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The use of phosphonates as antiscalants in membrane processes is common. Before they are discharged into the receiving water, they should be removed from the membrane concentrate to protect the aquatic environment. This study conducted fixed-bed column experiments on the adsorption of diethylenetriaminepenta(methylene phosphonic acid) (DTPMP) and ortho-phosphate on granular ferric (hydr)oxide (GFH). The objective was to investigate the adsorption and desorption performance using real membrane concentrate, while testing both the usability of the GFH and that of the regeneration solutions over multiple cycles. Whereas a synthetic solution with DTPMP allowed almost complete regeneration, the adsorption performance with real membrane concentrate at the original pH ≅ 8 decreased significantly. This could be attributed to the precipitation of calcium compounds which disturbed the adsorption/desorption process. With the introduction of a novel acidic regeneration step to remove the precipitates, an adsorption performance of 95% over 20 cycles was achieved. The hydrochloric acid (HCl) can be reused when its pH is kept constant by a pH control. The sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH) for alkaline regeneration can be reused several times. However, the desorption performance decreased significantly when its electrical conductivity dropped below 90 mS/cm. Replacing the NaOH regularly can significantly improve the desorption performance.

Phosphonates are widely used in various industries. It is desirable to remove them before discharging phosphonate-containing wastewater. This study describes a large number of batch experiments with adsorbents that are likely suitable for the removal of phosphonates. For this, adsorption isotherms for four different granular ferric hydroxide (GFH) adsorbents were determined at different pH values in order to identify the best performing material. Additionally, the influence of temperature was studied for this GFH. A maximum loading for nitrilotrimethylphosphonic acid (NTMP) was found to be ∼12 mg P/g with an initial concentration of 1 mg/L NTMP-P and a contact time of 7 days at room temperature. Then, the adsorption of six different phosphonates was investigated as a function of pH. It was shown that GFH could be used to remove all investigated phosphonates from water and, with an increasing pH, the adsorption capacity decreased for all six phosphonates. Finally, five adsorption–desorption cycles were carried out to check the suitability of the material for multiple re-use. Even after five cycles, the adsorption process still performed well.

This article sets up a dialogue between two bodies of ancient texts, i.e. Jewish wisdom literature and Greco-Roman didactic of the Hellenistic period, with an awareness of the scholarly and interpretive communities that have studied, taught and transformed these bodies of texts from antiquity until the present. The article does not claim direct influence or cross-pollination across intellectual, religious or social communities in the Hellenistic period. Instead, the article suggests four discrete frameworks for thinking about comparative antiquity: creation, the law, the sage and literary form. The comparative model proposed here intends to create the conditions for noticing parallels and kindred concepts. However, the article resists the temptation to repeat earlier scholarly arguments for dependency or priority of influence. Instead, the essay demonstrates remarkable alignments, suggestively similar developments, and synergies. Perhaps, the ideal first reader for this article is none other than Philo of Alexandria.

This paper introduces a procedure to investigate the adsorption of phosphonates onto iron-containing filter materials, particularly granular ferric hydroxide (GFH), with little effort and high reliability. The phosphonate, e.g., nitrilotrimethylphosphonic acid (NTMP), is brought into contact with the GFH in a rotator in a solution buffered by an organic acid (e.g., acetic acid) or Good buffer (e.g., 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid) [MES] and N-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid [CAPSO]) in a concentration of 10 mM for a specific time in 50 mL centrifuge tubes. Subsequently, after membrane filtration (0.45 µm pore size), the total phosphorus (total P) concentration is measured using a specifically developed determination method (ISOmini). This method is a modification and simplification of the ISO 6878 method: a 4 mL sample is mixed with H2SO4 and K2S2O8 in a screw cap vial, heated to 148-150 °C for 1 h and then mixed with NaOH, ascorbic acid and acidified molybdate with antimony(III) (final volume of 10 mL) to produce a blue complex. The color intensity, which is linearly proportional to the phosphorus concentration, is measured spectrophotometrically (880 nm). It is demonstrated that the buffer concentration used has no significant effect on the adsorption of phosphonate between pH 4 and 12. The buffers, therefore, do not compete with the phosphonate for adsorption sites. Furthermore, the relatively high concentration of the buffer requires a higher dosage concentration of oxidizing agent (K2S2O8) for digestion than that specified in ISO 6878, which, together with the NaOH dosage, is matched to each buffer. Despite the simplification, the ISOmini method does not lose any of its accuracy compared to the standardized method.

Readers have always acknowledged the comparatively clear macrostructure ofDe rerum natura3. It begins with aprooemiumin which is described the terrifying impact which the fear of death has on human lives, as well as the fact that Epicurus has provided a cure against this fear, namely his physical doctrines (1–93). Particular attention is paid to fears of an afterlife in which we have to suffer pain and grief in the underworld; cf., for instance, the programmatic lines 3.37–40 (translation by Ferguson Smith, which will be used throughout):Thisprooemiumis followed by a long passage (94–829) in which Lucretius explains the basics of Epicurean psychology and tries to show that the soul is (like the body) material and hence mortal; this last point is driven home with particular force in II. 417–829 where Lucretius lists twenty-five proofs for the mortality of the soul.

The oldest witnesses for Cicero's Topica are two ninth-century manuscripts belonging to Leiden University Library (Codd. Voss. Lat. F84 and F86, dubbed A and B). The two mss. have been extensively studied in their function as main sources of Cicero's Leg. by P.L. Schmidt. In the best edition of the Topica by G. Di Maria, however, Schmidt's work is ignored, and the purpose of this article is to bring Schmidt's results to bear on what Di Maria has established, and to correct both scholars on some points. Schmidt's view is confirmed that the oldest correction layers in A and B do not reflect readings of a third manuscript and that B was completed in the ninth century by insertion of four additional folia after these correction layers had been produced. Then new information is added on the details of the completion of the text of the Topica in B.

Around 87b.c.during the turmoil of the first Mithridatic war, Philo of Larissa, head of the so-called Fourth Academy, fled from Athens to Rome. There he gave lectures on philosophical topics and taught rhetoric. His classes were attended by a young man called Cicero, who was inspired by him to include in a work on rhetorical theory, somewhat inappropriately, a fervent confession of scepticism to which he stuck for the rest of his life. Later Cicero claimed to be—as an orator—not a product of the workshops of the teachers of rhetoric, but of the spacious walks of the Academy. And he developed the ideal of the philosopher-orator. Scholars disagree whether the idea to bring philosophy and rhetoric together is Cicero's own invention or an adaptation from someone else, for instance Philo.

This thesis combines a philosophical interpretation of Epicurean attitudes to language with literary analysis of the language of DRN. Chapters 1-2 describe Epicurean attitudes to diachronic and synchronic linguistic phenomena. In the first chapter I claim that the Epicurean account of the first stage of the development of language involves pre-rational humans acting under a ‘strong’ form of compulsion. The analogies with which Lucretius describes this process were motivated by a structural similarity between the Epicurean accounts of phylogenetic and ontogenetic psychology. Chapter 2 explores the Epicurean account of word use and recognition, central to which are ‘conceptions’. These are attitudes which express propositions; they are not mental images. Προλήψεις, a special class of conception, are self-evidently true basic beliefs about how objects in the world are categorized which, alongside the non-doxastic criteria of perceptions and feelings, play a foundational role in enquiry. Chapter 3 offers a reconstruction of an Epicurean theory of metaphor. Metaphor, for Epicureans, involves the subordination of additional conceptions to words to create secondary meanings. Secondary meanings are to be understood by referring back to primary meanings. Accordingly, Lucretius’ use of metaphor regularly involves the juxtaposition in the text of primary and secondary uses of terms. An account of conceptual metaphor in DRN is given in which the various conceptual domains from which Lucretius draws his metaphorical language are mapped and explored. Chapter 4 presents a new argument against ‘atomological’ readings of Lucretius’ atoms/letters analogies. Lucretian implicit etymologies involve the illustration, via juxtaposition, of language change across time. This is fully in keeping with the Epicurean account of language development. Chapter 5 describes Lucretius’ reflections on and interactions with the Greek language. I suggest that the study of lexical Hellenisms in DRN must be sensitive to the distinction between lexical borrowing and linguistic code-switching. I then give an account of morphological calquing in the poem, presenting it as a significant but overlooked strategy for Lucretian vocabulary-formation.

This chapter sheds some new light on the diverse array of argumentative devices which we find in Aristotle, Rhet. 2.23ff . and explains how these argumentative devices work. Further, since Aristotle explicitly mentions some earlier rhetoricians in connection with certain topoi discussed in the chapter, the question arises which format the source material which Aristotle used had and how exactly he transformed it. The author then argued for the view that the Rh. Al ., perhaps more clearly than is commonly thought, meets the standard of “accountability”. He turned then and identified two passages in 2.23 in which a method for finding rational arguments very similar to the one he retrieved from the Rh. Al . is assigned to two earlier rhetoricians in such a way that we can plausibly separate a pre-Aristotelian core of material and the element of Aristotelian analysis. Keywords: Aristotle; earlier rhetoricians; pre-Aristotelian core of material; Rhet. 2.23–24 ; topoi

This chapter suggests ways of looking at Propertius through the eyes of a student of rhetoric, highlighting in the process how the issue of rhetoric is bound up with aspects of Propertius that have received more attention. It sets out a few background considerations first, then explains the author's criteria, and later proceeds to the discussion of the evidence. Propertius does not seem as obviously a rhetorical poet as his fellow elegist Ovid. The evidence has been observed by Trankle (1960) 143-49 that the situations in which Propertius' elegies are spoken are often in some sense open and undecided, thus creating the scope for an attempt to influence a person addressed. Propertius 1.2 is the first sustained attempt at persuasion: the speaker addresses Cynthia and tries to prevent her from using cosmetic help to enhance her beauty, ostensibly because that would make her needlessly attractive for other men. Keywords: Cynthia; Ovid; Propertius; rhetoric; Trankle

‘Language’ is given a comprehensive sense in this book. Many of the chapters are not ‘linguistic’ in any formal sense, but are about the skill (or otherwise) of writers in expressing themselves. They are thus about style, the study of which can be seen as a branch of literary criticism. There are various objections that can be made to the notion (implicit in Bernhard’s statement) that the inclusion of ‘poeticisms’ in prose was an imperial development and represented a debasement of the literary language. The diversity of extant prose is a major theme of this book. Examples of early long sentences are also presented. Bad writing may show up clearly in a translation. This writing may be determined in a non-literary text written by someone who had not had a literary education and might not even have been a native speaker of Latin. Archaism emerges as a generic label rather than a unified category. The chapter then discusses the translation from Greek. Aspects of high-style Latin prose, namely neologism, archaism, Greek loanword, and poeticism, are described.

This chapter provides a discussion on Cicero’s treatment of Epicureanism. Cicero’s and Lucretius’ renderings of Epicurean terms and notions are radically different: whereas Lucretius’ seem colourful, suggestive, and rich, Cicero’s seem flat and matter-of-fact to the point of tedium. The purpose of atomism is to make all kinds of potentially frightening events in the world of experience less frightening by providing a rational explanation for them. The survey of terms for ‘atom’, namely atomus, corpora indiuidua, indiuidua, and corpusculum, is presented. The interpretation of the evidence from Cicero is also shown. Moreover, the chapter illustrates that Cicero read Epicurus’ texts with close attention to stylistic detail, and it is hence plausible to assume that imitating this particular aspect of Epicurus’ terminology was a relevant consideration for him. It then discusses the uses of terms for ‘atom’ and turns to the issue of what atoms ‘do’ in Cicero.