yi Sun, Yingjie Sun, Vinod Sundaramoorthy, Joseph Sung, Hidekazu Suzuki, Kuninori Suzuki, Naoki Suzuki, Tadashi Suzuki, Yuichiro J. Suzuki, Michele S. Swanson, Charles Swanton, Karl Swärd, Ghanshyam Swarup, Sean T. Sweeney, Paul W. Sylvester, Zsuzsanna Szatmari, Eva Szegezdi, Peter W. Szlosarek, Heinrich Taegtmeyer, Marco Tafani, Emmanuel Taillebourg, Stephen WG Tait, Krisztina Takacs Vellai, Yoshinori Takahashi, Szabolcs Takáts, Genzou Takemura, Nagio Takigawa, Nicholas J. Talbot, Elena Tamagno, Jerome Tamburini, Cai Ping Tan, Lan Tan, Mei Lan Tan, Ming Tan, Yee Joo Tan, Keiji Tanaka, Masaki Tanaka, Daolin Tang, Dingzhong Tang, Guomei Tang, Isei Tanida, Kunikazu Tanji, Bakhos A. Tannous, Jose A. Tapia, Inmaculada Tasset Cuevas, Marc Tatar, Iman Tavassoly, Nektarios Tavernarakis, Allen Taylor, Graham S. Taylor, Gregory A. Taylor, J. Paul Taylor, Mark J. Taylor, Elena V. Tchetina, Andrew R. Tee, Fatima Teixeira Clerc, Sucheta Telang, Tewin Tencomnao, Ba Bie Teng, Ru Jeng Teng, Faraj Terro, Gianluca Tettamanti, Arianne L. Theiss, Anne E. Theron, Kelly Jean Thomas, Marcos P. Thomé, Paul G. Thomes, Andrew Thorburn, Jeremy Thorner, Thomas Thum, Michael Thumm, Teresa LM Thurston, Ling Tian, Andreas Till, Jenny Pan yun Ting, Vladimir I. Titorenko, Lilach Toker, Stefano Toldo, Sharon A. Tooze, Ivan Topisirovic, Maria Lyngaas Torgersen, Liliana Torosantucci, Alicia Torriglia, Maria Rosaria Torrisi, Cathy Tournier, Roberto Towns, Vladimir Trajkovic, Leonardo H. Travassos, Gemma Triola, Durga Nand Tripathi, Daniela Trisciuoglio, Rodrigo Troncoso, Ioannis P. Trougakos, Anita C. Truttmann, Kuen Jer Tsai, Mario P. Tschan, Yi Hsin Tseng, Takayuki Tsukuba, Allan Tsung, Andrey S. Tsvetkov, Shuiping Tu, Hsing Yu Tuan, Marco Tucci, David A. Tumbarello, Boris Turk, Vito Turk, Robin FB Turner, Anders A. Tveita, Suresh C. Tyagi, Makoto Ubukata, Yasuo Uchiyama, Andrej Udelnow, Takashi Ueno, Midori Umekawa, Rika Umemiya Shirafuji, Benjamin R. Underwood, Christian Ungermann, Rodrigo P. Ureshino, Ryo Ushioda, Vladimir N. Uversky, Néstor L. Uzcátegui, Thomas Vaccari, Maria I. Vaccaro, Libuše Váchová, Helin Vakifahmetoglu Norberg, Rut Valdor, Enza Maria Valente, Francois Vallette, Angela M. Valverde, Greet Van den Berghe, Ludo Van Den Bosch, Gijs R. van den Brink, F. Gisou van der Goot, Ida J. van der Klei, Luc JW van der Laan, Wouter G. van Doorn, Marjolein van Egmond, Kenneth L. van Golen, Luc Van Kaer, Menno van Lookeren Campagne, Peter Vandenabeele, Wim Vandenberghe, Ilse Vanhorebeek, Isabel Varela Nieto, M. Helena Vasconcelos, Radovan Vasko, Demetrios G. Vavvas, Ignacio Vega Naredo, Guillermo Velasco, Athanassios D. Velentzas, Panagiotis D. Velentzas, Tibor Vellai, Edo Vellenga, Mikkel Holm Vendelbo, Kartik Venkatachalam, Natascia Ventura, Salvador Ventura, Patrícia ST Veras, Mireille Verdier, Beata G. Vertessy, Andrea Viale, Michel Vidal, Helena LA Vieira, Richard D. Vierstra, Nadarajah Vigneswaran, Neeraj Vij, Miquel Vila, Margarita Villar, Victor H. Villar, Joan Villarroya, Cécile Vindis, Giampietro Viola, Maria Teresa Viscomi, Giovanni Vitale, Dan T. Vogl, Olga V. Voitsekhovskaja, Clarissa von Haefen, Karin von Schwarzenberg, Daniel E. Voth, Valérie Vouret Craviari, Kristina Vuori, Jatin M. Vyas, Christian Waeber, Cheryl Lyn Walker, Mark J. Walker, Jochen Walter, Lei Wan, Xiangbo Wan, Bo Wang, Caihong Wang, Chao Yung Wang, Chengshu Wang, Chenran Wang, Chuangui Wang, Dong Wang, Fen Wang, Fuxin Wang, Guanghui Wang, Hai jie Wang, Haichao Wang, Hong Gang Wang, Hongmin Wang, Horng Dar Wang, Jing Wang, Junjun Wang, Mei Wang, Mei Qing Wang, Pei Yu Wang, Peng Wang, Richard C. Wang, Shuo Wang, Ting Fang Wang, Xian Wang, Xiao jia Wang, Xiao Wei Wang, Xin Wang, Xuejun Wang, Yan Wang, Yanming Wang, Ying Wang, Ying Jan Wang, Yipeng Wang, Yu Wang, Yu Tian Wang, Yuqing Wang, Zhi Nong Wang, Pablo Wappner, Carl Ward, Diane McVey Ward, Gary Warnes, Hirotaka Watada, Yoshihisa Watanabe, Kei Watase, Timothy E. Full Terms, Conditions of access, use can be found at h.t.t.p.:././.w.w.w. t.a.n.d.f.o.n.l.i.n.e. com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=kaup20 Download by: [Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna] Date: 23 September 2016, At: 06:43 Weaver, Colin D. Weekes, Jiwu Wei, Thomas Weide, Conrad C. Weihl, Günther Weindl, Simone Nardin Weis, Longping Wen, Xin Wen, Yunfei Wen, Benedikt Westermann, Cornelia M. Weyand, Anthony R. White, Eileen White, J. Lindsay Whitton, Alexander J. Whitworth, Joëlle Wiels, Franziska Wild, Manon E. Wildenberg, Tom Wileman, Deepti Srinivas Wilkinson, Simon Wilkinson, Dieter Willbold, Chris Williams, Katherine Williams, Peter R. Williamson, Konstanze F. Winklhofer, Steven S. Witkin, Stephanie E. Wohlgemuth, Thomas Wollert, Ernst J. Wolvetang, Esther Wong, G. William Wong, Richard W. Wong, Vincent Kam Wai Wong, Elizabeth A. Woodcock, Karen L. Wright, Chunlai Wu, Defeng Wu, Gen Sheng Wu, Jian Wu, Junfang Wu, Mian Wu, Min Wu, Shengzhou Wu, William KK Wu, Yaohua Wu, Zhenlong Wu, Cristina PR Xavier, Ramnik J. Xavier, Gui Xian Xia, Tian Xia, Weiliang Xia, Yong Xia, Hengyi Xiao, Jian Xiao, Shi Xiao, Wuhan Xiao, Chuan Ming Xie, Zhiping Xie, Zhonglin Xie, Maria Xilouri, Yuyan Xiong, Chuanshan Xu, Congfeng Xu, Feng Xu, Haoxing Xu, Hongwei Xu, Jian Xu, Jianzhen Xu, Jinxian Xu, Liang Xu, Xiaolei Xu, Yangqing Xu, Ye Xu, Zhi Xiang Xu, Ziheng Xu, Yu Xue, Takahiro Yamada, Ai Yamamoto, Koji Yamanaka, Shunhei Yamashina, Shigeko Yamashiro, Bing Yan, Bo Yan, Xianghua Yan, Zhen Yan, Yasuo Yanagi, Dun Sheng Yang, Jin Ming Yang, Liu Yang, Minghua Yang, Pei Ming Yang, Peixin Yang, Qian Yang, Wannian Yang, Wei Yuan Yang, Xuesong Yang, Yi Yang, Ying Yang, Zhifen Yang, Zhihong Yang, Meng Chao Yao, Pamela J. Yao, Xiaofeng Yao, Zhenyu Yao, Zhiyuan Yao, Linda S. Yasui, Mingxiang Ye, Barry Yedvobnick, Behzad Yeganeh, Elizabeth S. Yeh, Patricia L. Yeyati, Fan Yi, Long Yi, Xiao Ming Yin, Calvin K. Yip, Yeong Min Yoo, Young Hyun Yoo, Seung Yong Yoon, Ken Ichi Yoshida, Tamotsu Yoshimori, Ken H. Young, Huixin Yu, Jane J. Yu, Jin Tai Yu, Jun Yu, Li Yu, W. Haung Yu, Xiao Fang Yu, Zhengping Yu, Junying Yuan, Zhi Min Yuan, Beatrice YJT Yue, Jianbo Yue, Zhenyu Yue, David N. Zacks, Eldad Zacksenhaus, Nadia Zaffaroni, Tania Zaglia, Zahra Zakeri, Vincent Zecchini, Jinsheng Zeng, Min Zeng, Qi Zeng, Antonis S. Zervos, Donna D. Zhang, Fan Zhang, Guo Zhang, Guo Chang Zhang, Hao Zhang, Hong Zhang, Hongbing Zhang, Jian Zhang, Jiangwei Zhang, Jianhua Zhang, Jing pu Zhang, Li Zhang, Lin Zhang, Long Zhang, Ming Yong Zhang, Xiangnan Zhang, Xu Dong Zhang, Yan Zhang, Yang Zhang, Yanjin Zhang, Yingmei Zhang, Yunjiao Zhang, Mei Zhao, Wei Li Zhao, Xiaonan Zhao, Yan G. Zhao, Ying Zhao, Yongchao Zhao, Yu xia Zhao, Zhendong Zhao, Zhizhuang J. Zhao, Dexian Zheng, Xi Long Zheng, Xiaoxiang Zheng, Boris Zhivotovsky, Qing Zhong, Guang Zhou Zhou, Guofei Zhou, Huiping Zhou, Shu Feng Zhou, Xu jie Zhou, Hongxin Zhu, Hua Zhu, Wei Guo Zhu, Wenhua Zhu, Xiao Feng Zhu, Yuhua Zhu, Shi Mei Zhuang, Xiaohong Zhuang, Elio Ziparo, Christos E. Zois, Teresa Zoladek, Wei Xing Zong, Antonio Zorzano, Susu M. Zughaier, Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Tokyo Medical University, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJ), Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Harwell, University of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Medicine, Partenaires INRAE, University of Toronto, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU), University of Colorado [Boulder], Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Lab, Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), University of Vienna [Vienna], Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research and School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin [Dublin] (UCD), Georgetown University, Candiolo Cancer Institute (IRCCS), Centro de Investigacion Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III [Madrid] (ISC), Ikerbasque - Basque Foundation for Science, Cleveland Clinic, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson (Philadelphia University + Thomas Jefferson University), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University College of London [London] (UCL)-Institute of Neurology, Thérapie génique, Génomique et Epigénomique (U 1169), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Osaka University, Department of Experimental Medicine and Public Health, University of Camerino, University of Barcelona, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie (IUH), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Génomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs Solides (U1162), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), University of Zaragoza - Universidad de Zaragoza [Zaragoza], Department of Pharmaco-Biology, Università della Calabria [Arcavacata di Rende] (Unical), Fondation Universitaire Notre Dame de la Paix (FUNDP), Facultés Universitaires Notre Dame de la Paix (FUNDP), USC Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, University of Southern California (USC), Physiopathologie de la survie et de la mort cellulaire et infection virale, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-IFR50-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Giannina Gaslini Institute, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University (IMAU), Politecnico di Milano [Milan] (POLIMI), Department of Civil, Geological, and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal (EPM)-NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Institut de Recherche sur le Cancer et le Vieillissement (IRCAN), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Department of Molecular Medicine, Institut Pasteur, Fondation Cenci Bolognetti - Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome], Physiopathologie du système nerveux central - Institut François Magendie, Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-IFR8-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Laboratory of Experimental Virology - Department of Medical Microbiology [Amsterdam, The Netherlands], Academic Medical Center - Academisch Medisch Centrum [Amsterdam] (AMC), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA)-University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA)-Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam - CINIMA [Amsterdam, The Netherlands], Centre de résonance magnétique biologique et médicale (CRMBM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dynamique des interactions membranaires normales et pathologiques (DIMNP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, Celullar and Molecular Medicine, Infection bactérienne, inflammation, et carcinogenèse digestive, University of Edinburgh, Unité de Nutrition Humaine (UNH), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I (UdA)-Clermont Université, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University [Istanbul], University of Science and Technology Beijing [Beijing] (USTB), Centre for Computational and Systems Biology (COSBI), Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme (DMEM), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), CAS Institute of Oceanology (IOCAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Polytechnic University of Marche, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, University of Pisa - Università di Pisa, Dulbecco Telethon Institute/Department of Biology, Fondation de Recherche Cancer et Sang - Hôpital Kirchberg, China University of Petroleum, Unilever R&D, University of Queensland [Brisbane], University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux - EA 4038 (LGPM), CentraleSupélec, Institute for Advanced Study [Tsinghua], Tsinghua University [Beijing] (THU), Nanayang Technological University (NTU), Nanayang Technological University, Institute of Microelectronics [Beijing] (IMETU), Laboratoire de photonique et de nanostructures (LPN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes (IBMP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Northwestern Polytechnical University [Xi'an] (NPU), University of Pennsylvania [Philadelphia], City University of Hong Kong (CityU), Department of Mathematics [Berkeley], University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California, ZJU-ENS Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Zhejiang University, University of Cincinnati (UC), Réponses immunes : régulation et développement, Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), The University of New Mexico [Albuquerque], Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (CRICM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia (UNIMORE), Department of Experimental Medicine and Oncology, University of Turin, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CNV, University of Valparaiso, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - UFR d'Arts plastiques et sciences de l'art (UP1 UFR04), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery [Jena], Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Récepteurs nucléaires, maladies cardiovasculaires et diabète - U 1011 (RNMCD), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Université de Lille-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Macrophages et Développement de l’Immunité, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Immunobiologie des Cellules Dendritiques, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre d'infectiologie Necker-Pasteur [CHU Necker], Institut Pasteur [Paris]-CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Institut Pasteur [Paris], Trafic membranaire et Division cellulaire - Membrane Traffic and Cell Division, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pasteur [Paris], Cibles thérapeutiques, formulation et expertise pré-clinique du médicament (CITHEFOR), Université de Lorraine (UL), This work was supported in part by the National Institutes of Health, including Public Health Service grant GM053396 to D.J.K. Due to space and other limitations, it is not possible to include all other sources of financial support., In a rapidly expanding and highly dynamic field such as autophagy, it is possible that some authors who should have been included on this article have been missed. D.J.K. extends his apologies to researchers in the field of autophagy who, due to oversight or any other reason, could not be included on this article. I also note that two of our colleagues on this manuscript have passed away: Arlette Darfeuille-Michaud and Wouter van Doorn., Life Sciences Institute [Ann Arbor, MI, USA], Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, CNRS UMR 5200, Université de Bordeaux, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, Villenave d'Ornon, France., Amelio, Ivano [0000-0002-9126-5391], Beale, Rupert [0000-0002-6705-8560], Floto, Andres [0000-0002-2188-5659], Frezza, Christian [0000-0002-3293-7397], Ktistakis, Nicholas [0000-0001-9397-2914], Melino, Gerry [0000-0001-9428-5972], Narita, Masashi [0000-0001-7764-577X], Rubinsztein, David [0000-0001-5002-5263], Underwood, Benjamin [0000-0003-3427-9487], Whitworth, Alex [0000-0002-1154-6629], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Université Catholique de Louvain, Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR50-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' [Rome], Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-IFR50-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité de Nutrition Humaine - Clermont Auvergne (UNH), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), University of Minnesota [Twin Cities], Tsinghua University [Beijing], Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - UFR d'Arts plastiques et sciences de l'art (UP1 UFR04), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), Récepteurs nucléaires, maladies cardiovasculaires et diabète (EGID), Université de Lille, Droit et Santé-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille), CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Trafic membranaire et Division cellulaire, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Klionsky, D., Abdelmohsen, K., Abe, A., Abedin, M., Abeliovich, H., Acevedo Arozena, A., Adachi, H., Adams, C., Adams, P., Adeli, K., Adhihetty, P., Adler, S., Agam, G., Agarwal, R., Aghi, M., Agnello, M., Agostinis, P., Aguilar, P., Aguirre-Ghiso, J., Airoldi, E., Ait-Si-Ali, S., Akematsu, T., Akporiaye, E., Al-Rubeai, M., Albaiceta, G., Albanese, C., Albani, D., Albert, M., Aldudo, J., Algül, H., Alirezaei, M., Alloza, I., Almasan, A., Almonte-Beceril, M., Alnemri, E., Alonso, C., Altan-Bonnet, N., Altieri, D., Alvarez, S., Alvarez-Erviti, L., Alves, S., Amadoro, G., Amano, A., Amantini, C., Ambrosio, S., Amelio, I., Amer, A., Amessou, M., Amon, A., 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Mark, Coppens, Isabelle, Corasaniti, Maria Tiziana, Corazzari, Marco, Corbalan, Ramon, Corcelle Termeau, Elisabeth, Cordero, Mario D, Corral Ramos, Cristina, Corti, Olga, Cossarizza, Andrea, Costelli, Paola, Costes, Safia, Cotman, Susan L, Coto Montes, Ana, Cottet, Sandra, Couve, Eduardo, Covey, Lori R, Cowart, L. 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Tony, El Deiry, Wafik S, El Khoury, Victoria, Elazar, Zvulun, Eldar Finkelman, Hagit, Elliott, Chris Jh, Emanuele, Enzo, Emmenegger, Urban, Engedal, Nikolai, Engelbrecht, Anna Mart, Engelender, Simone, Enserink, Jorrit M, Erdmann, Ralf, Erenpreisa, Jekaterina, Eri, Rajaraman, Eriksen, Jason L, Erman, Andreja, Escalante, Ricardo, Eskelinen, Eeva Liisa, Espert, Lucile, Esteban Martínez, Lorena, Evans, Thomas J, Fabri, Mario, Fabrias, Gemma, Fabrizi, Cinzia, Facchiano, Antonio, Færgeman, Nils J, Faggioni, Alberto, Fairlie, W. 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Berghe, G, Van Den Bosch, L, van den Brink, Gr, van der Goot, Fg, van der Klei, Ij, van der Laan, Lj, van Doorn, Wg, van Egmond, M, van Golen, Kl, Van Kaer, L, van Lookeren Campagne, M, Vandenabeele, P, Vandenberghe, W, Vanhorebeek, I, Varela Nieto, I, Vasconcelos, Mh, Vasko, R, Vavvas, Dg, Vega Naredo, I, Velasco, G, Velentzas, Ad, Velentzas, Pd, Vellai, T, Vellenga, E, Vendelbo, Mh, Venkatachalam, K, Ventura, N, Ventura, S, Veras, P, Verdier, M, Vertessy, Bg, Viale, A, Vidal, M, Vieira, H, Vierstra, Rd, Vigneswaran, N, Vij, N, Vila, M, Villar, M, Villar, Vh, Villarroya, J, Vindis, C, Viola, G, Viscomi, Mt, Vitale, G, Vogl, Dt, Voitsekhovskaja, Ov, von Haefen, C, von Schwarzenberg, K, Voth, De, Vouret Craviari, V, Vuori, K, Vyas, Jm, Waeber, C, Walker, Cl, Walker, Mj, Walter, J, Wan, L, Wan, X, Wang, B, Wang, C, Wang, Cy, Wang, D, Wang, F, Wang, G, Wang, Hj, Wang, H, Wang, Hg, Wang, Hd, Wang, J, Wang, M, Wang, Mq, Wang, Py, Wang, P, Wang, Rc, Wang, S, Wang, Tf, Wang, X, Wang, Xj, 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Yang, W, Yang, Wy, Yang, X, Yang, Y, Yang, Z, Yao, Mc, Yao, Pj, Yao, X, Yao, Z, Yasui, L, Ye, M, Yedvobnick, B, Yeganeh, B, Yeh, E, Yeyati, Pl, Yi, F, Yi, L, Yin, Xm, Yip, Ck, Yoo, Ym, Yoo, Yh, Yoon, Sy, Yoshida, Ki, Yoshimori, T, Young, Kh, Yu, H, Yu, Jj, Yu, Jt, Yu, J, Yu, L, Yu, Wh, Yu, Xf, Yu, Z, Yuan, J, Yuan, Zm, Yue, By, Yue, J, Yue, Z, Zacks, Dn, Zacksenhaus, E, Zaffaroni, N, Zaglia, T, Zakeri, Z, Zecchini, V, Zeng, J, Zeng, M, Zeng, Q, Zervos, A, Zhang, Dd, Zhang, F, Zhang, G, Zhang, Gc, Zhang, H, Zhang, J, Zhang, Jp, Zhang, L, Zhang, My, Zhang, X, Zhang, Xd, Zhang, Y, Zhao, M, Zhao, Wl, Zhao, X, Zhao, Yg, Zhao, Y, Zhao, Yx, Zhao, Z, Zhao, Zj, Zheng, D, Zheng, Xl, Zheng, X, Zhivotovsky, B, Zhong, Q, Zhou, Gz, Zhou, G, Zhou, H, Zhou, Sf, Zhou, Xj, Zhu, H, Zhu, Wg, Zhu, W, Zhu, Xf, Zhu, Y, Zhuang, Sm, Zhuang, X, Ziparo, E, Zois, Ce, Zoladek, T, Zong, Wx, Zorzano, A, Zughaier, Sm, AII - Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Other departments, CCA -Cancer Center Amsterdam, Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Radiotherapy, AGEM - Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Medical Biochemistry, ANS - Cellular & Molecular Mechanisms, Cell Biology and Histology, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Daniel J Klionsky, Kotb Abdelmohsen, Akihisa Abe, Md Joynal Abedin, Hagai Abeliovich, Abraham Acevedo Arozena, Hiroaki Adachi, Christopher M Adam, Peter D Adam, Khosrow Adeli, Peter J Adhihetty, Sharon G Adler, Galila Agam, Rajesh Agarwal, Manish K Aghi, Maria Agnello, Patrizia Agostini, Patricia V Aguilar, Julio Aguirre-Ghiso, Edoardo M Airoldi, Slimane Ait-Si-Ali, Takahiko Akematsu, Emmanuel T Akporiaye, Mohamed Al-Rubeai, Guillermo M Albaiceta, Chris Albanese, Diego Albani, Matthew L Albert, Jesus Aldudo, Hana Algül, Mehrdad Alirezaei, Iraide Alloza, Alexandru Almasan, Maylin Almonte-Beceril, Emad S Alnemri, Covadonga Alonso, Nihal Altan-Bonnet, Dario C Altieri, Silvia Alvarez, Lydia Alvarez- Erviti, Sandro Alve, Giuseppina Amadoro, Atsuo Amano, Consuelo Amantini, Santiago Ambrosio, Ivano Amelio, Amal O Amer, Mohamed Amessou, Angelika Amon, Zhenyi An, Frank A Anania, Stig U Andersen, Usha P Andley, Catherine K Andreadi, Nathalie Andrieu- Abadie, Alberto Anel, David K Ann, Shailendra Anoopkumar-Dukie, Manuela Antonioli, Hiroshi Aoki, Nadezda Apostolova, Saveria Aquila, Katia Aquilano, Koichi Araki, Eli Arama, Agustin Aranda, Jun Araya, Alexandre Arcaro, Esperanza Aria, Hirokazu Arimoto, Aileen R Ariosa, Jane L Armstrong, Thierry Arnould, Ivica Arsov, Katsuhiko Asanuma, Valerie Askana, Eric Asselin, Ryuichiro Atarashi, Sally S Atherton, Julie D Atkin, Laura D Attardi, Patrick Auberger, Georg Auburger, Laure Aurelian, Riccardo Autelli, Laura Avagliano, Maria Laura Avantaggiati, Limor Avrahami, Suresh Awale, Neelam Azad, Tiziana Bachetti, Jonathan M Backer, Dong- Hun Bae, Jae-sung Bae, Ok-Nam Bae, Soo Han Bae, Eric H Baehrecke, Seung-Hoon Baek, Stephen Baghdiguian, Agnieszka Bagniewska-Zadworna, Hua Bai, Jie Bai, Xue-Yuan Bai, Yannick Bailly, Kithiganahalli Narayanaswamy Balaji, Walter Balduini, Andrea Ballabio, Rena Balzan, Rajkumar Banerjee, Gábor Bánhegyi, Haijun Bao, Benoit Barbeau, Maria D Barrachina, Esther Barreiro, Bonnie Bartel, Alberto Bartolomé, Diane C Bassham, Maria Teresa Bassi, Robert C Bast Jr, Alakananda Basu, Maria Teresa Batista, Henri Batoko, Maurizio Battino, Kyle Bauckman, Bradley L Baumgarner, K Ulrich Bayer, Rupert Beale, Jean-François Beaulieu, George R. Beck Jr, Christoph Becker, J David Beckham, Pierre-André Bédard, Patrick J Bednarski, Thomas J Begley, Christian Behl, Christian Behrend, Georg MN Behren, Kevin E Behrn, Eloy Bejarano, Amine Belaid, Francesca Belleudi, Giovanni Bénard, Guy Berchem, Daniele Bergamaschi, Matteo Bergami, Ben Berkhout, Laura Berliocchi, Amélie Bernard, Monique Bernard, Francesca Bernassola, Anne Bertolotti, Amanda S Be, Sébastien Besteiro, Saverio Bettuzzi, Savita Bhalla, Shalmoli Bhattacharyya, Sujit K Bhutia, Caroline Biagosch, Michele Wolfe Bianchi, Martine Biard-Piechaczyk, Viktor Bille, Claudia Bincoletto, Baris Bingol, Sara W Bird, Marc Bitoun, Ivana Bjedov, Craig Blackstone, Lionel Blanc, Guillermo A Blanco, Heidi Kiil Blomhoff, Emilio Boada-Romero, Stefan Böckler, Marianne Boe, Kathleen Boesze-Battaglia, Lawrence H Boise, Alessandra Bolino, Andrea Boman, Paolo Bonaldo, Matteo Bordi, Jürgen Bosch, Luis M Botana, Joelle Botti, German Bou, Marina Bouché, Marion Bouchecareilh, Marie- Josée Boucher, Michael E Boulton, Sebastien G Bouret, Patricia Boya, Michaël Boyer-Guittaut, Peter V Bozhkov, Nathan Brady, Vania MM Braga, Claudio Brancolini, Gerhard H Brau, José M Bravo-San Pedro, Lisa A Brennan, Emery H Bresnick, Patrick Brest, Dave Bridge, MarieAgnès Bringer, Marisa Brini, Glauber C Brito, Bertha Brodin, Paul S Brooke, Eric J Brown, Karen Brown, Hal E Broxmeyer, Alain Bruhat, Patricia Chakur Brum, John H Brumell, Nicola Brunetti-Pierri, Robert J Bryson-Richardson, Shilpa Buch, Alastair M Buchan, Hikmet Budak, Dmitry V Bulavin, Scott J Bultman, Geert Bultynck, Vladimir Bumbasirevic, Yan Burelle, Robert E Burke, Margit Burmeister, Peter Bütikofer, Laura Caberlotto, Ken Cadwell, Monika Cahova, Dongsheng Cai, Jingjing Cai, Qian Cai, Sara Calatayud, Nadine Camougrand, Michelangelo Campanella, Grant R Campbell, Matthew Campbell, Silvia Campello, Robin Candau, Isabella Caniggia, Lavinia Cantoni, Lizhi Cao, Allan B Caplan, Michele Caraglia, Claudio Cardinali, Sandra Morais Cardoso, Jennifer S Carew, Laura A Carleton, Cathleen R Carlin, Silvia Carloni, Sven R Carlsson, Didac Carmona-Gutierrez, Leticia AM Carneiro, Oliana Carnevali, Serena Carra, Alice Carrier, Bernadette Carroll, Caty Casa, Josefina Casa, Giuliana Cassinelli, Perrine Castet, Susana Castro-Obregon, Gabriella Cavallini, Isabella Ceccherini, Francesco Cecconi, Arthur I Cederbaum, Valentín Ceña, Simone Cenci, Claudia Cerella, Davide Cervia, Silvia Cetrullo, Hassan Chaachouay, Han-Jung Chae, Andrei S Chagin, Chee-Yin Chai, Gopal Chakrabarti, Georgios Chamilo, Edmond YW Chan, Matthew TV Chan, Dhyan Chandra, Pallavi Chandra, Chih-Peng Chang, Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang, Ta Yuan Chang, John C Chatham, Saurabh Chatterjee, Santosh Chauhan, Yongsheng Che, Michael E Cheetham, Rajkumar Cheluvappa, Chun-Jung Chen, Gang Chen, Guang-Chao Chen, Guoqiang Chen, Hongzhuan Chen, Jeff W Chen, Jian-Kang Chen, Min Chen, Mingzhou Chen, Peiwen Chen, Qi Chen, Quan Chen, Shang- Der Chen, Si Chen, Steve S-L Chen, Wei Chen, Wei-Jung Chen, Wen Qiang Chen, Wenli Chen, Xiangmei Chen, Yau-Hung Chen, Ye-Guang Chen, Yin Chen, Yingyu Chen, Yongshun Chen, Yu- Jen Chen, Yue-Qin Chen, Yujie Chen, Zhen Chen, Zhong Chen, Alan Cheng, Christopher HK Cheng, Hua Cheng, Heesun Cheong, Sara Cherry, Jason Chesney, Chun Hei Antonio Cheung, Eric Chevet, Hsiang Cheng Chi, Sung-Gil Chi, Fulvio Chiacchiera, Hui-Ling Chiang, Roberto Chiarelli, Mario Chiariello, Marcello Chieppa, Lih-Shen Chin, Mario Chiong, Gigi NC Chiu, Dong-Hyung Cho, Ssang-Goo Cho, William C Cho, Yong-Yeon Cho, Young-Seok Cho, Augustine MK Choi, Eui-Ju Choi, Eun-Kyoung Choi, Jayoung Choi, Mary E Choi, Seung-Il Choi, Tsui-Fen Chou, Salem Chouaib, Divaker Choubey, Vinay Choubey, Kuan-Chih Chow, Kamal Chowdhury, Charleen T Chu, Tsung-Hsien Chuang, Taehoon Chun, Hyewon Chung, Taijoon Chung, Yuen-Li Chung, Yong-Joon Chwae, Valentina Cianfanelli, Roberto Ciarcia, Iwona A Ciechomska, Maria Rosa Ciriolo, Mara Cirone, Sofie Claerhout, Michael J Clague, Joan Clària, Peter GH Clarke, Robert Clarke, Emilio Clementi, Cédric Cleyrat, Miriam Cnop, Eliana M Coccia, Tiziana Cocco, Patrice Codogno, Jörn Coer, Ezra EW Cohen, David Colecchia, Luisa Coletto, Núria S Coll, Emma Colucci-Guyon, Sergio Comincini, Maria Condello, Katherine L Cook, Graham H Coomb, Cynthia D Cooper, J Mark Cooper, Isabelle Coppen, Maria Tiziana Corasaniti, Marco Corazzari, Ramon Corbalan, Elisabeth Corcelle-Termeau, Mario D Cordero, Cristina Corral-Ramo, Olga Corti, Andrea Cossarizza, Paola Costelli, Safia Coste, Susan L Cotman, Ana Coto-Monte, Sandra Cottet, Eduardo Couve, Lori R Covey, L Ashley Cowart, Jeffery S Cox, Fraser P Coxon, Carolyn B Coyne, Mark S Cragg, Rolf J Craven, Tiziana Crepaldi, Jose L Crespo, Alfredo Criollo, Valeria Crippa, Maria Teresa Cruz, Ana Maria Cuervo, Jose M Cuezva, Taixing Cui, Pedro R Cutilla, Mark J Czaja, Maria F Czyzyk-Krzeska, Ruben K Dagda, Uta Dahmen, Chunsun Dai, Wenjie Dai, Yun Dai, Kevin N Dalby, Luisa Dalla Valle, Guillaume Dalmasso, Marcello D'Amelio, Markus Damme, Arlette Darfeuille-Michaud, Catherine Dargemont, Victor M Darley-Usmar, Srinivasan Dasarathy, Biplab Dasgupta, Srikanta Dash, Crispin R Da, Hazel Marie Davey, Lester M David, David Dávila, Roger J Davi, Ted M Dawson, Valina L Dawson, Paula Daza, Jackie de Belleroche, Paul de Figueiredo, Regina Celia Bressan Queiroz de Figueiredo, José de la Fuente, Luisa De Martino, Antonella De Mattei, Guido RY De Meyer, Angelo De Milito, Mauro De Santi, Wanderley de Souza, Vincenzo De Tata, Daniela De Zio, Jayanta Debnath, Reinhard Dechant, Jean-Paul Decuypere, Shane Deegan, Benjamin Dehay, Barbara Del Bello, Dominic P Del Re, Régis Delage-Mourroux, Lea MD Delbridge, Louise Deldicque, Elizabeth Delorme-Axford, Yizhen Deng, Joern Dengjel, Melanie Denizot, Paul Dent, Channing J Der, Vojo Deretic, Benoît Derrien, Eric Deutsch, Timothy P Devarenne, Rodney J Devenish, Sabrina Di Bartolomeo, Nicola Di Daniele, Fabio Di Domenico, Alessia Di Nardo, Simone Di Paola, Antonio Di Pietro, Livia Di Renzo, Aaron DiAntonio, Guillermo Díaz-Araya, Ines Díaz-Laviada, Maria T Diaz-Meco, Javier Diaz-Nido, Chad A Dickey, Robert C Dickson, Marc Diederich, Paul Digard, Ivan Dikic, Savithrama P Dinesh-Kumar, Chan Ding, Wen-Xing Ding, Zufeng Ding, Luciana Dini, Jörg HW Distler, Abhinav Diwan, Mojgan Djavaheri-Mergny, Kostyantyn Dmytruk, Renwick CJ Dobson, Volker Doetsch, Karol Dokladny, Svetlana Dokudovskaya, Massimo Donadelli, X Charlie Dong, Xiaonan Dong, Zheng Dong, Terrence M Donohue Jr, Kelly S Doran, Gabriella D'Orazi, Gerald W Dorn II, Victor Dosenko, Sami Dridi, Liat Drucker, Jie Du, Li-Lin Du, Lihuan Du, André du Toit, Priyamvada Dua, Lei Duan, Pu Duann, Vikash Kumar Dubey, Michael R Duchen, Michel A Duchosal, Helene Duez, Isabelle Dugail, Verónica I Dumit, Mara C Duncan, Elaine A Dunlop, William A Dunn Jr, Nicolas Dupont, Luc Dupui, Raúl V Durán, Thomas M Durcan, Stéphane Duvezin-Caubet, Umamaheswar Duvvuri, Vinay Eapen, Darius Ebrahimi-Fakhari, Arnaud Echard, Leopold Eckhart, Charles L Edelstein, Aimee L Edinger, Ludwig Eichinger, Tobias Eisenberg, Avital Eisenberg-Lerner, N Tony Eissa, Wafik S El-Deiry, Victoria El-Khoury, Zvulun Elazar, Hagit Eldar-Finkelman, Chris JH Elliott, Enzo Emanuele, Urban Emmenegger, Nikolai Engedal, Anna-Mart Engelbrecht, Simone Engelender, Jorrit M Enserink, Ralf Erdmann, Jekaterina Erenpreisa, Rajaraman Eri, Jason L Eriksen, Andreja Erman, Ricardo Escalante, Eeva- Liisa Eskelinen, Lucile Espert, Lorena Esteban-Martínez, Thomas J Evan, Mario Fabri, Gemma Fabria, Cinzia Fabrizi, Antonio Facchiano, Nils J Færgeman, Alberto Faggioni, W Douglas Fairlie, Chunhai Fan, Daping Fan, Jie Fan, Shengyun Fang, Manolis Fanto, Alessandro Fanzani, Thomas Farka, Mathias Faure, Francois B Favier, Howard Fearnhead, Massimo Federici, Erkang Fei, Tania C Felizardo, Hua Feng, Yibin Feng, Yuchen Feng, Thomas A Ferguson, Álvaro F Fernández, Maite G Fernandez-Barrena, Jose C Fernandez-Checa, Arsenio Fernández-López, Martin E Fernandez-Zapico, Olivier Feron, Elisabetta Ferraro, Carmen Veríssima Ferreira-Halder, Laszlo Fesu, Ralph Feuer, Fabienne C Fiesel, Eduardo C Filippi-Chiela, Giuseppe Filomeni, Gian Maria Fimia, John H Fingert, Steven Finkbeiner, Toren Finkel, Filomena Fiorito, Paul B Fisher, Marc Flajolet, Flavio Flamigni, Oliver Florey, Salvatore Florio, R Andres Floto, Marco Folini, Carlo Follo, Edward A Fon, Francesco Fornai, Franco Fortunato, Alessandro Fraldi, Rodrigo Franco, Arnaud Francoi, Aurélie Françoi, Lisa B Frankel, Iain DC Fraser, Norbert Frey, Damien G Freyssenet, Christian Frezza, Scott L Friedman, Daniel E Frigo, Dongxu Fu, José M Fuente, Juan Fueyo, Yoshio Fujitani, Yuuki Fujiwara, Mikihiro Fujiya, Mitsunori Fukuda, Simone Fulda, Carmela Fusco, Bozena Gabryel, Matthias Gaestel, Philippe Gailly, Malgorzata Gajewska, Sehamuddin Galadari, Gad Galili, Inmaculada Galindo, Maria F Galindo, Giovanna Galliciotti, Lorenzo Galluzzi, Luca Galluzzi, Vincent Galy, Noor Gammoh, Sam Gandy, Anand K Ganesan, Swamynathan Ganesan, Ian G Ganley, Monique Gannagé, Fen-Biao Gao, Feng Gao, Jian-Xin Gao, Lorena García Nannig, Eleonora García Véscovi, Marina Garcia-Macía, Carmen Garcia- Ruiz, Abhishek D Garg, Pramod Kumar Garg, Ricardo Gargini, Nils Christian Gassen, Damián Gatica, Evelina Gatti, Julie Gavard, Evripidis Gavathioti, Liang Ge, Pengfei Ge, Shengfang Ge, Po-Wu Gean, Vania Gelmetti, Armando A Genazzani, Jiefei Geng, Pascal Genschik, Lisa Gerner, Jason E Gestwicki, David A Gewirtz, Saeid Ghavami, Eric Ghigo, Debabrata Ghosh, Anna Maria Giammarioli, Francesca Giampieri, Claudia Giampietri, Alexandra Giatromanolaki, Derrick J Gibbing, Lara Gibellini, Spencer B Gibson, Vanessa Ginet, Antonio Giordano, Flaviano Giorgini, Elisa Giovannetti, Stephen E Girardin, Suzana Gispert, Sandy Giuliano, Candece L Gladson, Alvaro Glavic, Martin Gleave, Nelly Godefroy, Robert M Gogal Jr, Kuppan Gokulan, Gustavo H Goldman, Delia Goletti, Michael S Goligorsky, Aldrin V Gome, Ligia C Gome, Hernando Gomez, Candelaria Gomez-Manzano, Rubén Gómez-Sánchez, Dawit AP Gonçalve, Ebru Goncu, Qingqiu Gong, Céline Gongora, Carlos B Gonzalez, Pedro Gonzalez-Alegre, Pilar Gonzalez-Cabo, Rosa Ana González-Polo, Ing Swie Goping, Carlos Gorbea, Nikolai V Gorbunov, Daphne R Goring, Adrienne M Gorman, Sharon M Gorski, Sandro Goruppi, Shino Goto- Yamada, Cecilia Gotor, Roberta A Gottlieb, Illana Goze, Devrim Gozuacik, Yacine Graba, Martin Graef, Giovanna E Granato, Gary Dean Grant, Steven Grant, Giovanni Luca Gravina, Douglas R Green, Alexander Greenhough, Michael T Greenwood, Benedetto Grimaldi, Frédéric Gro, Charles Grose, Jean-Francois Groulx, Florian Gruber, Paolo Grumati, Tilman Grune, Jun-Lin Guan, Kun-Liang Guan, Barbara Guerra, Carlos Guillen, Kailash Gulshan, Jan Gunst, Chuanyong Guo, Lei Guo, Ming Guo, Wenjie Guo, Xu-Guang Guo, Andrea A Gust, Åsa B Gustafsson, Elaine Gutierrez, Maximiliano G Gutierrez, Ho-Shin Gwak, Albert Haa, James E Haber, Shinji Hadano, Monica Hagedorn, David R Hahn, 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L Semenza, Utpal Sen, Andreas L Serra, Ana Serrano-Puebla, Hiromi Sesaki, Takao Setoguchi, Carmine Settembre, John J Shacka, Ayesha N Shajahan-Haq, Irving M Shapiro, Shweta Sharma, Hua She, C-K James Shen, Chiung-Chyi Shen, Han-Ming Shen, Sanbing Shen, Weili Shen, Rui Sheng, Xianyong Sheng, Zu-Hang Sheng, Trevor G Shepherd, Junyan Shi, Qiang Shi, Qinghua Shi, Yuguang Shi, Shusaku Shibutani, Kenichi Shibuya, Yoshihiro Shidoji, Jeng- Jer Shieh, Chwen-Ming Shih, Yohta Shimada, Shigeomi Shimizu, Dong Wook Shin, Mari L Shinohara, Michiko Shintani, Takahiro Shintani, Tetsuo Shioi, Ken Shirabe, Ronit Shiri-Sverdlov, Orian Shirihai, Gordon C Shore, Chih-Wen Shu, Deepak Shukla, Andriy A Sibirny, Valentina Sica, Christina J Sigurdson, Einar M Sigurdsson, Puran Singh Sijwali, Beata Sikorska, Wilian A Silveira, Sandrine Silvente-Poirot, Gary A Silverman, Jan Simak, Thomas Simmet, Anna Katharina Simon, Hans-Uwe Simon, Cristiano Simone, Matias Simon, Anne Simonsen, Rajat Singh, Shivendra V Singh, Shrawan K Singh, Debasish Sinha, Sangita Sinha, Frank A Sinicrope, Agnieszka Sirko, Kapil Sirohi, Balindiwe JN Sishi, Annie Sittler, Parco M Siu, Efthimios Sivridi, Anna Skwarska, Ruth Slack, Iva Slaninová, Nikolai Slavov, Soraya S Smaili, Keiran SM Smalley, Duncan R Smith, Stefaan J Soenen, Scott A Soleimanpour, Anita Solhaug, Kumaravel Somasundaram, Jin H Son, Avinash Sonawane, Chunjuan Song, Fuyong Song, Hyun Kyu Song, Ju-Xian Song, Wei Song, Kai Y Soo, Anil K Sood, Tuck Wah Soong, Virawudh Soontornniyomkij, Maurizio Sorice, Federica Sotgia, David R Soto-Pantoja, Areechun Sotthibundhu, Maria João Sousa, Herman P Spaink, Paul N Span, Anne Spang, Janet D Spark, Peter G Speck, Stephen A Spector, Claudia D Spie, Wolfdieter Springer, Daret St Clair, Alessandra Stacchiotti, Bart Stael, Michael T Stang, Daniel T Starczynowski, Petro Starokadomskyy, Clemens Steegborn, John W Steele, Leonidas Stefani, Joan Steffan, Christine M Stellrecht, Harald Stenmark, Tomasz M Stepkowski, Stęphan T Stern, Craig Steven, Brent R Stockwell, Veronika Stoka, Zuzana Storchova, Björn Stork, Vassilis Stratoulia, Dimitrios J Stravopodi, Pavel Strnad, Anne Marie Strohecker, Anna- Lena Ström, Per Stromhaug, Jiri Stulik, Yu-Xiong Su, Zhaoliang Su, Carlos S Subauste, Srinivasa Subramaniam, Carolyn M Sue, Sang Won Suh, Xinbing Sui, Supawadee Sukseree, David Sulzer, Fang-Lin Sun, Jiaren Sun, Jun Sun, Shi-Yong Sun, Yang Sun, Yi Sun, Yingjie Sun, Vinod Sundaramoorthy, Joseph Sung, Hidekazu Suzuki, Kuninori Suzuki, Naoki Suzuki, Tadashi Suzuki, Yuichiro J Suzuki, Michele S Swanson, Charles Swanton, Karl Swärd, Ghanshyam Swarup, Sean T Sweeney, Paul W Sylvester, Zsuzsanna Szatmari, Eva Szegezdi, Peter W Szlosarek, Heinrich Taegtmeyer, Marco Tafani, Emmanuel Taillebourg, Stephen WG Tait, Krisztina Takacs-Vellai, Yoshinori Takahashi, Szabolcs Takát, Genzou Takemura, Nagio Takigawa, Nicholas J Talbot, Elena Tamagno, Jerome Tamburini, Cai-Ping Tan, Lan Tan, Mei Lan Tan, Ming Tan, Yee-Joo Tan, Keiji Tanaka, Masaki Tanaka, Daolin Tang, Dingzhong Tang, Guomei Tang, Isei Tanida, Kunikazu Tanji, Bakhos A Tannou, Jose A Tapia, Inmaculada Tasset-Cueva, Marc Tatar, Iman Tavassoly, Nektarios Tavernaraki, Allen Taylor, Graham S Taylor, Gregory A Taylor, J Paul Taylor, Mark J Taylor, Elena V Tchetina, Andrew R Tee, Fatima Teixeira-Clerc, Sucheta Telang, Tewin Tencomnao, Ba-Bie Teng, Ru-Jeng Teng, Faraj Terro, Gianluca Tettamanti, Arianne L Thei, Anne E Theron, Kelly Jean Thoma, Marcos P Thomé, Paul G Thome, Andrew Thorburn, Jeremy Thorner, Thomas Thum, Michael Thumm, Teresa LM Thurston, Ling Tian, Andreas Till, Jenny Pan-yun Ting, Vladimir I Titorenko, Lilach Toker, Stefano Toldo, Sharon A Tooze, Ivan Topisirovic, Maria Lyngaas Torgersen, Liliana Torosantucci, Alicia Torriglia, Maria Rosaria Torrisi, Cathy Tournier, Roberto Town, Vladimir Trajkovic, Leonardo H Travasso, Gemma Triola, Durga Nand Tripathi, Daniela Trisciuoglio, Rodrigo Troncoso, Ioannis P Trougako, Anita C Truttmann, Kuen-Jer Tsai, Mario P Tschan, Yi-Hsin Tseng, Takayuki Tsukuba, Allan Tsung, Andrey S Tsvetkov, Shuiping Tu, Hsing-Yu Tuan, Marco Tucci, David A Tumbarello, Boris Turk, Vito Turk, Robin FB Turner, Anders A Tveita, Suresh C Tyagi, Makoto Ubukata, Yasuo Uchiyama, Andrej Udelnow, Takashi Ueno, Midori Umekawa, Rika Umemiya-Shirafuji, Benjamin R Underwood, Christian Ungermann, Rodrigo P. Ureshino, Ryo Ushioda, Vladimir N Uversky, Néstor L Uzcátegui, Thomas Vaccari, Maria I Vaccaro, Libuše Váchová, Helin Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg, Rut Valdor, Enza Maria Valente, Francois Vallette, Angela M Valverde, Greet Van den Berghe, Ludo Van Den Bosch, Gijs R van den Brink, F Gisou van der Goot, Ida J van der Klei, Luc JW van der Laan, Wouter G van Doorn, Marjolein van Egmond, Kenneth L van Golen, Luc Van Kaer, Menno van Lookeren Campagne, Peter Vandenabeele, Wim Vandenberghe, Ilse Vanhorebeek, Isabel Varela-Nieto, M Helena Vasconcelo, Radovan Vasko, Demetrios G Vavva, Ignacio Vega- Naredo, Guillermo Velasco, Athanassios D Velentza, Panagiotis D Velentza, Tibor Vellai, Edo Vellenga, Mikkel Holm Vendelbo, Kartik Venkatachalam, Natascia Ventura, Salvador Ventura, Patrícia ST Vera, Mireille Verdier, Beata G Vertessy, Andrea Viale, Michel Vidal, Helena LA Vieira, Richard D Vierstra, Nadarajah Vigneswaran, Neeraj Vij, Miquel Vila, Margarita Villar, Victor H Villar, Joan Villarroya, Cécile Vindi, Giampietro Viola, Maria Teresa Viscomi, Giovanni Vitale, Dan T Vogl, Olga V Voitsekhovskaja, Clarissa von Haefen, Karin von Schwarzenberg, Daniel E Voth, Valérie Vouret-Craviari, Kristina Vuori, Jatin M Vya, Christian Waeber, Cheryl Lyn Walker, Mark J Walker, Jochen Walter, Lei Wan, Xiangbo Wan, Bo Wang, Caihong Wang, Chao-Yung Wang, Chengshu Wang, Chenran Wang, Chuangui Wang, Dong Wang, Fen Wang, Fuxin Wang, Guanghui Wang, Hai-jie Wang, Haichao Wang, Hong-Gang Wang, Hongmin Wang, Horng-Dar Wang, Jing Wang, Junjun Wang, Mei Wang, Mei-Qing Wang, Pei-Yu Wang, Peng Wang, Richard C Wang, Shuo Wang, Ting-Fang Wang, Xian Wang, Xiao-jia Wang, Xiao-Wei Wang, Xin Wang, Xuejun Wang, Yan Wang, Yanming Wang, Ying Wang, Ying-Jan Wang, Yipeng Wang, Yu Wang, Yu Tian Wang, Yuqing Wang, Zhi-Nong Wang, Pablo Wappner, Carl Ward, Diane McVey Ward, Gary Warne, Hirotaka Watada, Yoshihisa Watanabe, Kei Watase, Timothy E Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=kaup20 Download by: [Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna] Date: 23 September 2016, At: 06:43 Weaver, Colin D Weeke, Jiwu Wei, Thomas Weide, Conrad C Weihl, Günther Weindl, Simone Nardin Wei, Longping Wen, Xin Wen, Yunfei Wen, Benedikt Westermann, Cornelia M Weyand, Anthony R White, Eileen White, J Lindsay Whitton, Alexander J Whitworth, Joëlle Wiel, Franziska Wild, Manon E Wildenberg, Tom Wileman, Deepti Srinivas Wilkinson, Simon Wilkinson, Dieter Willbold, Chris William, Katherine William, Peter R Williamson, Konstanze F Winklhofer, Steven S Witkin, Stephanie E Wohlgemuth, Thomas Wollert, Ernst J Wolvetang, Esther Wong, G William Wong, Richard W Wong, Vincent Kam Wai Wong, Elizabeth A Woodcock, Karen L Wright, Chunlai Wu, Defeng Wu, Gen Sheng Wu, Jian Wu, Junfang Wu, Mian Wu, Min Wu, Shengzhou Wu, William KK Wu, Yaohua Wu, Zhenlong Wu, Cristina PR Xavier, Ramnik J Xavier, Gui-Xian Xia, Tian Xia, Weiliang Xia, Yong Xia, Hengyi Xiao, Jian Xiao, Shi Xiao, Wuhan Xiao, Chuan-Ming Xie, Zhiping Xie, Zhonglin Xie, Maria Xilouri, Yuyan Xiong, Chuanshan Xu, Congfeng Xu, Feng Xu, Haoxing Xu, Hongwei Xu, Jian Xu, Jianzhen Xu, Jinxian Xu, Liang Xu, Xiaolei Xu, Yangqing Xu, Ye Xu, Zhi-Xiang Xu, Ziheng Xu, Yu Xue, Takahiro Yamada, Ai Yamamoto, Koji Yamanaka, Shunhei Yamashina, Shigeko Yamashiro, Bing Yan, Bo Yan, Xianghua Yan, Zhen Yan, Yasuo Yanagi, Dun-Sheng Yang, Jin-Ming Yang, Liu Yang, Minghua Yang, Pei-Ming Yang, Peixin Yang, Qian Yang, Wannian Yang, Wei Yuan Yang, Xuesong Yang, Yi Yang, Ying Yang, Zhifen Yang, Zhihong Yang, Meng-Chao Yao, Pamela J Yao, Xiaofeng Yao, Zhenyu Yao, Zhiyuan Yao, Linda S Yasui, Mingxiang Ye, Barry Yedvobnick, Behzad Yeganeh, Elizabeth S Yeh, Patricia L Yeyati, Fan Yi, Long Yi, Xiao-Ming Yin, Calvin K Yip, Yeong-Min Yoo, Young Hyun Yoo, Seung-Yong Yoon, Ken-Ichi Yoshida, Tamotsu Yoshimori, Ken H Young, Huixin Yu, Jane J Yu, Jin-Tai Yu, Jun Yu, Li Yu, W Haung Yu, Xiao-Fang Yu, Zhengping Yu, Junying Yuan, Zhi-Min Yuan, Beatrice YJT Yue, Jianbo Yue, Zhenyu Yue, David N Zack, Eldad Zacksenhau, Nadia Zaffaroni, Tania Zaglia, Zahra Zakeri, Vincent Zecchini, Jinsheng Zeng, Min Zeng, Qi Zeng, Antonis S Zervo, Donna D Zhang, Fan Zhang, Guo Zhang, Guo-Chang Zhang, Hao Zhang, Hong Zhang, Hongbing Zhang, Jian Zhang, Jiangwei Zhang, Jianhua Zhang, Jing-pu Zhang, Li Zhang, Lin Zhang, Long Zhang, Ming-Yong Zhang, Xiangnan Zhang, Xu Dong Zhang, Yan Zhang, Yang Zhang, Yanjin Zhang, Yingmei Zhang, Yunjiao Zhang, Mei Zhao, Wei-Li Zhao, Xiaonan Zhao, Yan G Zhao, Ying Zhao, Yongchao Zhao, Yu-xia Zhao, Zhendong Zhao, Zhizhuang J Zhao, Dexian Zheng, Xi-Long Zheng, Xiaoxiang Zheng, Boris Zhivotovsky, Qing Zhong, Guang-Zhou Zhou, Guofei Zhou, Huiping Zhou, Shu-Feng Zhou, Xu-jie Zhou, Hongxin Zhu, Hua Zhu, Wei- Guo Zhu, Wenhua Zhu, Xiao-Feng Zhu, Yuhua Zhu, Shi-Mei Zhuang, Xiaohong Zhuang, Elio Ziparo, Christos E Zoi, Teresa Zoladek, Wei-Xing Zong, and Antonio Zorzano & Susu M Zughaier
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], autophagosome, Review Article, ddc:616.07, stress, stre, LC3, MESH: Animals, Settore MED/49 - Scienze Tecniche Dietetiche Applicate, Settore BIO/06 - Anatomia Comparata E Citologia, chaperone-mediated autophagy, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Settore BIO/11, Pharmacology. Therapy, Settore BIO/13, standards [Biological Assay], autolysosome, MESH: Autophagy*/physiology, lysosome, methods [Biological Assay], Biological Assay, Settore BIO/17 - ISTOLOGIA, Erratum, Human, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Settore BIO/06, physiology [Autophagy], Chaperonemediated autophagy, [SDV.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cellular Biology, NO, autophagy, guidelines, molecular biology, ultrastructure, flux, macroautophagy, phagophore, vacuole, MESH: Biological Assay/methods, MESH: Computer Simulation, ddc:570, Autolysosome, Autophagosome, Chaperonemediated autophagy, Flux, LC3, Lysosome, Macroautophagy, Phagophore, Stress, Vacuole, Autophagy, Animals, Humans, Computer Simulation, Settore BIO/10, ddc:612, Biology, MESH: Humans, Animal, 0601 Biochemistry And Cell Biology, MESH: Biological Assay/standards, Human medicine
Abstract: Seuls les 100 premiers auteurs dont les auteurs INRA ont été entrés dans la notice. La liste complète des auteurs et de leurs affiliations est accessible sur la publication.; International audience; In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes.For example, a key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process versus those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process including the amount and rate of cargo sequestered and degraded). In particular, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation must be differentiated from stimuli that increase autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. It is worth emphasizing here that lysosomal digestion is a stage of autophagy and evaluating its competence is a crucial part of the evaluation of autophagic flux, or complete autophagy.Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. Along these lines, because of the potential for pleiotropic effects due to blocking autophagy through genetic manipulation, it is imperative to target by gene knockout or RNA interference more than one autophagy-related protein. In addition, some individual Atg proteins, or groups of proteins, are involved in other cellular pathways implying that not all Atg proteins can be used as a specific marker for an autophagic process. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
Published: 2016

26. HGF-mimic antibody administration to counteract doxorubicin cardiotoxicity

Author: Giuseppe Ferrauto, Paolo M. Comoglio, Martina Spilinga, Alessandro Bonzano, Simona Gallo, Tiziana Crepaldi, and E. Di Gregorio
Subjects: Pharmacology, biology, Physiology, business.industry, biology.protein, Molecular Medicine, Medicine, Antibody, business, Doxorubicin cardiotoxicity
Published: 2018

27. MicroRNAs in myocardial ischemia: identifying new targets and tools for treating heart disease. New frontiers for miR-medicine

Author: Valentina Sala, Serena Bergerone, Antonio Ponzetto, Tiziana Crepaldi, Stefano Gatti, Carola Ponzetto, and Simona Gallo
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Heart disease, Myocardial Ischemia, Neovascularization, Physiologic, Apoptosis, Disease, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Regenerative Medicine, Bioinformatics, Regenerative medicine, Necrosis, 03 medical and health sciences, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal medicine, microRNA, medicine, Humans, Myocytes, Cardiac, Myocardial infarction, Molecular Biology, 030304 developmental biology, Cause of death, Feedback, Physiological, Pharmacology, 0303 health sciences, business.industry, Genetic Therapy, Cell Biology, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, Cardiovascular physiology, MicroRNAs, Gene Expression Regulation, Heart failure, Cardiology, Molecular Medicine, business
Abstract: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are natural, single-stranded, small RNA molecules which subtly control gene expression. Several studies indicate that specific miRNAs can regulate heart function both in development and disease. Despite prevention programs and new therapeutic agents, cardiovascular disease remains the main cause of death in developed countries. The elevated number of heart failure episodes is mostly due to myocardial infarction (MI). An increasing number of studies have been carried out reporting changes in miRNAs gene expression and exploring their role in MI and heart failure. In this review, we furnish a critical analysis of where the frontier of knowledge has arrived in the fields of basic and translational research on miRNAs in cardiac ischemia. We first summarize the basal information on miRNA biology and regulation, especially concentrating on the feedback loops which control cardiac-enriched miRNAs. A focus on the role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia and in the attenuation of injury is presented. Particular attention is given to cardiomyocyte death (apoptosis and necrosis), fibrosis, neovascularization, and heart failure. Then, we address the potential of miR-diagnosis (miRNAs as disease biomarkers) and miR-drugs (miRNAs as therapeutic targets) for cardiac ischemia and heart failure. Finally, we evaluate the use of miRNAs in the emerging field of regenerative medicine.
Published: 2013

28. Hepatocyte Growth Factor-mediated satellite cells niche perturbation promotes development of distinct sarcoma subtypes

Author: Francesca Bersani, Riccardo Taulli, Marcello Francesco Lingua, Petar Scepanovic, Carola Ponzetto, Paolo Provero, Andrea Ferrari, Deborah Morena, Patrizia Gasparini, Valentina Sala, Nicola Maestro, Tiziana Crepaldi, Silvia Miretti, Roberto Chiarle, Paolo E. Forni, Michela Casanova, Jack F. Shern, Gabriella Sozzi, Alessandro Morotti, Ugo Ala, Javed Khan, and Valentina Foglizzo
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Mouse, QH301-705.5, Science, clonal evolution, Mice, Transgenic, embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, Biology, Somatic evolution in cancer, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma, combination therapy, 03 medical and health sciences, medicine, Animals, Humans, stem cell niche, Biology (General), Cell Proliferation, HGF/met axis, General Immunology and Microbiology, Hepatocyte Growth Factor, Cell growth, Genetic heterogeneity, General Neuroscience, PAX7 Transcription Factor, Sarcoma, Cell Biology, General Medicine, medicine.disease, undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma, Developmental Biology and Stem Cells, 030104 developmental biology, Immunology, Cancer research, Medicine, Hepatocyte growth factor, Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, Stem cell, Research Article, Human, medicine.drug
Abstract: Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) and Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma (UPS) are distinct sarcoma subtypes. Here we investigate the relevance of the satellite cell (SC) niche in sarcoma development by using Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) to perturb the niche microenvironment. In a Pax7 wild type background, HGF stimulation mainly causes ERMS that originate from satellite cells following a process of multistep progression. Conversely, in a Pax7 null genotype ERMS incidence drops, while UPS becomes the most frequent subtype. Murine EfRMS display genetic heterogeneity similar to their human counterpart. Altogether, our data demonstrate that selective perturbation of the SC niche results in distinct sarcoma subtypes in a Pax7 lineage-dependent manner, and define a critical role for the Met axis in sarcoma initiation. Finally, our results provide a rationale for the use of combination therapy, tailored on specific amplifications and activated signaling pathways, to minimize resistance emerging from sarcomas heterogeneity. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.12116.001, eLife digest Soft tissue sarcomas are rare cancers that originate in tissues such as muscles, tendons, cartilage and fat. These cancers are further classified into subtypes based on their appearance. For example, rhabdomyosarcoma cells resemble the cells that normally develop into muscle, while other soft tissue tumors that do not look like a distinct cell type are called undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas. Recent experiments have suggested that although these subtypes appear different, they may both arise from the cells that build muscles. However, this had not been confirmed. Morena et al. investigated whether changing the environment – also known as the “niche” – of muscle stem cells could influence what type of sarcoma developed in mice that were prone to cancer. Normally muscle stem cells in an adult only regenerate injured muscles, and need to receive the correct cues before they divide. Among these cues is a protein called Hepatocyte Growth Factor (or HGF for short), which is produced by cells in the muscle stem cells’ niche. Morena et al. engineered mice so that the production of HGF in the muscles could be switched on or off at will. Mice that were already prone to cancer and produced a lot of HGF tended to develop rhabdomyosarcomas. However, when HGF was turned on in similar mice that also lacked normal muscle stem cells, the resulting sarcomas were predominantly undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas. These data indicate that rhabdomyosarcomas probably originate from muscle stem cells, whereas undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas develop from other cells in the niche. Lastly, Morena et al. studied the sarcomas in their mice in more detail and observed that, similar to what has been found in human rhabdomyosarcomas, individual tumors had different genetic mutations. These differences make it difficult to treat sarcomas with a single anti-cancer drug. However, the new results suggest that a combination of targeted drugs may prove effective in blocking tumor growth and in preventing resistance. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.12116.002
Published: 2016

29. Author response: Hepatocyte Growth Factor-mediated satellite cells niche perturbation promotes development of distinct sarcoma subtypes

Author: Petar Scepanovic, Michela Casanova, Alessandro Morotti, Jack F. Shern, Patrizia Gasparini, Javed Khan, Deborah Morena, Valentina Foglizzo, Paolo E. Forni, Andrea C. Ferrari, Valentina Sala, Francesca Bersani, Gabriella Sozzi, Ugo Ala, Roberto Chiarle, Riccardo Taulli, Tiziana Crepaldi, Silvia Miretti, Carola Ponzetto, Paolo Provero, Nicola Maestro, and Marcello Francesco Lingua
Subjects: Niche, medicine, Hepatocyte growth factor, Sarcoma, Biology, medicine.disease, medicine.drug, Cell biology
Published: 2016

30. Erratum

Author: Sascha Martens, Masashi Narita, Rajkumar Cheluvappa, Kevin A. Roth, Ta Yuan Chang, Kartik Venkatachalam, Chang-Shen Lin, Sharon G. Adler, Flaminia Pavone, Dianwen Ju, Michelle A. Ozbun, Michael R. Duchen, Shu Feng Zhou, Wei-Guo Zhu, Aaron Di Antonio, Defeng Wu, Taixing Cui, Xu Guang Guo, Zhiping Xie, Lorena García Nannig, Eloy Bejarano, Stéphane D. Lemaire, Petro Starokadomskyy, Hyung Ryong Kim, Mario Pinar, Rebecca T. Marquez, Zvenyslava Husak, Anthony R. White, Joanna Poulton, Antonis S. Zervos, Shweta Sharma, Jochen Walter, Nicholas T. Ktistakis, Christopher H.K. Cheng, Sunhee Lee, Yuen Li Chung, Howard O. Fearnhead, Young J. Oh, Ivano Amelio, Guillermo A. Blanco, Jan Simak, Junfang Wu, Yingying Lu, Mary Kate McBrayer, Soo Han Bae, Ichizo Nishino, Hong-Ming Hu, Benjamin R. Underwood, Tomonori Kimura, Zexian Liu, Savithrama P. Dinesh-Kumar, Qian Yang, Andreas Kern, Hsing Jien Kung, Jan B. Parys, Cam Patterson, Celine Perier, Toshiro Okazaki, Daisuke Koya, Avinash Sonawane, Cédric Cleyrat, Robert I. Richards, Kai Y. Soo, Rodrigo Mora-Rodriguez, Gigi N.C. Chiu, Moon Moo Kim, Vladimir N. Uversky, Shengfang Ge, Matthew T. V. Chan, Irene Kyrmizi, Lara Gibellini, Ángela M. Valverde, Erik Norberg, Fan Zhang, Jan C. Koch, Alec C. Kimmelman, Jingfang Ju, Jie Bai, Lei Duan, Paulina Ordonez, Shuwen Liu, Wolfdieter Springer, Eric Deutsch, Elena Ortona, Jose M. Seguí-Simarro, Vinay Choubey, Leonidas Stefanis, Robert G. Hawley, Claudia Bincoletto, Xian-Hui He, Zhifen Yang, Thomas M. Durcan, Martine Biard-Piechaczyk, Kui Lin, Hongming Pan, Konstantinos Kambas, Cristina Muñoz-Pinedo, Marta Magariños, Yoshinori Takahashi, Adrienne M. Gorman, Philippe Gailly, Takahiko Akematsu, Justine D. Mintern, Liang Xu, Tetsuo Shioi, Luis M. Botana, Yule Liu, Yong Yeon Cho, Jinzhi Lei, Eung Kweon Kim, Alakananda Basu, Vikash Kumar Dubey, Candelaria Gomez-Manzano, Avital Eisenberg-Lerner, Chuan-Ming Xie, Wenjie Dai, Pedro Gonzalez-Alegre, Maria Condello, Zheng-Hong Qin, Zhi-Min Yuan, Catherine Andreadi, Anna Rita Migliaccio, Chong Liu, Michaël Boyer-Guittaut, Melanie Denizot, Esperanza Arias, Greet Van den Berghe, Guomei Tang, Timothy P. Devarenne, Xianyong Sheng, Louis R. Lapierre, J. Wade Harper, Zuzana Storchova, Aileen R. Ariosa, Sug Hyung Lee, Qi Zeng, Godefridus J. Peters, Daniela L. Papademetrio, Alexandre Arcaro, Zhiyuan Yao, Pablo Iribarren, Mario Chiariello, Maria Rosaria Torrisi, Parimal Karmakar, Yong Huang, Sebastiano Sciarretta, Nathalie Andrieu-Abadie, László Fésüs, Patricia Boya, Ruediger Rudolf, Leonor Miller-Fleming, Vasilis J. Promponas, Juan Segura-Aguilar, Paula Daza, Shiow Ju Lee, Songshu Meng, Paul K. Herman, Ludwig Eichinger, Ye-Guang Chen, Kay F. Macleod, Thomas Simmet, Cristina Corral-Ramos, Claudio Brancolini, Jun Ren, Ying Jiang, Benoît Derrien, Xiao Fang Yu, Qing Zhong, Zong Wan Mao, Xingcong Ren, Armando A. Genazzani, Marina Pierdominici, Sanbing Shen, Sandra Moreno, Hana Algül, Maurizio Renna, Ricardo Sánchez-Prieto, Ashok K. Saluja, Yasuo Uchiyama, Pope L. Moseley, Victor E. Dosenko, Chun-Feng Liu, Bakhos A. Tannous, Efthimios Sivridis, Baharia Mograbi, Michiko Shintani, Amanda S. Bess, Rodrigo Portes Ureshino, Avnika A. Ruparelia, Paul Hofman, Eric Chevet, Martha M. Monick, Hong Gang Wang, Daping Fan, Jorge Moscat, Giuseppe Matarese, Consiglia Pacelli, Young Seok Cho, Miriam Cnop, Stefan Böckler, Nikolai V. Gorbunov, Christina J. Sigurdson, Hang T.T. Nguyen, Aurélie François, Katarina Kågedal, Sam Gandy, Silvia Campello, Alain Bruhat, Filomena Fiorito, Hua Feng, Man Tian Mi, Gian Maria Fimia, Masaki Tanaka, Guofei Zhou, José L. Crespo, Heinz Jungbluth, Anna Chiara Nascimbeni, Arianne L. Theiss, Svetlana Dokudovskaya, Mar Lorente, Sergio Lavandero, Yu Xia Zhao, Fangming Lin, Yuchen Feng, Gad Galili, Silvia Cetrullo, Paula I. Moreira, Dhyan Chandra, Dimitrios J. Stravopodis, Roberta A. Gottlieb, Gregory A. Taylor, Longping Wen, Faqiang Li, Marco Sardiello, Umesh K. Jinwal, Francesca Belleudi, Lan Tan, Livia Di Renzo, Tamas Korcsmaros, Xinbing Sui, Douglas R. Green, Guillermo Mazzolini, Hervé Le Stunff, Kelly S. Doran, Mary E. Choi, Carlos S. Subauste, Natalia Rodriguez-Muela, Nicholas J. Talbot, Marta Palmieri, Sonia Hernández-Tiedra, Ligia C. Gomes, Irving M. Shapiro, Makoto Ubukata, Mario P. Tschan, Baris Bingol, Benjamin Loos, Terry Kwok, Luca M. Neri, Sreejayan Nair, Michele Wolfe Bianchi, Ralf Erdmann, Alexander Greenhough, Neeraj Vij, Jeong Hun Kim, Satoaki Matoba, Bo Liu, George R. Beck, Michael Moore, Vrajesh V. Parekh, Kyle A. Bauckman, Li-Lin Du, Mikihiro Fujiya, Yan G. 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Lee, Maria Xilouri, Qi Chen, Claudia Spies, Pengfei Ge, Natascia Ventura, Luca Galluzzi, Yau Hung Chen, Jing Pu Zhang, Diego Albani, Dingzhong Tang, Nikolai Engedal, Stefania Meschini, Maria Lyngaas Torgersen, Shibu M. Poulose, Jean-Paul Decuypere, Ziheng Xu, Jocelyn Laporte, Thierry Arnould, Albert Haas, Ida J. van der Klei, Agustín Hernández, Dong Wook Shin, Per E. Stromhaug, Valentín Ceña, Ugo Pagnini, Karolina Pakos-Zebrucka, Blagovesta Popova, Lisa M Lindqvist, Sangita C. Sinha, Yuguang Shi, Zvonimir Marelja, Robin Candau, Xin Wang, Evelina Gatti, Olatz Pampliega, Michael P. Lisanti, Elena Tamagno, Mei Lan Tan, Gary Warnes, Zdena Palková, Shigeomi Shimizu, Ingo Schmitz, Tino Kurz, Soledad Matus, Gopal Chakrabarti, Joseph J.Y. Sung, Beáta G. Vértessy, Giuliana Cassinelli, Giovanni Benard, Yin Chen, Emma Colucci-Guyon, Craig Blackstone, Lizhi Cao, Sebastian Schuck, Qingqiu Gong, Theocharis Panaretakis, Jayoung Choi, Sven R. 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Heinzen, Xiangmei Chen, Nihal Altan-Bonnet, Sung Sik Lee, Hai Jie Wang, Catherine Dargemont, Jie Du, Sofie Claerhout, Edmond Chan, Yi Sun, Xiangbo Wan, Paul Lingor, Shilpa Buch, Gerald M. McInerney, Zhenlong Wu, Guo Chang Zhang, Iain A. McNeish, Suresh Awale, Mark P. Mattson, Srinivasa Subramaniam, Wuhan Xiao, Katsuhiko Mikoshiba, Giancarlo Parenti, Bruno Miguel Neves, Benjamin Dehay, Fatima Teixeira-Clerc, Patricia Huebbe, Calvin K. Yip, Ryan J. Schulze, Pallabi Sarkar, Vladimir I. Titorenko, Johanna Laukkarinen, Martin E. Gleave, Veronika Stoka, Pascal Genschik, Karen Brown, Zhaoliang Su, Walter Malorni, Arlette Darfeuille-Michaud, Vincent C. O. Njar, Jeffrey E. Pessin, Thomas Wileman, Alexander J. Whitworth, Stefano Santaguida, Gustavo A. Nader, Gláucia Maria Machado-Santelli, Marie-Josée Hébert, Skye C. McIver, Scott A. Soleimanpour, Jia-Hong Lu, Fei Liu, Yu Wang, Elisa Motori, Chad A. 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Kumar, Deok Ryong Kim, Jianjie Ma, Sang Won Suh, Guido Kroemer, Klára Megyeri, Michael N. Sack, Heinrich Taegtmeyer, Gilles Pagès, Gabriella Marfe, Gregg L. Semenza, Karine G. Le Roch, Marisa Brini, Marina Bouché, Oliver Kepp, Vinay V. Eapen, J. David Beckham, Stephan T. Stern, Xudong Zhang, Marcello Pinti, Xiangnan Zhang, Jae Keun Lee, Ana Coto-Montes, Assaf Rudich, Laura D. Attardi, Debabrata Ghosh, Philip Rosenstiel, Sébastien Besteiro, Maria Rosa Sarrias, R. Andres Floto, Xiao Ming Yin, Nicholas W. Lukacs, Hermann Pavenstädt, Matias Simons, Hitoshi Nakatogawa, Sandro Alves, Krisztina Takács-Vellai, Masato Koike, Debasish Sinha, Shoji Notomi, Faraj Terro, Maria Carmela Roccheri, Santiago Ambrosio, K. Ulrich Bayer, Yumin Li, Terje Johansen, Christian Kuhn, Yee Shin Lin, David C. Rubinsztein, Ziwei Qu, Ronit Shiri-Sverdlov, Emmanuel T. Akporiaye, Galila Agam, Hui Ling Chiang, Seung-Jae Lee, Yu Xue, Francesca Giampieri, Markus Damme, Tassula Proikas-Cezanne, Tianwei Lin, Marc Kantorow, Guang-Chao Chen, Qiangrong Liang, Claudia Manzoni, Joan S. Steffan, Emilio Boada-Romero, Damien Freyssenet, Sepp D. Kohlwein, Maria D. Barrachina, Yulin Liao, Jiankang Chen, Erika Isono, Hugo Seca, Mei Wang, Taras Y. Nazarko, Yannick Bailly, Nadya V. Koshkina, Tapas K. Maiti, Bärbel Rohrer, Karin Nowikovsky, James H. Hurley, Gerald W. Dorn, Nils C. Gassen, Kazuhiro Nagata, Eiki Kominami, A. Ivana Scovassi, Ana Maria Cuervo, Adi Kimchi, Minghua Yang, Sylviane Muller, Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Defense in Plant-Pathogen Interactions [Nagoya, Japan], Nagoya University-Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences [Nagoya, Japan], Facultad de Quimica [Santiago], Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (UC), Institute of Cancer Sciences [Glasgow, UK] (CR-UK Beatson Institute), University of Glasgow, Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Lab, Université Catholique de Louvain, Harvard University Statistics Department, Harvard University [Cambridge], Centre épigénétique et destin cellulaire (EDC (UMR_7216)), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research and School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin [Dublin] (UCD), Immunobiologie des Cellules dendritiques, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University-Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson (Philadelphia University + Thomas Jefferson University)-Jefferson (Philadelphia University + Thomas Jefferson University), Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos [Buenos Aires] (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET)-Facultad de Medicina [Buenos Aires], Universidad de Buenos Aires [Buenos Aires] (UBA)-Universidad de Buenos Aires [Buenos Aires] (UBA), Thérapie génique, Génomique et Epigénomique (U 1169), Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Department of Experimental Medicine and Public Health, University of Camerino, MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Génomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs Solides (U1162), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de médecine moléculaire de Rangueil (I2MR), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-IFR150-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, University of Zaragoza - Universidad de Zaragoza [Zaragoza], Department of Pharmaco-Biology, Università della Calabria [Arcavacata di Rende] (Unical), Department of Molecular Genetics [Rehovot, Israël], Weizmann Institute of Science, Fondation Universitaire Notre Dame de la Paix (FUNDP), Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, Département Advanced Research And Techniques For Multidimensional Imaging Systems (ARTEMIS), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Télécom SudParis (TSP), USC Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, University of Southern California (USC), Centre méditérannéen de médecine moléculaire (C3M), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Giannina Gaslini Institute, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School [Worcester] (UMASS), University of Massachusetts System (UMASS)-University of Massachusetts System (UMASS), Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Inner Mongolia Agricultural University (IMAU), Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) (FEMTO-ST), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM), Indian Institute of Science [Bangalore] (IISc Bangalore), Politecnico di Milano [Milan] (POLIMI), Département des Sciences Biologiques [Montréal], Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Scientific Institute E. Medea, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Univ Ancona, Politecn Marche, University of Toronto, Munich Cluster for systems neurology [Munich] (SyNergy), Technische Universität München [München] (TUM)-Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Institut de Recherche sur le Cancer et le Vieillissement (IRCAN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' [Rome]-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut Pasteur, Fondation Cenci Bolognetti - Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Physiopathologie du système nerveux central - Institut François Magendie, Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-IFR8-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Laboratoire d'Hémato-Cancérologie Expérimentale, CRP-Santé, Dpt of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies [Genova], NeuroEngineering & bio-arTificial Synergic SystemS Laboratory [Genova] (NetS3 Lab), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT)-Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Laboratoire de biogenèse membranaire (LBM), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de résonance magnétique biologique et médicale (CRMBM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Régulation de l'expression génétique (REG), Département de Biologie - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dynamique des interactions membranaires normales et pathologiques (DIMNP), Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule (I2BC), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine [CA, USA], Institut de Myologie, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-Association française contre les myopathies (AFM-Téléthon)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital [Boston], San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy, Laboratory of Molecular Neuroembryology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergeta'-Clinical and Behavioral Neurology - Neuroscienze e riabilitazione, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia [Roma]-Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Glycobiologie et signalisation cellulaire, Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Mécanismes moléculaires de l'angiogénèse, Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), University of Florida [Gainesville], Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer (JPArc - U1172 Inserm), Université Lille Nord de France (COMUE)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Université Lille 2 - Faculté de Médecine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Interactions hôte-greffon-tumeur, ingénierie cellulaire et génique - UFC (UMR INSERM 1098) (HOTE GREFFON), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC)-Etablissement français du sang [Bourgogne-France-Comté] (EFS [Bourgogne-France-Comté])-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers (CRC (UMR_S_1138 / U1138)), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Infection bactérienne, inflammation, et carcinogenèse digestive, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-IFR50-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation [Dijon] (CSGA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universita degli Studi di Padova, University of British Columbia (UBC), University of Edinburgh, Unité de Nutrition Humaine - Clermont Auvergne (UNH), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University [Istanbul], Department of Biological Sciences [Stanford], Stanford University [Stanford], Université de Montréal (UdeM), Department of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System-Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, Centre for Computational and Systems Biology (COSBI), Department of Computer Science [Tsukuba], Graduate School of Systems and Information Engineering [Tsukuba], University of Tsukuba-University of Tsukuba, Institut de biochimie et génétique cellulaires (IBGC), University of Western Ontario (UWO), Genetics, Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme (DMEM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Naples Federico II, Lund University [Lund], Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl-Franzens University Graz, (IMB), Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Polytechnic University of Marche, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Research Unit on BioActive Molecules, Departamento de Química Orgánica Biológica, Instituto de Investigaciones Quimicas y Ambientales de Barcelona, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Physiopathologie et thérapie du muscle strié, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-IFR14-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), The Buck Institute for Age Research, University of Pisa - Università di Pisa, Laboratorio di Genetica Molecolare, Istituto Gaslini, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg, University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology [Birmingham], Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Modélisation et Simulation Numérique en Mécanique et Génie des Procédés (MSNMGP), Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille 3-Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille 1-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Queensland [Brisbane], Dept of Mathematics, Purdue University, Purdue University [West Lafayette], Virologie et Pathologie Humaine (VirPath), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de chimie de coordination (LCC), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Zhejiang University, Équipe Micro et nanosystèmes HyperFréquences Fluidiques (LAAS-MH2F), Laboratoire d'analyse et d'architecture des systèmes (LAAS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Southern University of Science and Technology of China (SUSTech), OASE, National University of Tainan, Taiwan (OASE), National Taiwan University [Taiwan] (NTU), Weifang Bureau of Land Resources [Weifang], Department of cardiology [Guy's and St. Thomas ' hospitals] [London], Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital [London]-Guy's Hospital [London], University of Pennsylvania [Philadelphia], CRLCC Eugène Marquis (CRLCC), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University [Atlanta, GA], Korea University, Cytokines et Immunologie des Tumeurs Humaines (U753), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Department of Pharmacology [Tartu, Estonie], Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine [Tartu, Estonie], University of Tartu-University of Tartu, Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie - Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry [Göttingen], Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, University of Pittsburgh (PITT), Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE), University of Cincinnati (UC), Réponses immunes : régulation et développement, Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Department of Experimental Medicine, Oxford University, University of Oxford [Oxford], Division of regenerative Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, The University of New Mexico [Albuquerque], Université Libre de Bruxelles [Bruxelles] (ULB), Macrophages et Développement de l'Immunité, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health [Baltimore], Johns Hopkins University (JHU)-Johns Hopkins University (JHU), Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle Epinière = Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [APHP]-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia (UNIMORE), Department of Experimental Medicine and Oncology, University of Turin, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CNV, University of Valparaiso, Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM), Cell Signalling & Proteomics Group [Londres, Royayme-Uni], Barts Cancer Institute [Londres, Royayme-Uni], Queen Mary University of London (QMUL)-Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery [Jena], Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, University of Texas at Austin, Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte - Clermont Auvergne (M2iSH), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne (CRNH d'Auvergne), Fondazione Santa Lucia (IRCCS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut Jacques Monod (IJM (UMR_7592)), Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University (JHU), Neurogenetics Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer (IBCCF), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro [Rio de Janeiro] (UFRJ), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Molecular and Cellular Biology, Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), National University of Ireland [Galway] (NUI Galway), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives [Bordeaux] (IMN), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies-LifeNet, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Groupe de Recherche en Immunopathologies et maladies infectueuses (GRI), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre hospitalier Félix-Guyon [Saint-Denis, La Réunion], Brunel University London [Uxbridge], Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Institution de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Radiothérapie moléculaire (UMR 1030), Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Universidad de Córdoba [Cordoba], Institut Pasteur, Fondation Cenci Bolognetti - Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' [Rome], Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), Università del Salento, Institut Bergonié - Département de médecine, Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Centre régional de lutte contre le cancer [CRLCC], Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine (INPL), Récepteurs nucléaires, maladies cardiovasculaires et diabète (EGID), Université de Lille, Droit et Santé-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille), Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Cardiovasculaires, du Métabolisme et de la Nutrition = Institute of cardiometabolism and nutrition (ICAN), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [APHP]-Sorbonne Université (SU), Institut de recherches sur la catalyse et l'environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de signalisation moléculaire et neurodégénerescence, Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-IFR37-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie (IECB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Trafic membranaire et Division cellulaire, Landesbetrieb Hessisches Landeslabor, Hematology-Oncology Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania [Philadelphia]-University of Pennsylvania [Philadelphia], University of Pavia, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas [San Martín] (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martin (UNSAM)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET), University of Helsinki, School of Physics and Astronomy [Exeter], University of Exeter, Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry (CSIC), Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya, Laboratory of Vascular Pathology (IDI-IRCCS), Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Peking University [Beijing], MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, University of Brescia, Immunobiologie fondamentale et clinique, Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-IFR128-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), CIC régional épidémiologie clinique/essais cliniques - Ile de la Réunion (CIC-EC), University of Rome 'Tor Vergeta', Universidad de Oviedo [Oviedo], Laboratoire des signaux et systèmes (L2S), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dulbecco Telethon Institute/Department of Biology, Istituto Nazionale di Malattie Infettive 'Lazzaro Spallanzani' (INMI), Rockefeller University [New York], The Babraham Institute, Kansas State University, McGill University, Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologique [Rouen], CHU Rouen, Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Department of Medicine [New York], Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai [New York] (MSSM), ATOS Origin, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences-Tohoku University [Sendai], Goethe-University, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Institute of physiological chemistry, Hannover Medical School [Hannover] (MHH), Department of Physiology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Apoptose, cancer et immunité (U848), Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement (LBD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Institute of Experimental Immunology - IEI [Zürich, Switzerland], Université de Zurich [Switzerland], Digital Enterprise Research Institute (DERI-NUIG), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Cell Death Research and Therapy Unit [Leuven, Belgium] ( Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine), Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille - Luminy (CIML), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Signaling in Oncogenesis, Angiogenesis and Permeability - SOAP (CRCINA - Département ONCO - Equipe 15), Centre de recherche de Cancérologie et d'Immunologie / Nantes - Angers (CRCINA), Université d'Angers (UA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes (CHU Nantes)-Université de Nantes - UFR de Médecine et des Techniques Médicales (UFR MEDECINE), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Université d'Angers (UA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes (CHU Nantes)-Université de Nantes - UFR de Médecine et des Techniques Médicales (UFR MEDECINE), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN), Department of Medicine [San Francisco], University of California [San Francisco] (UCSF), University of California-University of California, Fondazione Santa Lucia [IRCCS], Clinical and Behavioral Neurology [IRCCS Santa Lucia], Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes (IBMP), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR48, INSB-INSB-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic, N.A., Division of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, University of Chile [Santiago], Université de Montpellier (UM), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto [São Paulo], Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Institut de recherche en cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM - U896 Inserm - UM1), CRLCC Val d'Aurelle - Paul Lamarque-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1), Catalan Institute of Oncology, Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology [Okazaki], Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis (IBVF), Universidad de Sevilla-Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja, The Adams Super Center for Brain Studies, Tel Aviv University [Tel Aviv], Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Pharmacology and biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Lettres, Idées, Savoir (LIS), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, China Seismological Bureau, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center [Waltham], Brandeis University, Institut Necker Enfants-Malades (INEM - UM 111 (UMR 8253 / U1151)), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), ORIENT ET MÉDITERRANÉE : Textes, Archéologie, Histoire (OM), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), David Geffen School of Medicine [Los Angeles], University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, aDepartment of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Philipps University of Marburg, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Renal Division, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany, Rural Health Academic Centre, University of Melbourne-Rural Clinical School, Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita [Modena, Italy], Stress Cellulaire, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Department of Pathology, Anatomy & Cell Biology [Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA], Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Departamento de Bioquimica Clinica, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Centro de Investigación en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina, Neuroinflammation Unit, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Mathematics and Computing in Automatic Control and Optimization for the User (MIAOU), Inria Sophia Antipolis - Méditerranée (CRISAM), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers (CRC), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Danish Cancer Society, Institute of Cancer Biology, UCL-Institute of Child Health (ICH), Institute of Child Health-Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children [London] (GOSH), Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado [Boulder], Institut de biologie et chimie des protéines [Lyon] (IBCP), Joslin Diabetes Center, Universität Ulm - Ulm University [Ulm, Allemagne], Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey, Qingdao 266071, China, Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Metabolic Engineering Group, Departamento de Microbiologia y Genetica, Edificio Departamental, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Universidad de Salamanca, University of Minnesota [Twin Cities], University of Minnesota System, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), Summit Analytical, CALRG, Institute of Educational Technology, Institute for Neurologic Disabilities Research, Faculty of Health Sciences-University of Pretoria [South Africa], Department of Paediatric Neurology, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital [London]-Evelina Children's Hospital, Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles [UMR_A1280] (PhAN), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Nantes (UN), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and the Department of Cell Biology, Harward Medical School, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute [Faridabad] (THSTI), Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Reliability and Systems Engineering [Beijing], Beihang University, Oxford Centre for Integrative Systems Biology, Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology [Charlottesville, VA, USA] (School of Medicine), University of Virginia [Charlottesville], Apoptose, cancer et immunité (Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le cancer - CRC - Inserm U1138), Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR)-Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers (CRC (UMR_S_1138 / U1138)), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU), St James's University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), School of Electrical Engineering [Seoul] (Korea University), Department of Mathematics and Statistics [Guelph], University of Guelph, Department of Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics [Stanford, CA, États-Unis], Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Arizona Respiratory Center, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, ToxAlim (ToxAlim), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan (INPT - EI Purpan), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Newcastle University [Newcastle], JRC Institute for Transuranium Elements [Karlsruhe] (ITU ), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Karlsruhe] (JRC), Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center [Dallas], Centre de génétique et de physiologie moléculaire et cellulaire (CGPhiMC), Laboratory of Functional Neurogenomics [Tuebingen, Germany], University of Tuebingen-Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research [Tuebingen, Germany], Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay), European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS), Indian School of Mines, Department of Computer Science [UIUC] (UIUC), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System-University of Illinois System, Centre for Cancer Biology, Hanson Institute, Adelaide, University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California, Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille (CIIL) - U1019 - UMR 8204 (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Organisation Nucléaire et Oncogenèse, Institut de génétique et biologie moléculaire et cellulaire (IGBMC), Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), FONDAP Center CEMC Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA (UMR_8251 / U1133)), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Centre d'infectiologie Necker-Pasteur [CHU Necker], CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Chungnam National Univesity School of Medicine, Taejon, Korea, Chungnam National Univesity School of Medicine, Micro & Nanobiotechnologies, Institut des Sciences Analytiques (ISA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lyon-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lyon-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre Léon Bérard [Lyon]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de génétique moléculaire (CGM), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Center for Applied Mathematics, Tsinghua University [Beijing], University of Connecticut School of Medicine, University of Connecticut (UCONN), Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes (LBMCE), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Microenvironnement et Physiopathologie de la Differenciation, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Beatson institute for cancer research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Howard Hugues Medical Institute, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institute of Computing Technology [Beijing] (ICT), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Changchun Branch] (CAS), School of Electronics and Computer Science (ECS), University of Southampton, Third Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology, Cognitive Interaction Technology [Bielefeld] (CITEC), Universität Bielefeld = Bielefeld University, Procédés, Matériaux et Energie Solaire (PROMES), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Faculty of Pharmacy- University of Coimbra, National Neuroscience Institute, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology (LMVI), Institut Pasteur de Shanghai, Académie des Sciences de Chine - Chinese Academy of Sciences (IPS-CAS), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Coll Life Sci, Beijing Normal University, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), Department of Molecular Pathology and Microbiology, Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine-George Mason University [Fairfax], Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson (Philadelphia University + Thomas Jefferson University), Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburg, Tianjin University of Science and Technology (TUST), Hunan University of Science and Technology [Xiangtan], Laboratoire de Génie Civil et Génie Mécanique (LGCGM), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), China Agricultural University (CAU), Acad Disaster Reduct and Emergency Management, Minist Civil Affairs, Minist Educ, Beijing, Peoples R China, affiliation inconnue, Département Technologie des Polymères et Composites & Ingénierie Mécanique (TPCIM), École des Mines de Douai (Mines Douai EMD), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Ministère de l'Economie, des Finances et de l'Industrie, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Laboratoire d'Informatique Gaspard-Monge (ligm), Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEM)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-ESIEE Paris-Fédération de Recherche Bézout-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Biochimie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (LBMC), Université de Bourgogne (UB), Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR), Emory University [Atlanta, GA]-Medical College of Wisconsin, Centre de biophysique moléculaire (CBM), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Illman Cancer Center, Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE)-Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE), Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères (IMP), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California [Davis] (UC Davis), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho [Braga], Équipe Calcul Distribué et Asynchronisme (LAAS-CDA), University of California [Riverside] (UCR), Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), Laboratory of Systems Biology, Van Andel Institute [Grand Rapids], Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, National Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Oregon Health and Science University [Portland] (OHSU), Dendrite Differenciation Group [DZNE - Bonn], German Research Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Equipe 12, Génétique moléculaire, signalisation et cancer (GMSC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre Léon Bérard [Lyon]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre Léon Bérard [Lyon]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University Medical Center [Utrecht], Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer [Barcelona, Spain] (Hospital Clinic ), Department of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Fisiopatologia de los procesos inflamatorios, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Department of Human Genetics, Nagasaki University, Transduction du signal et oncogénèse, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Curie, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center - Academisch Medisch Centrum [Amsterdam] (AMC), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA)-University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Department of medical Biochemistry, University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), IDI-IRCCS Biochemistry Laboratory, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata [Roma], Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance/Metabolism & Cancer Group [Catalonia, Spain] (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology-Girona (ICO-Girona), Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (NOVA), Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, CNR, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes (BPMP), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, The Hospital for sick children [Toronto] (SickKids), Universidad de Sevilla, Immunité muqueuse et vaccination, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR50-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), DIMS, University of Trento [Trento], Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule (LBMC), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine [Madrid, Spain], Laboratory of Cell Death and Cancer Therapy [Madrid, Spain], Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) -Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3HD, UK, Centre d'Immunologie et de Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dpt. of Cancer & Cell Biology, Interactions Bactéries-Cellules (UIBC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Max planck Institute for Biology of Ageing [Cologne], Euromov (EuroMov), Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology [Glasgow, UK], University of Glasgow- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation [Glasgow, UK], Immunologie et chimie thérapeutiques (ICT), Cancéropôle du Grand Est-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 1599, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), EA 4100, Histoire culturelle et sociale de l'art (HiCSA), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing (Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing), Swinburne University of Technology [Melbourne], Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences [Vancouver, BC, Canada] (Life Sciences Institute), University of British Columbia (UBC)-Life Sciences Institute [Vancouver, BC, Canada], School of Pharmacy, Department of Experimental Medicine, Dept. Neurosciences, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center [Nijmegen], Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Radiation Physics, School of Life Science, Department of Basic Biology, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Doshisha University, National Cancer Research Center [Tokyo, Japan], University of Washington [Seattle], Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration [Göttingen, Germany], University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Cibles moléculaires et thérapeutiques de la maladie d'Alzheimer (CIMoTHeMA), Université de Poitiers, Laboratoire de Probabilités et Modèles Aléatoires (LPMA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), BioCeV-Institute of Microbiology, Médecine Personnalisée, Pharmacogénomique, Optimisation Thérapeutique (MEPPOT - U1147), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Istituto di chimica biologica, Università degli Studi di Verona, Département Image et Traitement Information (ITI), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-Télécom Bretagne, Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Università degli Studi di Firenze [Firenze], Cell Immunity in Cancer, Inflammation and infection Group [Zaragoza, Spain] (Biomedical Research Center), Nanoscience Institute of Aragon - INA [Zaragoza, Spain]-Fundación Agencia Aragonesa para la Investigación y el Desarrollo - ARAID [Zaragoza, Spain]-University of Zaragoza - Universidad de Zaragoza [Zaragoza], Department of Pediatrics, Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Transfert de Genes a Visee Therapeutique Dans les Cellules Souches, Developpement Normal et Pathologique du Système Immunitaire, Signalisation et physiopathologie des cellules épithéliales, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Santiago de Chile [Santiago] (USACH), Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav-Sede Sur, Centre de recherche Croissance et signalisation (UMR_S 845), College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW), Laboratory of Cardiac Surgical Research, Monash University [Clayton], Universidade do Minho, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group (CIBERNED), Vall d'Hebron Research Institute-Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Barcelona, Department of medicine, Syracuse, NY, USA, State University of New York (SUNY), National University of Singapore (NUS)-Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine-Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, McGill University Health Center [Montreal] (MUHC), National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Transporteurs en Imagerie et Radiothérapie en Oncologie (TIRO - UMR E4320), Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot (SHFJ), Université Paris-Saclay-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-UMR E4320 (TIRO-MATOs), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR)-Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers (CRC), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Genetics of Eukaryotic Microorganisms, Georg-August-University [Göttingen]-Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Sterol metabolism and therapeutic innovations in oncology, Institut Claudius Regaud, CRLCC Institut Claudius Regaud-CRLCC Institut Claudius Regaud-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Señalización Celular 4, Institute of integrative biology (Liverpool), University of Liverpool, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases [Bethesda], Department of Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Biophysics and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology and Morphology, Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Shenyang Institute of Automation, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (SIA), Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University (Xjtu), Dipartimento di Biologia, Mechanics laboratory , UniversityAmar Telidji, 3000 Laghouat, Algéria., Mechanics laboratory , University Amar Telidji, sans affiliation, Service d'hépatologie [Hôpital Beaujon], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Chaperones Research Group, Institute of Biosciences and Technology [Houston, TX, États-Unis] (IBT), Texas A&M Health Science Center [Houston, TX, États-Unis] (TAMHSC), Texas A&M University Health Science Center-Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada (NRC), Cibles thérapeutiques, formulation et expertise pré-clinique du médicament (CITHEFOR), Université de Lorraine (UL), Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche [Ancona] (UNIVPM), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology [Indianapolis, IN, USA], Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University System-Indiana University System, Wellcome Trust Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, iMed.UL, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, CESAM & Biology Department, Universidade de Aveiro, Celullar and Molecular Medicine, Università degli Studi di Perugia (UNIPG), Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Apoptose et Système Immunitaire (ASI), Vieillissement Cellulaire Intégré et Inflammation (VCII), Adaptation Biologique et Vieillissement = Biological Adaptation and Ageing (B2A), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Mathematical Sciences [Aalborg], Aalborg University [Denmark] (AAU), Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Biozentrum, University of Basel (Unibas), Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory [Grenoble] (EMBL), Rutgers New Jersey Medical School (NJMS), Rutgers University System (Rutgers), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide [Sevilla] (UPO), Department of Neurosciences, Agronomes et Vétérinaires Sans Frontières (AVSF), AVSF, Department of Mathematics [Gakushuin], Gakushuin University, Department of Internal Medicine [Münster, Germany], University of Münster, Neurogenetics laboratory, University Medicine Goettingen, Institut de biologie structurale (IBS - UMR 5075), Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université d'Uruguay, Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire du Contrôle de la Prolifération (LBCMCP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Institute for Conservation & Improvement of Valentian Agrodiversity (COMAV), Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (UPV), ICBM, University of Chile [Santiago]-Faculty of Medicine, Nutrition, Métabolisme, Aquaculture (NuMéA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (UPPA), Department of Cell Biology, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Baylor University, University of Minnesota Medical School, Beijing Candid soft Technology Co. Ltd, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery [Maebashi, Japan], Gunma University Graduate Schoolof Medicine [Maebashi, Japan], Department of Molecular Genetics [Maastricht, The Netherlands], Maastricht University [The Netherlands], Institute of Cell Biology and Genetic Engineering, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NASU), Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Imagine - Institut des maladies génétiques (IMAGINE - U1163), Wilmer Eye Institute, Mayo Clinic and Mayo College of Medicine, Rochester, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polska Akademia Nauk (PAN)-Sciences, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering [Waterloo] (ECE), University of Waterloo [Waterloo], Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center [Houston], University of Minho, Friedrich Miescher Laboratory (FML), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin / Charite - University Medicine Berlin, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Brescia University, Department of Physiological Chemistry [Bochum], Ruhr-Universität Bochum [Bochum], University of Oslo (UiO), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, Facultés Universitaires Notre Dame de la Paix (FUNDP), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226, Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Association française contre les myopathies (AFM-Téléthon)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Université Lille 2 - Faculté de Médecine -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Lille Nord de France (COMUE)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Etablissement français du sang [Bourgogne-France-Comté] (EFS [Bourgogne-France-Comté])-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-IFR50-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Institut Bergonié [Bordeaux], UNICANCER, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Trafic membranaire et Division cellulaire - Membrane Traffic and Cell Division, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologique [CHU Rouen], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Signaling in Oncogenesis, Angiogenesis and Permeability (CRCINA-ÉQUIPE 15), Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie et Immunologie Nantes-Angers (CRCINA), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Nantes - UFR de Médecine et des Techniques Médicales (UFR MEDECINE), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes (CHU Nantes)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Angers (UA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Nantes - UFR de Médecine et des Techniques Médicales (UFR MEDECINE), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes (CHU Nantes)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Angers (UA), Universidad de Chile = University of Chile [Santiago] (UCHILE), Centro de Investigacion Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISC), Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-CRLCC Val d'Aurelle - Paul Lamarque-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution)), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children [London] (GOSH)-Institute of Child Health, Hokkaido University [Sapporo, Japan], Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan (INPT - EI Purpan), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon, Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille (CIIL) - INSERM U1019 - UMR 9017 (CIIL), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lille-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Organisation Nucléaire et Oncogenèse - Nuclear Organization and Oncogenesis, Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (UNICANCER/CRCL), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre Léon Bérard [Lyon], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de biologie physico-chimique (IBPC (FR_550)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Beijing Normal University (BNU), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Fédération de Recherche Bézout-ESIEE Paris-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEM), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (UNICANCER/CRCL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre Léon Bérard [Lyon]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre Léon Bérard [Lyon], Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Institut Curie [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa = NOVA University of Lisboa (NOVA), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Doshisha University [Kyoto], Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence [Firenze], University of Zaragoza - Universidad de Zaragoza [Zaragoza]-Nanoscience Institute of Aragon - INA [Zaragoza, Spain]-Fundación Agencia Aragonesa para la Investigación y el Desarrollo - ARAID [Zaragoza, Spain], Central China Normal University [Wuhan, China], Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-UMR E4320 (TIRO-MATOs), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut Claudius Regaud, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Institut de biologie structurale [1992-2019] (IBS - UMR 5075 [1992-2019]), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Facultad de Medicina [Buenos Aires], Universidad de Buenos Aires [Buenos Aires] (UBA)-Universidad de Buenos Aires [Buenos Aires] (UBA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lille, Droit et Santé-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional de San Martin (UNSAM), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lille, George Mason University [Fairfax]-Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation [Glasgow, UK]-University of Glasgow, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-CHU Rouen, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris], Centre Léon Bérard [Lyon]-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre Léon Bérard [Lyon]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Settore BIO/06, biology, Cell Biology, [SDV.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cellular Biology, biology.organism_classification, Cell biology, Interpretation (model theory), 03 medical and health sciences, Arama, 030104 developmental biology, Molecular Biology, Humanities, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: Author(s): Klionsky, DJ; Abdelmohsen, K; Abe, A; Abedin, MJ; Abeliovich, H; Arozena, AA; Adachi, H; Adams, CM; Adams, PD; Adeli, K; Adhihetty, PJ; Adler, SG; Agam, G; Agarwal, R; Aghi, MK; Agnello, M; Agostinis, P; Aguilar, PV; Aguirre-Ghiso, J; Airoldi, EM; Ait-Si-Ali, S; Akematsu, T; Akporiaye, ET; Al-Rubeai, M; Albaiceta, GM; Albanese, C; Albani, D; Albert, ML; Aldudo, J; Algul, H; Alirezaei, M; Alloza, I; Almasan, A; Almonte-Beceril, M; Alnemri, ES; Alonso, C; Altan-Bonnet, N; Altieri, DC; Alvarez, S; Alvarez-Erviti, L; Alves, S; Amadoro, G; Amano, A; Amantini, C; Ambrosio, S; Amelio, I; Amer, AO; Amessou, M; Amon, A; An, Z; Anania, FA; Andersen, SU; Andley, UP; Andreadi, CK; Andrieu-Abadie, N; Anel, A; Ann, DK; Anoopkumar-Dukie, S; Antonioli, M; Aoki, H; Apostolova, N; Aquila, S; Aquilano, K; Araki, K; Arama, E; Aranda, A; Araya, J; Arcaro, A; Arias, E; Arimoto, H; Ariosa, AR; Armstrong, JL; Arnould, T; Arsov, I; Asanuma, K; Askanas, V; Asselin, E; Atarashi, R; Atherton, SS; Atkin, JD; Attardi, LD; Auberger, P; Auburger, G; Aurelian, L; Autelli, R
Published: 2016

31. A New Transgenic Mouse Model of Heart Failure and Cardiac Cachexia Raised by Sustained Activation of Met Tyrosine Kinase in the Heart

Author: James Cimino, Stefano Gatti, Valentina Sala, Daniela Cantarella, Tiziana Crepaldi, Enzo Medico, Simona Gallo, and Antonio Ponzetto
Subjects: Genetics and Molecular Biology (all), 0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Cachexia, Article Subject, Immunology and Microbiology (all), Oncogene Protein tpr-met, Concentric hypertrophy, lcsh:Medicine, Mice, Transgenic, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Biochemistry, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Muscle hypertrophy, Mice, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal medicine, Animals, Humans, Medicine, Wasting, Heart Failure, 2. Zero hunger, General Immunology and Microbiology, business.industry, lcsh:R, Skeletal muscle, General Medicine, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, Enzyme Activation, Disease Models, Animal, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Endocrinology, Heart failure, GDF15, medicine.symptom, business, Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (all), Research Article
Abstract: Among other diseases characterized by the onset of cachexia, congestive heart failure takes a place of relevance, considering the high prevalence of this pathology in most European countries and in the United States, and is undergoing a rapid increase in developing countries. Actually, only few models of cardiac cachexia exist. Difficulties in the recruitment and follow-up of clinical trials implicate that new reproducible and well-characterized animal models are pivotal in developing therapeutic strategies for cachexia. We generated a new model of cardiac cachexia: a transgenic mouse expressing Tpr-Met receptor, the activated form of c-Met receptor of hepatocyte growth factor, specifically in the heart. We showed that the cardiac-specific induction of Tpr-Met raises a cardiac hypertrophic remodelling, which progresses into concentric hypertrophy with concomitant increase in Gdf15 mRNA levels. Hypertrophy progresses to congestive heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, characterized by reduced body weight gain and food intake and skeletal muscle wasting. Prevention trial by suppressing Tpr-Met showed that loss of body weight could be prevented. Skeletal muscle wasting was also associated with altered gene expression profiling. We propose transgenic Tpr-Met mice as a new model of cardiac cachexia, which will constitute a powerful tool to understand such complex pathology and test new drugs/approaches at the preclinical level.
Published: 2016

32. Cardiac concentric hypertrophy promoted by activated Met receptor is mitigated in vivo by inhibition of Erk1,2 signalling with Pimasertib

Author: Daniela Cantarella, Stefano Gatti, Lara Fontani, Enzo Medico, Paolo M. Comoglio, Tiziana Crepaldi, Massimo Natale, Simona Gallo, Valentina Sala, Antonio Ponzetto, Elisa Vigna, James Cimino, and Mara Morello
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Niacinamide, medicine.medical_specialty, MAP Kinase Signaling System, Heart Ventricles, Cardiac hypertrophy, Erk1,2, Heart failure, HGFR, Mek1 inhibitor, Met receptor, Molecular Biology, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Concentric hypertrophy, Cardiomegaly, Mice, Transgenic, Biology, Receptor tyrosine kinase, Erk1, Cell Line, Contractility, 03 medical and health sciences, Mice, Downregulation and upregulation, Internal medicine, medicine, Animals, Receptor, Protein Kinase Inhibitors, Cytoskeleton, Ventricular Remodeling, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Gap Junctions, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met, medicine.disease, Extracellular Matrix, Disease Models, Animal, 030104 developmental biology, Endocrinology, Phenotype, Gene Expression Regulation, biology.protein, Hepatocyte growth factor, medicine.drug
Abstract: Cardiac hypertrophy is a major risk factor for heart failure. Hence, its attenuation represents an important clinical goal. Erk1,2 signalling is pivotal in the cardiac response to stress, suggesting that its inhibition may be a good strategy to revert heart hypertrophy. In this work, we unveiled the events associated with cardiac hypertrophy by means of a transgenic model expressing activated Met receptor. c-Met proto-oncogene encodes for the tyrosine kinase receptor of Hepatocyte growth factor and is a strong inducer of Ras-Raf-Mek-Erk1,2 pathway. We showed that three weeks after the induction of activated Met, the heart presents a remarkable concentric hypertrophy, with no signs of congestive failure and preserved contractility. Cardiac enlargement is accompanied by upregulation of growth-regulating transcription factors, natriuretic peptides, cytoskeletal proteins, and Extracellular Matrix remodelling factors (Timp1 and Pai1). At a later stage, cardiac hypertrophic remodelling results into heart failure with preserved systolic function. Prevention trial by suppressing activated Met showed that cardiac hypertrophy is reversible, and progression to heart failure is prevented. Notably, treatment with Pimasertib, Mek1 inhibitor, attenuates cardiac hypertrophy and remodelling. Our results suggest that modulation of Erk1.2 signalling may constitute a new therapeutic approach for treating cardiac hypertrophies.
Published: 2015

33. Cytolitic Activity of Monoclonal Antibodies Strongly Depends on Rabbit Complement Used

Author: Tiziana Crepaldi, Patricia Richiardi, Antonio Amoroso, and Emilio Sergio Curtoni
Subjects: Cytotoxicity, Immunologic, medicine.drug_class, Chemistry, Immunology, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Rabbit (nuclear engineering), Complement System Proteins, General Medicine, Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic, Monoclonal antibody, Biochemistry, Molecular biology, Complement (complexity), Genetics, medicine, Animals, Immunology and Allergy, Rabbits
Published: 2008

34. Further antigenic determinants on HLA-A molecules

Author: E. Olivetti, Tiziana Crepaldi, Fabio Malavasi, Patricia Richiardi, and Angelo O. Carbonara
Subjects: medicine.drug_class, Immunology, Population, Immunogenetics, Monoclonal antibody, Binding, Competitive, Biochemistry, Epitope, Cell Line, law.invention, Epitopes, Antigen, HLA Antigens, law, Genetics, medicine, Humans, Immunology and Allergy, education, education.field_of_study, HLA-A Antigens, biology, Antibodies, Monoclonal, General Medicine, Molecular biology, HLA-A, Polyclonal antibodies, biology.protein, Recombinant DNA
Abstract: Monoclonal antibodies detect a new polymorphic antigenic determinant shared by HLA-A2, 3, 28, 29, 30, 31 and w33. This was demonstrated by population and family studies, including an HLA-A,B recombinant family, and by lysostrip experiments. Competition experiments, measuring the binding of 125I labelled MoAbs to B lymphoblastoid cell lines coated with anti-HLA conventional alloantisera and MoAbs showed that this new epitope is spatially distant from other known epitopes of A3 molecules and from monomorphic and polymorphic determinants of A2 molecules detected by monoclonal antibodies. On the other hand, anti-HLA-A2 polyclonal alloantisera are able to inhibit binding.
Published: 2008

35. Characterization by monoclonal antibodies of lymphocyte subsets present in B-enriched suspensions

Author: Angelo O. Carbonara, Fabio Malavasi, I. Borelli, Patricia Richiardi, and Tiziana Crepaldi
Subjects: Rosette Formation, medicine.drug_class, Lymphocyte, Immunology, Population, Lymphocytes, Null, Cell Separation, Monoclonal antibody, Biochemistry, Antigen, Cell Adhesion, Genetics, Null cell, medicine, Humans, Immunology and Allergy, Cytotoxic T cell, Lymphocytes, education, B cell, B-Lymphocytes, education.field_of_study, biology, Antibodies, Monoclonal, General Medicine, Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic, Molecular biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, biology.protein, Antibody
Abstract: B lymphocyte enriched suspensions isolated by E rosette depletion (E-cells) or by nylon fiber adherence (adherent cells) were identified by their cellular composition using different T and B cell markers (SIg,E receptor, T3, T4, T8 and Ia-like antigens). The cells were isolated from peripheral blood both of healthy donors and uremic dialysis patients. A variable proportion of non-B cells was found in some preparations. This contaminant was represented mainly by Null cells in E-lymphocyte suspensions and by T cells in the adherent population. Contaminating T lymphocytes were most frequently found in adherent cell preparations from uremic individuals and appeared to be an heterogeneous population including variable proportions of T4, T8 and Ia positive T cells. A significant increase of T8+ cells and a decrease of the ratio T4/T8 was seen among adherent T cells as compared to the normal distribution among T peripheral lymphocytes.
Published: 2008

36. An In vivo Model of Met-Driven Lymphoma as a Tool to Explore the Therapeutic Potential of Met Inhibitors

Author: Francesca Bersani, Riccardo Taulli, Silvia Miretti, Tony Mangano, Carola Ponzetto, Paolo E. Forni, Giuseppe Lattanzio, Walter Dastrù, James G. Christensen, Paolo Accornero, Roberto Chiarle, Tiziana Crepaldi, and Claudio Scuoppo
Subjects: Genetically modified mouse, Cancer Research, Indoles, Lymphoma, Transgene, PHA-665752, Blotting, Western, Mice, Transgenic, Receptor tyrosine kinase, Mice, medicine, Animals, Humans, Sulfones, Protein Kinase Inhibitors, Met inhibitors, biology, Kinase, Gene Transfer Techniques, Cancer, Met-driven lymphoma, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met, medicine.disease, Immunohistochemistry, Disease Models, Animal, Oncology, Immunology, Cancer cell, Met, biology.protein, Cancer research, Hepatocyte growth factor, medicine.drug
Abstract: Purpose: Met, the tyrosine kinase receptor for hepatocyte growth factor, is frequently deregulated in human cancer. Recent evidence indicates that Met amplification may confer resistance to treatments directed toward other receptor tyrosine kinases. Thus, there is a need to develop Met inhibitors into therapeutic tools, to be used alone or in combination with other molecularly targeted drugs. Preclinical validation of Met inhibitors has thus far been done in nude mice bearing cancer cells xenogratfs. A far superior model would be a transgenic line developing spontaneous Met-driven tumors with high penetrance and short latency. Experimental Design: To this end, we introduced into the mouse genome TPR-MET, the oncogenic form of MET. The Tpr-Met protein ensures deregulation of Met signaling because dimerization motifs in the Tpr moiety cause ligand-independent activation of the Met kinase. Results: Here, we describe a TPR-MET transgenic line that develops thymic T-cell lymphoma with full penetrance and very short latency. In the tumors, Tpr-Met and its effectors were phosphorylated. Treatment of tumor-derived T lymphocytes with the selective Met inhibitor PHA-665752 at nanomolar concentrations abolished phosphorylation of Met and downstream effectors and led to caspase-mediated apoptosis. I.v. administration of PHA-665752 to transgenic mice bearing lymphomas in exponential growth phase led to a significant decrease in tumor growth and, in some cases, to tumor regression. Conclusions: Our transgenic line, which within 2 months reliably develops Tpr-Met–driven T-cell lymphoma, represents a valuable tool to explore the efficacy and therapeutic potential of Met kinase inhibitors as anticancer drugs.
Published: 2008

37. Bortezomib-mediated proteasome inhibition as a potential strategy for the treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma

Author: Silvia Miretti, Carola Ponzetto, Tiziana Crepaldi, Riccardo Taulli, Paolo Accornero, Alessandro Morotti, and Francesca Bersani
Subjects: Cancer Research, medicine.medical_specialty, Rhabdomyosarcoma, Bortezomib, Proteasome, Novel cancer therapies, genetic structures, Cell Survival, Angiogenesis, Blotting, Western, Transplantation, Heterologous, Mice, Nude, Angiogenesis Inhibitors, Apoptosis, Caspase 3, Biology, Mice, hemic and lymphatic diseases, Internal medicine, Tumor Cells, Cultured, medicine, Animals, Humans, Protease Inhibitors, neoplasms, Cell Proliferation, Neovascularization, Pathologic, Cell growth, medicine.disease, Boronic Acids, Transplantation, Endocrinology, Oncology, Pyrazines, Cancer research, Proteasome inhibitor, Proteasome Inhibitors, Neoplasm Transplantation, medicine.drug
Abstract: Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft-tissue sarcoma of childhood, divided into two major histological subtypes, embryonal (ERMS) and alveolar (ARMS). To explore the possibility that the proteasome could be a target of therapeutic value in rhabdomyosarcoma, we treated several RMS cell lines with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (Velcade or PS-341) at a concentration of 13-26 nM. RMS cells showed high sensitivity to the drug, whereas no toxic effect was observed in primary human myoblasts. In both ERMS and ARMS cells bortezomib promoted apoptosis, activation of caspase 3 and 7 and induced a dose-dependent reduction of anchorage-independent growth. Furthermore, bortezomib induced activation of the stress response, cell cycle arrest and the reduction of NF-kappaB transcriptional activity. Finally, bortezomib decreased tumour growth and impaired cells viability, proliferation and angiogenesis in a xenograft model of RMS. In conclusion, our data indicate that bortezomib could represent a novel drug against RMS tumours.
Published: 2008

38. Conditional Activation of MET in Differentiated Skeletal Muscle Induces Atrophy

Author: Paolo Accornero, David J. Glass, Tiziana Crepaldi, Claudio Scuoppo, Chiara Prunotto, Riccardo Taulli, Jennifer A. Griffiths, Carola Ponzetto, Paolo E. Forni, Roberto Chiarle, Christian Leo, and Francesca Bersani
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle, Green Fluorescent Proteins, Mice, Transgenic, Protein degradation, Biology, p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, Biochemistry, Mice, Atrophy, Internal medicine, Myosin, medicine, Animals, Phosphorylation, Molecular Biology, Protein kinase B, Myogenesis, Skeletal muscle, Cell Biology, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met, medicine.disease, Cell biology, Muscular Atrophy, medicine.anatomical_structure, Endocrinology, Gene Expression Regulation, ITGA7
Abstract: Skeletal muscle atrophy is a common debilitating feature of many systemic diseases, including cancer. Here we examined the effects of inducing expression of an oncogenic version of the Met receptor (Tpr-Met) in terminally differentiated skeletal muscle. A responder mouse containing the Tpr-Met oncogene and GFP (green fluorescent protein) as a reporter was crossed with a transactivator mouse expressing tTA under the control of the muscle creatine kinase promoter. Tpr-Met induction during fetal development and in young adult mice caused severe muscle wasting, with decreased fiber size and loss of myosin heavy chain protein. Concomitantly, in the Tpr-Met-expressing muscle the mRNA of the E3 ubiquitin ligases atrogin-1/MAFbx, MuRF1, and of the lysosomal protease cathepsin L, which are markers of skeletal muscle atrophy, was significantly increased. In the same muscles phosphorylation of the Met downstream effectors Akt, p38 MAPK, and IkappaBalpha was higher than in normal controls. Induction of Tpr-Met in differentiating satellite cells derived from the double transgenics caused aberrant cell fusion, protein loss, and myotube collapse. Increased phosphorylation of Met downstream effectors was also observed in the Tpr-Met-expressing myotubes cultures. Treatment of these cultures with either a proteasomal or a p38 inhibitor prevented Tpr-Met-mediated myotube breakdown, establishing accelerated protein degradation consequent to inappropriate activation of p38 as the major route for the Tpr-Met-induced muscle phenotype.
Published: 2007

39. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of HGF/Met in the cardiovascular system

Author: Tiziana Crepaldi, Valentina Sala, Stefano Gatti, and Simona Gallo
Subjects: MAPK/ERK pathway, Angiogenesis, Neovascularization, Physiologic, Inflammation, Apoptosis, Biology, Vascular Remodeling, Receptor tyrosine kinase, medicine, Autophagy, Immune Tolerance, Animals, Humans, Regeneration, Molecular Targeted Therapy, Protein kinase B, PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, Ventricular Remodeling, Hepatocyte Growth Factor, Myocardium, General Medicine, Dendritic Cells, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met, Angiotensin II, Fibrosis, Oxidative Stress, Cardiovascular Diseases, biology.protein, Cancer research, Blood Vessels, Hepatocyte growth factor, medicine.symptom, medicine.drug, Signal Transduction
Abstract: Met tyrosine kinase receptor, also known as c-Met, is the HGF (hepatocyte growth factor) receptor. The HGF/Met pathway has a prominent role in cardiovascular remodelling after tissue injury. The present review provides a synopsis of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of HGF/Met in the heart and blood vessels. In vivo, HGF/Met function is particularly important for the protection of the heart in response to both acute and chronic insults, including ischaemic injury and doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Accordingly, conditional deletion of Met in cardiomyocytes results in impaired organ defence against oxidative stress. After ischaemic injury, activation of Met provides strong anti-apoptotic stimuli for cardiomyocytes through PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase)/Akt and MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) cascades. Recently, we found that HGF/Met is also important for autophagy regulation in cardiomyocytes via the mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) pathway. HGF/Met induces proliferation and migration of endothelial cells through Rac1 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1) activation. In fibroblasts, HGF/Met antagonizes the actions of TGFβ1 (transforming growth factor β1) and AngII (angiotensin II), thus preventing fibrosis. Moreover, HGF/Met influences the inflammatory response of macrophages and the immune response of dendritic cells, indicating its protective function against atherosclerotic and autoimmune diseases. The HGF/Met axis also plays an important role in regulating self-renewal and myocardial regeneration through the enhancement of cardiac progenitor cells. HGF/Met has beneficial effects against myocardial infarction and endothelial dysfunction: the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying repair function in the heart and blood vessels are common and include pro-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic actions. Thus administration of HGF or HGF mimetics may represent a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of both coronary and peripheral artery disease.
Published: 2015

40. Met activation for cardioprotection against anthracycline cardiotoxicity

Author: Alessandro Bonzano, Simona Gallo, Raffaella Albano, Stefano Gatti, Paolo M. Comoglio, Tiziana Crepaldi, and Valentina Sala
Subjects: Pharmacology, Cardioprotection, Cardiotoxicity, Anthracycline, Physiology, medicine.drug_class, business.industry, Monoclonal antibody, Monoclonal Antibodies, Cardioncology, HGF, Met, Monoclonal Antibodies, Doxorubicin, Cardioncology, Cardiotoxicity, Doxorubicin, medicine, Met, Molecular Medicine, HGF, business, medicine.drug
Published: 2015

41. RNAi technology and lentiviral delivery as a powerful tool to suppress Tpr-Met-mediated tumorigenesis

Author: Antonia Follenzi, Paolo E. Forni, Tiziana Crepaldi, Carola Ponzetto, Riccardo Taulli, Claudio Scuoppo, Alessandro Morotti, Francesca Bersani, Luigi Naldini, Tony Mangano, Paolo Accornero, Roberto Chiarle, Taulli, R., Accornero, P., Follenzi, A., Mangano, T., Morotti, A., Scuoppo, C., Forni, P. E., Bersani, F., Crepaldi, T., Chiarle, R., Naldini, Luigi, and AND PONZETTO, C.
Subjects: Cancer Research, Small interfering RNA, Oncogene Proteins, Fusion, Genetic Vectors, Down-Regulation, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Viral vector, Small hairpin RNA, Mice, Transduction, Genetic, RNA interference, Cell Line, Tumor, medicine, Animals, Humans, RNA, Small Interfering, Receptor, Molecular Biology, Cell Proliferation, Point mutation, Lentivirus, Genetic Therapy, Neoplasms, Experimental, Molecular biology, Transformation (genetics), Gene Expression Regulation, Cancer research, Molecular Medicine, RNA Interference, Carcinogenesis
Abstract: Tpr-Met, the oncogenic counterpart of the Met receptor, has been detected in gastric cancers, as well as in precursor lesions and in the adjacent normal gastric mucosa. This has prompted the suggestion that Tpr-Met may predispose to the development of gastric tumors. Given the sequence specificity of RNA interference, oncogenes activated by point mutation or rearrangements can be targeted while spearing the product of the wild-type allele. In this work, we report specific suppression of Tpr-Met expression and inhibition of Tpr-Met-mediated transformation and tumorigenesis by means of a short interfering RNA (siRNA) directed toward the Tpr-Met junction (anti-TM2). When delivered by a lentiviral vector, anti-TM2 siRNA was effective also in mouse embryonal fibroblasts or epithelial cells expressing high levels of Tpr-Met. Our results suggest that lentiviral-mediated delivery of anti-TM2 siRNA may be developed into a powerful tool to treat Tpr-Met-positive cancers.
Published: 2005

42. HGF/Met Axis in Heart Function and Cardioprotection

Author: Tiziana Crepaldi, Valentina Sala, Simona Gallo, and Stefano Gatti
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Angiogenesis, Met tyrosine kinase receptor, cardiotoxicity, Medicine (miscellaneous), Review, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Receptor tyrosine kinase, angiogenesis, Fibrosis, Internal medicine, medicine, lcsh:QH301-705.5, Cardioprotection, Cardiotoxicity, biology, Heart development, business.industry, fibrosis, cardiac regeneration, heart development, medicine.disease, hepatocyte growth factor, myocardial infarction, Endocrinology, lcsh:Biology (General), inflammation, cardioprotection, biology.protein, Cancer research, Hepatocyte growth factor, Stem cell, business, medicine.drug
Abstract: Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its tyrosine kinase receptor (Met) play important roles in myocardial function both in physiological and pathological situations. In the developing heart, HGF influences cardiomyocyte proliferation and differentiation. In the adult, HGF/Met signaling controls heart homeostasis and prevents oxidative stress in normal cardiomyocytes. Thus, the possible cardiotoxicity of current Met-targeted anti-cancer therapies has to be taken in consideration. In the injured heart, HGF plays important roles in cardioprotection by promoting: (1) prosurvival (anti-apoptotic and anti-autophagic) effects in cardiomyocytes, (2) angiogenesis, (3) inhibition of fibrosis, (4) anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory signals, and (5) regeneration through activation of cardiac stem cells. Furthermore, we discuss the putative role of elevated HGF as prognostic marker of severity in patients with cardiac diseases. Finally, we examine the potential of HGF-based molecules as new therapeutic tools for the treatment of cardiac diseases.
Published: 2014

43. HGF/Met axis has anti-apoptotic and anti-autophagic function in hypoxic cardiac injury

Author: Simona Gallo, Tiziana Crepaldi, Paolo M. Comoglio, Stefano Gatti, and Valentina Sala
Subjects: Agonist, Programmed cell death, business.industry, medicine.drug_class, Autophagy, Ischemia, General Medicine, Hypoxia (medical), medicine.disease, Apoptosis, Immunology, Cancer research, Medicine, medicine.symptom, business, Receptor, PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway
Abstract: Ischaemic heart disease is the main cause of death in western countries. Cardiac tissue is primarily damaged by cardiomyocyte cell death triggered by low oxygen supply to the heart (hypoxia). The current therapeutic approach is coronary angioplastic intervention or thrombolytic treatments to resume blood flow in the ischaemic heart. Unfortunately, reperfusion itself causes a burst of ROS production responsible for cardiomyocyte death and myocardial dysfunction. Indeed, the majority of patients surviving to acute myocardial infarction undergoes progressive heart failure, with 50% mortality at five years from diagnosis. Apoptosis of cardiomyocytes is dangerous both during ischaemia and reperfusion. In line with this concept, we have shown that treatment of H9c2 cardiomyoblasts with cobalt chloride (CoCl2), a chemical mimetic of hypoxia, induces caspase-dependent apoptosis. Unexpectedly, we found that 3-methyladenine, an inhibitor of autophagy initiation, partially prevents CoCl2-mediated cell death, indicating that also autophagy contributes to cardiomyoblast death. Consistently, we found an increase in the autophagic flux in dying cells. Mechanistically, we have shown that CoCl2 upregulates Redd1, Bnip3 and phospho-AMPK proteins and causes inhibition of mTOR, the main negative regulator of autophagy. In light of these observations, it is important to discover new therapeutic tools displaying a dual prosurvival mechanism. To this aim, we have analyzed the cardioprotective action of HGF/Met axis in hypoxic injury. To activate Met signaling we have used either the HGF ligand or two different monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against the extracellular moiety of Met receptor. Owing a divalent structure, the two mAbs can dimerize and activate Met receptor, thus displaying agonist activity. Hypoxic injury was fully prevented by either HGF or Met agonist mAbs through both anti-apoptotic and anti-autophagic functions. By pharmacological inhibition we showed that activation of mTOR is the protective signaling downstream to Met, being involved in the anti-autophagic effect. In conclusion, HGF or Met agonist mAbs promote cell survival by negative dual regulation of apoptotic and autophagic cell death and represent promising new therapeutic tools to manage cardiac diseases.
Published: 2014

44. Effect of hepatocyte growth factor on assembly of zonula occludens-1 protein at the plasma membrane

Author: Tiziana Crepaldi, Silvia Grisendi, and Monique Arpin
Subjects: Physiology, Clinical Biochemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Calcium, Biology, Cell junction, Cell Line, Paracrine signalling, Cell polarity, medicine, Animals, Phosphorylation, beta Catenin, Tight junction, Hepatocyte Growth Factor, Cell Membrane, Cell Polarity, Membrane Proteins, Cell Biology, Cadherins, Phosphoproteins, Cell biology, Cytoskeletal Proteins, Cytosol, chemistry, Cytoplasm, Trans-Activators, Zonula Occludens-1 Protein, Tyrosine, Hepatocyte growth factor, Vanadates, medicine.drug
Abstract: Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a paracrine cytokine that influences epithelial morphogenesis by modulating cell‐cell adhesion and cell polarity. We have examined the role of HGF in the tight junction (TJ) formation. We followed the assembly and disassembly at the plasma membrane of the major component of the TJ, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) protein, after HGF treatment. We applied HGF to the basolateral compartment of MDCK cell monolayers grown on transwell filters to analyze the effect of HGF on polarized cells. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that HGF caused a marked reduction of ZO-1 at the lateral sites and a concomitant increase in the cytoplasm. We used the calcium switch assay to analyze the effect of HGF in early TJ development. In MDCK cells cultured in low calcium levels, ZO-1 is distributed intracellularly. The presence of HGF greatly retarded the movement of ZO-1 from the cytosol to the membrane after restoration of normal (1.8 mM) calcium levels for 1.5 and 3 hr. The presence of HGF during the calcium switch caused increased tyrosine phosphorylation of b-catenin. The incubation of MDCK cells with vanadate, a potent tyrosine-specific phosphatase inhibitor, also affected the ZO-1 localization at the plasma membrane during the calcium switch. This was concomitant with increased tyrosine phosphorylation ofb-catenin. These results suggest that HGF affects the TJ assembly, and this phenomenon may be important in loosening of intercellular junctions and migration of epithelial cells during HGF-induced morphogenesis. J. Cell. Physiol. 176:465‐471, 1998. q 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Published: 1998

45. Ezrin Is an Effector of Hepatocyte Growth Factor–mediated Migration and Morphogenesis in Epithelial Cells

Author: Paolo M. Comoglio, Monique Arpin, Tiziana Crepaldi, Alexis Gautreau, and Daniel Louvard
Subjects: Cell signaling, Swine, macromolecular substances, Cell Communication, Biology, Cell Fractionation, environment and public health, Article, Ezrin, Cell Movement, Cell polarity, medicine, Morphogenesis, Animals, Cytoskeleton, Cell adhesion, Cell Size, Microvilli, Hepatocyte Growth Factor, Cell Polarity, Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases, Cell migration, Epithelial Cells, Cell Biology, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met, Actin cytoskeleton, Phosphoproteins, Cell biology, Cytoskeletal Proteins, Kidney Tubules, LLC-PK1 Cells, Hepatocyte growth factor, medicine.drug, Signal Transduction
Abstract: The dissociation, migration, and remodeling of epithelial monolayers induced by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) entail modifications in cell adhesion and in the actin cytoskeleton through unknown mechanisms. Here we report that ezrin, a membrane–cytoskeleton linker, is crucial to HGF-mediated morphogenesis in a polarized kidney-derived epithelial cell line, LLC-PK1. Ezrin is a substrate for the tyrosine kinase HGF receptor both in vitro and in vivo. HGF stimulation causes enrichment of ezrin recovered in the detergent-insoluble cytoskeleton fraction. Overproduction of wild-type ezrin, by stable transfection in LLC-PK1 cells, enhances cell migration and tubulogenesis induced by HGF stimulation. Overproduction of a truncated variant of ezrin causes mislocalization of endogenous ezrin from microvilli into lateral surfaces. This is concomitant with altered cell shape, characterized by loss of microvilli and cell flattening. Moreover, the truncated variant of ezrin impairs the morphogenic and motogenic response to HGF, thus suggesting a dominant-negative mechanism of action. Site-directed mutagenesis of ezrin codons Y145 and Y353 to phenylalanine does not affect the localization of ezrin at microvilli, but perturbs the motogenic and morphogenic responses to HGF. These results provide evidence that ezrin displays activities that can control cell shape and signaling.
Published: 1997

46. Gene expression profiling of HGF/Met activation in neonatal mouse heart

Author: Stefano Gatti, Massimo Natale, Christian Leo, Simona Gallo, Tiziana Crepaldi, Valentina Sala, Daniela Cantarella, Enzo Medico, and Enrico M. Bucci
Subjects: System biology, Microarrays, Genes, myc, Mice, 0302 clinical medicine, Gene expression, Hepatocyte Growth Factor, Met Receptor, Heart Development, Cardiac Muscle, Microarrays, System biology, Gene Regulatory Networks, Myocytes, Cardiac, Receptor, Notch1, Wnt Signaling Pathway, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, 0303 health sciences, Hepatocyte Growth Factor, Nuclear Proteins, Heart, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met, Cell biology, Met Receptor, Doxycycline, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Heart Development, Hepatocyte growth factor, Signal transduction, Signal Transduction, Biotechnology, medicine.drug, Cell type, Transgene, Mice, Transgenic, Biology, Met receptor, Heart development, Cardiac muscle, 03 medical and health sciences, Cardiac Muscle, Genetics, medicine, Animals, Gene, 030304 developmental biology, Myosin Heavy Chains, Activator (genetics), Gene Expression Profiling, Molecular biology, Gene expression profiling, Gene Ontology, Animals, Newborn, Gene Expression Regulation, Trans-Activators, Animal Science and Zoology, Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract: Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) controls growth and differentiation in different cell types, including cardiac cells. However, its downstream effectors are poorly understood. To investigate the transcriptional targets of HGF, we analyzed the hearts of neonatal mice with cardiomyocyte-specific HGF overexpression with whole genome DNA microarrays. When comparing HGF expressing versus control hearts, we found a total of 249 transcripts with significant gene expression changes (210 upregulated and 39 downregulated). Gene Ontology (GO) annotation analysis revealed that the transcripts modulated by HGF were enriched for metabolic functions including: protein translation, vesicle-mediated transport, regulation of transcription, regulation of muscle development. Using an automated literature meta-analysis approach, we obtained a co-occurrence network oriented to the positive regulatory role of Myc and Notch1 in controlling some of the genes which are downstream to HGF. GO analysis of this network returned genes involved in the regulation of heart development. HGF positively controls MyocD, an activator of cardiac gene expression, and Hdac5, an inhibitor of cardiac growth. These results may unveil a new role of HGF in the modulation of signaling pathways implicated in the activation or repression of cardiomyogenesis.
Published: 2013

47. Overexpression of c-met protooncogene product and raised Ki67 index in hepatocellular carcinomas with respect to benign liver conditions*1

Author: Tiziana Crepaldi, Paolo Comoglio, and FRANCESCO GRIGIONI
Subjects: Hepatology
Published: 1995

48. Digoxin and ouabain induce the efflux of cholesterol via liver X receptor signalling and the synthesis of ATP in cardiomyocytes

Author: Costanzo Costamagna, Ivana Campia, Nico Mitro, Donatella Caruso, Dario Ghigo, Valentina Sala, Chiara Riganti, Gianpiero Pescarmona, Tiziana Crepaldi, Amalia Bosia, Joanna Kopecka, and Christian Leo
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Digoxin, Ubiquinone, Mevalonic Acid, Mevalonic acid, Biochemistry, Ouabain, Cell Line, Electron Transport, chemistry.chemical_compound, Mice, Adenosine Triphosphate, Internal medicine, medicine, Animals, Myocytes, Cardiac, Liver X receptor, Molecular Biology, Liver X Receptors, biology, Apolipoprotein A-I, Cholesterol, Cell Biology, Orphan Nuclear Receptors, Rats, Mitochondrial respiratory chain, ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1, Endocrinology, chemistry, ABCA1, biology.protein, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters, Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases, Lipoproteins, HDL, Lipoprotein, medicine.drug
Abstract: Cardioactive glycosides exert positive inotropic effects on cardiomyocytes through the inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase. We showed previously that in human hepatoma cells, digoxin and ouabain increase the rate of the mevalonate cascade and therefore have Na+/K+-ATPase-independent effects. In the present study we found that they increase the expression and activity of 3-hydroxy-3 methylglutaryl-CoA reductase and the synthesis of cholesterol in cardiomyocytes, their main target cells. Surprisingly this did not promote intracellular cholesterol accumulation. The glycosides activated the liver X receptor transcription factor and increased the expression of ABCA1 (ATP-binding cassette protein A1) transporter, which mediates the efflux of cholesterol and its delivery to apolipoprotein A-I. By increasing the synthesis of ubiquinone, another derivative of the mevalonate cascade, digoxin and ouabain simultaneously enhanced the rate of electron transport in the mitochondrial respiratory chain and the synthesis of ATP. Mice treated with digoxin showed lower cholesterol and higher ubiquinone content in their hearts, and a small increase in their serum HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol. The results of the present study suggest that cardioactive glycosides may have a role in the reverse transport of cholesterol and in the energy metabolism of cardiomyocytes.
Published: 2012

49. Mek1 inhibition in vivo mitigates progressive cardiac concentric hypertrophy promoted by activated Met receptor

Author: Mara Morello, Stefano Gatti, Antonio Ponzetto, Enzo Medico, Lara Fontani, Valentina Sala, Elisa Vigna, Daniela Cantarella, Tiziana Crepaldi, Massimo Natale, and Simona Gallo
Subjects: Heart Failure, Pharmacology, medicine.medical_specialty, Physiology, business.industry, Cardiac Hypertrophy, Mek1 inhibition, Concentric hypertrophy, medicine.disease, Endocrinology, In vivo, Internal medicine, Cardiac hypertrophy, Heart failure, medicine, Mek1 inhibition, Pimasertib, Cardiac Hypertrophy, Heart Failure, Molecular Medicine, Pimasertib, business, Receptor
Published: 2015

50. Signaling to cardiac hypertrophy: insights from human and mouse RASopathies

Author: Simona Gallo, Valentina Sala, Bruce D. Gelb, Christian Leo, Tiziana Crepaldi, and Stefano Gatti
Subjects: MAPK/ERK pathway, Cardiomegaly, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Biology, Pathogenesis, 03 medical and health sciences, Mice, 0302 clinical medicine, Germline mutation, Neoplasms, Genetics, medicine, Animals, Humans, Protein kinase A, Molecular Biology, Genetics (clinical), 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, Kinase, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Articles, Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic, medicine.disease, Molecular medicine, 3. Good health, Immunology, Mutation, cardiovascular system, ras Proteins, Molecular Medicine, Signal transduction, Neuroscience, Signal Transduction
Abstract: Cardiac hypertrophy is the heart’s response to a variety of extrinsic and intrinsic stimuli, some of which might finally lead up to a maladaptive state. An integral part of the pathogenesis of the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy disease (HCM) is the activation of the rat sarcoma (RAS)/RAF/MEK (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase)/MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) cascade. Therefore, the molecular signaling involving RAS has been the subject of intense research efforts, particularly after the identification of the RASopathies. These constitute a class of developmental disorders caused by germline mutations affecting proteins contributing to the RAS pathway. Among other phenotypic features, a subset of these syndromes is characterized by HCM, prompting researchers and clinicians to delve into the chief signaling constituents of cardiac hypertrophy. In this review, we summarize current advances in the knowledge of the molecular signaling events involved in the pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy through work completed on patients and on genetically manipulated animals with HCM and RASopathies. Important insights are drawn from the recognition of parallels between cardiac hypertrophy and cancer. Future research promises to further elucidate the complex molecular interactions responsible for cardiac hypertrophy, possibly pointing the way for the identification of new specific targets for the treatment of HCM.
Published: 2011

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