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This paper provides architects and educational planners with data on the necessary space requirements for restrooms, mechanical rooms, custodial spaces, food service, construction enclosure space, and circulation and corridor space, as well as an ongoing indication of necessary building area per student. It offers itemized data to illustrate variations and similarities in elementary schools, junior high/middle schools, K-12 schools, and high schools. Data were extracted from the final construction drawings of 158 educational facilities designed and constructed over the last 12 years. The paper presents general facility data and itemization of facility research data. Results show that programming percentages for the various categories can vary dramatically, depending on building systems utilized, type of building enclosure, and efficiency of the design. Based on the facilities examined, 32-38 percent should be added to net programmed areas for construction and circulation, depending on the type of building being developed. Net programmed areas should include the necessary restroom, custodial, mechanical/electrical, and food service requirements. (SM)

Describes steps schools can take to provide cleaner and safer washrooms. Emphasizes hand-washing to battle germs and asserts that creating a comfortable and user-friendly washroom is a critical and often overlooked aspect for encouraging better hygiene habits. (EV)

Describes how school restrooms can get a fresher and healthier look with new technologies and better-trained custodial workers. Examples include more automated, no-touch systems and efficient cleaning products. (EV)

Suggests that mastering the toilet is a significant step for young children, and one of childhood's earliest rites of passage. Suggests that in learning to control body functions, toddlers step toward independence, self-reliance and personal responsibility. Urges child care workers to work with parents to identify a child's readiness and to agree on a consistent approach to training. (LBT)

This student module on industrial sanitation and personal facilities is one of 50 modules concerned with job safety and health. This module deals wth many facets of industrial sanitation and the facilities industries should provide so that proper health procedures may be followed. Following the introduction, 14 objectives (each keyed to a page in the text) the student is expected to accomplish are listed (e.g., Identify two methods of water purification). Then each objective is taught in detail, sometimes accompanied by illustrations. Learning activities are included. A list of references and answers to learning activities complete the module. (CT)

This document, designed to serve as a training manual for technical instructors and as a field resource reference for Peace Corps volunteers, consists of nine units. Unit topics focus on: (1) water supply sources; (2) water treatment; (3) planning water distribution systems; (4) characteristics of an adequate system; (5) construction techniques; (6) operation and maintenance of a distribution and treatment system; (7) scope of disposal system projects in host communities; (8) the privy method of excreta design for a village; and (9) water carried sewage systems construction and maintenance. Each unit includes: an overview (statement summarizing significance of material to follow and points requiring special emphasis); an objective (definition of goal to be achieved); lists of tasks (steps followed to accomplish objectives), functional skills (knowledge skills needed to perform tasks), terminal performance tests; content information describing the knowledge and skills needed to perform tasks correctly; and lesson plans. (JN)

Provides tips on easy ways to design school restrooms with minimal cost; these design elements will pay for themselves and make a big difference in restroom cleanliness. Also included are ideas for making custodial closets more efficient and cost effective. (GR)

Offers design guidance for school restrooms, emphasizing the importance of keeping them sanitary and functional. Addresses the issues of building codes and American with Disabilities compliance. (EV)

Administrators and design teams can use proven approaches to create sustainable washrooms and locker rooms. Presents design strategies related to lighting, flooring, and water conservation that contribute to sustainability, then describes one college's experiences developing sustainable architecture, explaining how the building takes full advantage of natural light, and the washrooms use low-flow toilets, recycled tile, and faucets with on-off sensors to reduce energy consumption. (SM)

Vandalism is the main problem in maintaining school washrooms. Ways to help schools meet this challenge include designing washrooms with hidden moving parts to cut down on vandalism and making toilet partitions of solid polyethylene plastic which is virtually indestructible, hard to deface, and easy to clean. The article suggests it is worth spending a little more money initially to have less to do in maintenance and repairs later. (SM)

Reviews labor-saving innovations and processes in restroom cleaning, including cleaning kits, vapor cleaning technology, and pressure washer/squeegee/vacuuming systems. Also includes a sidebar on choosing better mop equipment. (EV)

With careful layout and improved equipment, schools can enhance security and improve hygiene in their restrooms by installing products such as low-consumption, pressure-assist toilets (to reduce water consumption); sensor-operated plumbing fixtures (to improve hygiene and reduce vandalism); and automated-control systems (to regulate timing, location, and quantity of water used throughout the campus). (SM)

Discusses how one high school transformed its restrooms into cleaner and more vandal-resistant environments by automating them. Solutions discussed include installing perforated stainless steel panel ceilings, using epoxy-based paint for walls, selecting china commode fixtures instead of stainless steel, installing electronic faucets and sensors, and replacing paper towels with electric hand dryers. (GR)

Presents advice for avoiding problems when renovating wetrooms to include either bathrooms or laundry rooms. Tips include timely use of inspectors and incorporating delivery penalties into contracts. (GR)

Discusses the updated version of the Americans with Disabilities Act and how it applies to primary and middle school washrooms. Provides the specifications for water closets serving children ages 3 to 12, as well as other details concerning mirrors and lavatory dimensions. (GR)

A 6-minute videotape shows ways that one newly-built high school (Century High School, Rochester, MN) accommodates the needs of people with disabilities. Various building and room designs are detailed showing both poor and good design provisions. The accessibility and usefulness of the auditorium control room, emergency exits, elevators, science labs, and toilets are addressed. The videotape, a student production, may serve as a starting place for discussions about how to design buildings that better meet the local needs of people with disabilities. (GR)

Describes ways to make school washrooms more vandal resistant and cost effective through the use of durability and use-and-abuse criteria. Explores washroom accessory and toilet-partition selection and discusses additional vandal-prone concerns such as mirror and dispenser protection. (GR)

Because use of the backcountry makes a physical impact on the land and an impact on the experience on other backcountry visitors, these notes summarize some of the Northwest Outward Bound School's current operating practices which seek to minimize both types of impact. The first section outlines expected student behavior in encounters with other backcountry users. The next section emphasizes minimizing the physical impact on the backcountry by users. The section covers travel procedures, campsite selection, fire regulations, proper latrine construction and care, procedures for washing and for disposal of soapy water, and trash disposal. (CM)

Discusses how school restroom cleaning can be simplified by a standardized maintenance procedure. Details sources of odor, steps for spot cleaning and deep cleaning, and cleaning tools such as microfiber wipes and mop heads. (EV)

Offers 10 tips for renovating or building school washrooms that enhance user satisfaction while making them easier to maintain. Tips cover all aspects of school washroom design and highlights the following elements of effective washroom design development: user input; ease of maintenance; accessibility; and functionality. (GR)