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Leafy kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala L.) is one of the most important Brassicaceae species with health-promoting properties and high diversity. To investigate variability within and between accessions, 12 accessions (each accession comprised four individuals/genotypes) from the Balkan area was genotyped at 12 SSR (Simple Sequence Repeats) loci. DNA was extracted from seeds, cotyledons, shoots, or young leaves, depending on the germination energy of each seed, using the MagMax (Applied Biosystems) magnetic extraction method with the BioSprint Plant Kit (Qiagen).

Leafy kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala L.) is one of the most important Brassicaceae species with health-promoting properties and great diversity. To investigate variability within and among accessions, 12 accessions (each accession comprised four individuals/genotypes) from the Balkan region were genotyped at 12 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) loci. The selected SSR markers originated from the genomes of B. oleracea (eight), B. rapa (two) and B. napus (two). DNA was extracted from seeds, cotyledons, shoots, and young leaves, depending on the germination energy of each seed, using magnetic extraction method. Genetic analysis included eight accessions from Serbia (24 genotypes), two accessions from Montenegro (eight genotypes), and one accession from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia (with four genotypes each). Accession-specific polymorphism was found at the Ol12-FO2 and Ol10-F11a loci, where genotypes were qualitatively distinguished by horizontal agarose gel electrophoresis (binary detection). Among 12 loci, the average polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.71, with the marker Ol13-C12 proving to be the 78 Umićević et al. most informative (PIC = 0.89). However, the analysis of molecular variability (AMOVA) showed 11% diversity between accessions, 19% diversity between genotypes, and 70% diversity within genotypes, explaining the molecular diversity of native Balkan leafy kale germplasm. According to the genetic structure, four genetic groups were formed with an average expected heterozygosity of 0.70 between clusters. In order to exploit the genetic diversity, it would be advisable to evaluate these accessions at phenotypic level and use their potential in breeding programmes., Raštan (Brassica oleracea var. acephala L.) je jedna od najvažnijih vrsta iz porodice kupusnjača koja povoljno utiče na zdravlje ljudi i odlikuje se velikom raznovrsnošću. Da bi se istražila varijabilnost unutar i između prinova, 12 prinova (svaka prinova se sastojala od četiri individue/genotipa) sa teritorije Balkanskog poluostrva je genotipizovano koristeći 12 SSR markera. Odabrani SSR markeri potiču iz genoma B. oleracea (osam), B. rapa (dva) i B. napus (dva). DNK je izolovana iz sjemena, kotiledona, izdanaka i mladih listova, u zavisnosti od energije klijanja svakog sjemena, metodom magnetne ekstrakcije. Genetičkom analizom obuhvaćeno je osam prinova iz Srbije (24 genotipa), dvije prinove iz Crne Gore (osam genotipova) i jedna prinova iz Bosne i Hercegovine i Hrvatske (sa po četiri genotipa). Polimorfizam specifičan za prinove pronađen je na lokusima Ol12-FO2 i Ol10-F11a, gdje su genotipovi kvalitativno razlikovani horizontalnom elektroforezom u agaroznom gelu (binarna detekcija). Kod ukupno 12 lokusa, prosječan sadržaj polimorfne informacije (PIC) bio je 0,71, pri čemu se kao najinformativniji pokazao marker Ol13-C12 (PIC = 0,89). Međutim, analiza molekularne varijabilnosti (AMOVA) pokazala je 11% raznovrsnosti između prinova, 19% raznovrsnosti između genotipova i 70% raznovrsnosti unutar genotipova, objašnjavajući molekularnu raznovrsnost izvorne germplazme raštana sa teritorije Balkanskog poluostrva. Prema genetičkoj strukturi formirane su četiri genetičke grupe sa prosječnom očekivanom heterozigotnošću od 0,70 između klastera. Da bi se iskoristio genetički diverzitet, bilo bi preporučljivo da se ove prinove karakterišu 90 Umićević et al. na fenotipskom nivou i da se njihov potencijal iskoristi u programima oplemenjivanja.

Family Brassicaceae is abundant in species used in food production, but also contains many industrial species, vegetables and ornamentals. Green collard (Brassica oleracea var. acephala L.) was traditionally grown in Balkan Peninsula and its wide green leaves, rich in vitamins A and C, are used for cooking. There is great diversity in B. oleracea acephala germplasm that reflects on agronomic, morphological and molecular characteristics. In this study, was assessed genetic variation of 38 accessions of green collard out of which 3 accessions were standard/commercial varieties and 35 were locally grown populations, collected in Western Balkan: 18 from Bosnia and Herzegovina, 8 from Serbia (Vojvodina), 7 from Croatia and two from Montenegro. Genetic diversity was assessed using twelve species-specific SSR markers (Simple Sequence Repeats) originating from B. oleracea (8), B. rapa (2) and B. napus (2). Each accession was represented with four individual samples.

In these researches the plan is to look at the effect of different fertilizers on the quality of tomato seedlings made for open field production (cv. roker). Tomato nursery were grown in containers with 104 openings and saved during the seeding period with three types of fertilizes with: fitofert kristal, fitofert humisuper and slavol. They were used with different percentages, and the time of use was after sowing, with the appearance of first leaf that continued during those seven days from sprouting until the end of the seedling period. The following parameters were determined: plant height (cm), number of leaves per plant, stem thickness (mm) and the weight of the plants’ above-ground parts (g). With all of the tested parameters the best results were made with continuous usage of fertilizers. In the container production of tomato seedlings, where the seedlings was being produced in small volume of substrates in short period of time, usage of mineral fertilizers gives overall better results than organic-mineral and microbiological.

In South-Eastern Europe, the majority of runner-bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.) production is based on local populations grown mainly in home gardens. The local runner-bean plants are well adapted to their specific growing conditions and microclimate agro-environments, and show great morpho-agronomic diversity. Here, 142 runner-bean accessions from the five South-Eastern European countries of Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, North Macedonia and Romania were sown and cultivated in their respective countries and characterised using 28 quantitative and qualitative morpho-agronomic descriptors for Phaseolus spp. based on inflorescences, leaves, plants, pods and seeds. For each of these morpho-agronomic descriptors, the accessions can be classified into two or three specific groups. The highest correlations were observed within the fluorescence, seed and pod traits. The highest variability, at 76.39%, was between the different countries, representing different geographic origins, while the variability within the countries was 23.61%. Cluster analysis based on these collected morpho-agronomic data also classified the accessions into three groups according to genetic origins. The data obtained serve as useful genetic information for plant breeders for the breeding of new bean varieties for further studies of the morpho-agronomic traits of the runner bean.

Prilikom proizvodnje paradajza u zaštićenom prostoru često dolazi do pojave stresa usled povećane zaslanjenosti supstrata, što je posledica intenzivnog prihranjivanja, korišćenja neadekvatne vode za navodnjavanje i nemogućnosti prirodnog ispiranja zemljišta. Jedna od najpopularnijih metoda kojom se mogu prevazići problemi gajenja biljaka u ovakvim uslovima, a koja nema nikakvih štetnih posledica za okolinu, je kalemljenje. Stoga je cilj ovog rada bio da se ispita stepen morfoloških. biohemijskih i fizioloških promena koje nastaju kod dva hibrida paradajza (Buran F1 i Berberana F1), gajenih iz kalemljenog i nekalemljenog rasada, u prisustvu različitih koncentracija soli (NaCl) u podlozi (EC 1.7 dS m-1 (kontrola), 3.8 dS m-1 (S1), 6.9 dS m-1 (S2) i 9.1 dS m-1 (S3)). Dvanaest nedelja nakon sadnje, u fenofazi plodonošenja izmereni su intenzitet fotosinteze, transpiracije i protok gasova kroz stome. Uzorkovani su listovi i u njima je ispitana aktivnost antioksidantnih enzima (SOD, askorbat peroksidaza i klasa III peroksidaza). Izmerena je masa potpuno zrelih plodova sa prve plodonosne grane (uzorkovanih u isto vreme kada i listovi) i u njima su izmerene koncentracije likopena, askorbinske kiselina, fenolnih jedinjenja i ukupni antioksidacioni kapacitet. Različiti nivoi zaslanjenosti supstrata u ogledima doveli su do značajnih promena u rastu i metabolizmu ispitivanih hibrida paradajza. Ustanovljena je razlika u reakciji kalemljenih i nekalemljenih hibrida paradajza na S1, S2 i S3. SOD i askorbat (AA) su imali ključnu ulogu u antioksidativnoj zaštiti biljaka, dok je u dugoročnom odgovoru paradajza na S1, S2 i S3, tokom faze zrenja, uloga peroksidaza bila manje značajna. Konstatovana je interhibridna razlika u aktivnosti SOD i AA. Tokom dvanaest nedelja izloženosti biljaka paradajza sonom stresu biljke su se dobro adaptirale, na šta ukazuje povećan sadržaj AA, kao i odnos AA/DHA, što je verovatno posledica brze regeneracije AA. Takođe, kalemljene biljke su imale niži sadrž, Stress conditions often occur during the tomato production in greenhouses due to increased substrate salinity, which is the result of intensive fertilization, use of inadequate water for irrigation and impossibility of natural soil rinsing. One of the widely used methods by which the problems of plant cultivation under increased salinity can be overcome, and which has no harmful effects on the environment, is grafting. Therefore, the aim of this research was to examine the level of morphological, biochemical and physiological changes occurring in two tomato hybrids (Buran F1 and Berberana F1) grown from grafted and non-grafted seedlings in the presence of different salt concentrations (EC 1.7 dS m-1 (control), 3.8 dS m-1 (S1), 6.9 dS m-1 (S2) and 9.1 dS m-1 (S3)). Twelve weeks after planting, in fruiting phenophase, intensity of photosynthesis, transpiration and gas exchange through stomata were measured. Leaves were sampled and the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, ascorbate peroxidase and class III peroxidase) in them was assessed. The weight of fully mature fruits from the first fruiting branch (sampled at the same time as the leaves) was measured and the concentrations of lycopene, ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds and total antioxidant capacity were measured in them. Different levels of substrate salinity in experiments led to significant changes in the growth and metabolism of the examined tomato hybrids. The difference in the reaction of grafted and non-grafted tomato hybrids to S1, S2 and S3 was found. SOD and ascorbate (AA) played a key role in the antioxidant protection, while in the long-term response of tomatoes to S1, S2 and S3, during the ripening phase, the role of peroxidases was less significant. Inter-hybrid differences in SOD and AA activity was also found. During the twelve weeks of exposure of tomato plants to salt treatments, the plants adapted well, as indicated by the increased AA content, as well as the AA/DHA ratio, which is probably

A great number of spring garlic populations are present in Serbia. It is a very heterogeneous biological material. To date, it has been little studied. Therefore, the aim was to study its production and chemical characteristics. Eighteen populations of spring garlic were examined. Most of the production of this garlic in Serbia is based on them. They were examined in Zminjak, which is located in the central Macva (Serbia). The method of field experiments was used. The research lasted for three years. The results comprise two groups of parameters. The first group contains the results which show the most important productive characteristics (weight of bulb, number of cloves per bulb, bulb yield). The second group consists of the parameters for chemical characteristics of the investigated populations (dry matter, etheric oil, and alliin). In this case, the populations demonstrated a significant influence, and their stability was also very conspicuous. Most of the investigated populations of spring garlic can serve as a good resultant material for obtaining new cultivars. The populations can be classified as follows: SG-18, SG-25, SG-28, SG-16, SG-29 (yield), SG-21, SG-26 (technological quality) and SG-29, SG-18, SG-16 (foodstuff and pharmaceutical quality). They can remain as populations, but it would be significantly better to create new cultivars by using them.

A great number of spring garlic populations are present in Serbia. It is a very heterogeneous biological material. To date, it has been little studied. Therefore, the aim was to study its production and chemical characteristics. Eighteen populations of spring garlic were examined. Most of the production of this garlic in Serbia is based on them. They were examined in Zminjak, which is located in the central Macva (Serbia). The method of field experiments was used. The research lasted for three years. The results comprise two groups of parameters. The first group contains the results which show the most important productive characteristics (weight of bulb, number of cloves per bulb, bulb yield). The second group consists of the parameters for chemical characteristics of the investigated populations (dry matter, etheric oil, and alliin). In this case, the populations demonstrated a significant influence, and their stability was also very conspicuous. Most of the investigated populations of spring garlic can serve as a good resultant material for obtaining new cultivars. The populations can be classified as follows: SG-18, SG-25, SG-28, SG-16, SG-29 (yield), SG-21, SG-26 (technological quality) and SG-29, SG-18, SG-16 (foodstuff and pharmaceutical quality). They can remain as populations, but it would be significantly better to create new cultivars by using them.

In this study, genetic diversity of 119 accessions of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) from five former Yugoslav republics constituting the western Balkans was assessed by 13 microsatellite markers. This set of markers has proven before to efficiently distinguish between bean genotypes and assign them to either the Andean or the Mesoamerican gene pool of origin. In this study, 118 alleles were detected or 9.1 per locus on average. Four groups (i.e., Slovene, Croatian, Bosnian, and Serbian) showed similarly high levels of genetic diversity as estimated by the number of different alleles, number of effective alleles, Shannon's information index, and expected heterozygosity. Mildly narrower genetic diversity was identified within a group of Macedonian accessions; however, this germplasm yielded the highest number of private alleles. All five germplasms share a great portion of genetic diversity as indicated by the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). On the basis of the scored number of migrants, we concluded that the most intensive gene flow in the region exists in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Cluster analysis based on collected molecular data classified the accessions into two large clusters that corresponded to two gene pools of origin (i.e., Andean and Mesoamerican). We found that Andean genotypes are more prevalent than Mesoamerican in all studied countries, except Macedonia, where the two gene pools are represented evenly. This could indicate that common bean was introduced into the western Balkans mainly from the Mediterranean Basin. Bayesian cluster analysis revealed that in the area studied an additional variation exists which is related to the Andean gene pool. Different scenarios of the origin of this variation are discussed in the article.

Garlic was examined in field experiments conducted in central Serbia (Belgrade). Spring garlic was examined. The objective was to examine the effect of plant density on photosynthesis productivity (LAR-Leaf Area Ratio, NAR-Net Assimilation Rate) and the yield of garlic. The analysis involved the following plant densities: 300 (G1), 450 (G2), 600 (G3), 750 (G4) and 900 (G5) thousand plants ha-1. The garlic exhibited better results in denser crop establishment. It is clearly indicated by the yield of garlic attained in the experiments. Average yield rates range from 5.6 (G1) to 12.5 t ha-1 (G5). The results demonstrate that the garlic should be grown in high density establishment., Beli luk je ispitan u poljskim ogledima koji su izvedeni u centralnom delu Srbije (Beograd). Ispitan je beli luk proletnjak. Postavljen je cilj da se ispita uticaj gustine useva na produktivnost fotosinteze (LAR-Leaf Area Ratio, NAR-Net Assimilation Rate) i prinos belog luka. Ispitivanjima su bile obuhvaćene sledeće gustine useva: 300 (G1), 450 (G2), 600 (G3), 750 (G4) i 900 (G5) hiljada biljaka ha-1. Beli luk je ostvarivao bolje rezultate u gušćim usevima. Na to jasno ukazuje prinos koji je beli luk ostvarivao u ogledima. Prosečne vrednosti prinosa kreću se u rasponu od 5,6 (G1) do 12,5 t ha-1 (G5). Rezultati pokazuju da beli luk treba gajiti u usevima veće gustine.

Disappearance of old cultivars, including dry and snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) has been accelerated in last five to six decades, which mainly led to great genetic impoverishment. For all the humanity and its future, particularly is important the maintenance and evaluation of old cultivar's seeds. The research presented in this paper has been conducted on the territory of southwestern Fruska gora Mt. Of the collected samples of field and vegetables crops, as well as wild plants on the mountain, 13 accessions of snap bean and 21 accessions of dry bean have been analyzed in this paper. Seed color, seed shape, 1000-seed mass and phaseolin type was determined for all the accessions. Seeds of collected bean and snap bean accessions were predominantly white and cylindrical in shape. Mass of 1000 seeds ranged between 104,90 g and 634,96 g. T phaseolin type dominated, while S type of phaseolin was present in six bean and in two snap bean accessions.

Phytic acid (inositol hexakisphosphate) is the principal storage form of phosphorus in many plant tissues. Phosphorus in this form is not available to non-ruminants, due to lack in the enzyme phytase that separates phosphorus from phytate molecules. Phytic acid is a strong chelator of important minerals such as calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc, and can therefore contribute to mineral deficiencies in people whose diet rely on these foods as basic mineral intake. Phytic acid may be considered also as a phytonutrient, providing an antioxidant effect. Its content in plants is influenced by genotype, environmental, edaphic and agro-climatic factors, but also by species characteristics. Cereals and legumes are rich in phytic acid. The aim of this research was to examine the phytic acid content in seeds of diverse genotypes of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.) and faba bean (Vicia faba L.), and to compare Serbian landraces and cultivars with widely distributed foreign cultivars. Faba beans had lower phytic acid content (mean 6.969 mg/g) in comparison to Phaseolus sp. (mean 8.095 mg/g). The lowest content was found in landrace from Temska (KVF-6-NS), 2.106 mg/g, and the highest in cultivar Panonski Gradigtanac (10.47 mg/g) and Sarajevski zeleni (10.310 mg/g). According to phytic acid content, faba beans are grouped into two groups on one side of the dendrogram. Hierarchical cluster method of the multivariate analysis grouped dry beans genotypes into two larger and one small group (with only two members).