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The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed the vulnerability of current socio-economic systems and thrown into question the dominant global paradigm geared towards short-term financial efficiency. Although it has been acknowledged for several decades that this paradigm has detrimental impacts on the climate, the environment and global welfare, the pandemic has now offered a grim ‘rehearsal round’ for more serious crises that are to come with the accelerating climate emergency, loss of biodiversity and growing human inequalities. Along with worsening climate change, there are looming risks for mass migrations and armed conflicts as habitats capable of supporting human wellbeing become scarce, such as through the loss of potable water, an increasing lack of suitable land for agriculture, or the rise of unliveable temperatures. Although the COVID-19 pandemic has temporarily decreased some of the climate impacts, e.g. in the energy and transportation sectors, it has at the same time accelerated several global welfare problems. In this chapter, we claim that the way out of the crisis scenario is to replace the dominant efficiency paradigm with a resilience paradigm. Against the backbone of the key societal systems outlined in the Global Sustainable Development Report (GSDR 2019), we show how the pursuit of narrowly-defined efficiency hampers present and future sustainability, and chart some key actions on the path to transforming these systems towards resilience.

Spatial lifecourse epidemiology is an interdisciplinary field that utilizes advanced spatial, location-based, and artificial intelligence technologies to investigate the long-term effects of environmental, behavioural, psychosocial, and biological factors on health-related states and events and the underlying mechanisms. With the growing number of studies reporting findings from this field and the critical need for public health and policy decisions to be based on the strongest science possible, transparency and clarity in reporting in spatial lifecourse epidemiologic studies is essential. A task force supported by the International Initiative on Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE) identified a need for guidance in this area and developed a Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology Reporting Standards (ISLE-ReSt) Statement. The aim is to provide a checklist of recommendations to improve and make more consistent reporting of spatial lifecourse epidemiologic studies. The STrengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement for cohort studies was identified as an appropriate starting point to provide initial items to consider for inclusion. Reporting standards for spatial data and methods were then integrated to form a single comprehensive checklist of reporting recommendations. The strength of our approach has been our international and multidisciplinary team of content experts and contributors who represent a wide range of relevant scientific conventions, and our adherence to international norms for the development of reporting guidelines. As spatial, location-based, and artificial intelligence technologies used in spatial lifecourse epidemiology continue to evolve at a rapid pace, it will be necessary to revisit and adapt the ISLE-ReSt at least every 2–3 years from its release.

While efforts to reverse the current global environmental crisis increase, we are still experiencing unprecedented rates of species' extinctions. Traditional cultural landscapes can potentially play an important role for biodiversity conservation globally. However, these landscapes are threatened by pressures from global to local socio‐economic drivers of change. Many cultural landscapes across the world occur on private land where landowners' environmental stewardship can help support nature conservation. In this study, we applied a place‐based collaborative approach to understand the main aspects underlying landowners' relationship with nature, their perceptions of the local social–ecological context and their vision of a desired future to identify the constraints and opportunities to support voluntary private land conservation. The study was conducted in Uruguay, in a traditional cattle ranching cultural landscape, which is a national priority area for the conservation of biodiversity. In Uruguay, approximately 96% of the land is privately owned, while the National System of Protected Areas covers only ~1% of the land. Our results revealed that landowners had a close relationship with nature and considered themselves and their neighbours as local environmental stewards. Landowners were well aware of the importance of nature contributions to their livelihood and lifestyle and were concerned that rural exodus to urban areas and shrubland encroachment would negatively impact the social–ecological context they value and depend upon. Main needs of landowners to support biodiversity conservation were not primarily motivated by economic interests, but more related to the need for support that could enhance land management and social cohesion. Biodiversity conservation goals in this cultural landscape cannot be pursued in isolation from social and rural development goals. Addressing local needs based on already existing links between nature's contributions and people might help support biodiversity conservation in the area. Failing to understand the context and to recognize locally perceived problems could increase the risk of voluntary conservation failure. Our approach and lessons learned can provide insights to actionable research in other cultural landscapes globally. Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación Ministry of Housing, Land Planning and Environment, Uruguay. Grant Number: URU/13/G35

The World Economic Forum (WEF) and Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) have both identified biodiversity loss as one of the main threats to global economic prosperity. In particular, this high-level warning specifies that any further loss of natural habitats and biodiversity will cause extensive and costly flooding, climate change, disease emergence and ill health, clean water shortages, loss of crop pollination, decline in productivity, and numerous other risks. All of these negative outcomes are the consequence of degrading the natural infrastructure that supports human economic activity and wellbeing. One of the main policy instruments to slow the loss of biodiversity and the degradation of nature is the creation of protected or conservation areas (simple examples being a Nature Reserve or Marine Reserve). Currently, ~16% of the land and 7.4% of the ocean is in areas designated or proposed for protection (although only 2.5% of the ocean is in highly/fully protected areas). This level of protection is widely acknowledged as being inadequate to achieve biodiversity protection goals. One of the headline proposals for the 15th meeting of the Conference of Parties to the CBD, and Action Target 2 of the draft post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework, is to increase the area covered by protected areas (PAs) and other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) to 30% of the planet by 2030, including both land and water protection.

Tiivistelmä. Diplomityössä tarkastellaan julkisivun metamorfoosia ja rakennuksen ajassa muuttuvan hahmon arvoa. Teksti rakentuu niin, että alussa käydään läpi lyhyesti estetiikan perusteita. Tavoitteena on ymmärtää paremmin kokemuksellisuutta, joka arkkitehtuurin ajallisuuteen liittyy. Tämän jälkeen esitellään ajallisuuteen keskittyneitä estetiikkasuuntauksia. Seuraavassa osiossa käsitellään huomioitavia asioita liittyen julkisivusuunnitteluun, julkisivun elinkaareen ja sen visuaalisuuteen. Viimeisessä osiossa näytetään tapauksia, jossa ikääntyminen on huomioitu jo suunnittelun tasolla ja lopuksi esittelen oman näkemykseni, kuinka rakennuksen visuaalinen vanheneminen voitaisiin huomioida yleisesti julkisivua suunniteltaessa. Miksi rakennuksen ikääntyvä hahmo jakaa mielipiteitä? Sanasemantiikan kannalta ”patina”-termin perusmerkityksen lisäksi se on konnotaatioltaan positiivinen eli se assosioidaan usein hyvänä pidettyihin ominaisuuksiin ja arvoihin. Silti denotaation eli perusmerkityksen määritelmä on ”patina”-sanan kannalta hyvin kontekstisidonnainen ja aina ei ole täysin selvää, mitä sillä tarkoitetaan, kun termiä käytetään julkisivun yhteydessä. Suoritin aiheeseen perehtymisen jälkeen suppean kvalitatiivisen eli laadullisen tutkimuksen. Haastattelin eri asiantuntijoiden näkemyksiä ajan kauneudesta, kestävyydestä ja hyödyllisyydestä julkisivun suhteen. Haastattelut olivat avoimia teemahaastatteluja, jotka oli personoitu haastateltavan tausta huomioiden. Haastattelun tarkoituksena oli synnyttää keskustelu teemaan liittyen, jotta aiheeseen voisi syventyä eri näkökulmista. Tavoitteena oli selvittää, mistä on kyse ja mitkä ovat syyt taustalla, kun olemme eri mieltä rakennuksen visuaalisesta vanhenemisesta. Suunnitteleminen on asian hahmottelemista ennalta. Suunnittelijan täytyy luottaa näkemykseensä luomastaan tulevaisuusskenaariosta, mutta hänen tulisi samalla vakuuttaa myös muut asianosaiset oikeasta tulevaisuuden suunnasta. Suunnitelmat ovat siis dokumentteja, jotka muun informaation lomassa, esittelevät suunnittelijan visiota tulevaisuudesta tietyssä ympäristössä. Voisiko näitä tai muita keinoja käyttäen, hahmottaa rakennuksen vanhentuvaa hahmoa itselle ja myös muille? Tavoitteena äärimmäistä yksimielisyyttä on lähes mahdotonta saavuttaa, silloin kun on kyse kauneuskäsityksistä. Ennakoimalla staattisen rakennelman muuttuminen ajassa, demonstroitaisiin ilmiö visuaalisesti. Tällöin muutkin, kuin suunnittelija itse, voisi luottaa hahmottavansa vision ja sen kestävyyden. On syytä mainita, että haastateltavat näkivät edellä mainitun demonstroinnin tarpeellisuuden. Diplomityötä on tukenut Julkisivuyhdistys ry ja Kunnallisalan kehittämissäätiö.The metamorphosis of the facade : the value of the changing appearance on a building. Abstract. The thesis examines the metamorphosis of the façade and the value of the changing appearance in time on a building. The text builds up so that fundamentals of the aesthetics are presented at first. As an objective is to comprehend better experiential which strongly concern the temporality of the architecture. After this some aesthetical factions focused on temporality are showcased. The next part considers on what one should pay attention to when planning a façade, façade’s lifecycle and it’s visuality. In the last part there is case studies about actualized building projects which took concept of aging into account already on a planning level. Ultimately, I present my own outlook on how building’s visual aging should be considered in general when drafting a façade. Why the aging appearance of the building splits opinions? If we examine the term patina from the point of view of linguistic semantics one could say that besides the denotation the term itself, often it has positive connotation which means that it’s often associated with good properties and values. However, the expression of denotation is significantly limited by its context and it’s not always clear what one means by it when the term is used in relation to façade. After studuying the topic I conducted a small qualitative research. I interviewed views of different experts on beauty, durability and utility of time in the façade context. The interviews were unlimited thematic interviews which were customized for the interviewees by their backgrounds. The purpose of the interview was to create a discussion about the topic so that the topic could be explored from different perspectives. The goal was to figure out why and what are the reasons underlying when we disagree about the visual aging of the building. Designing is a matter of anticipating the formation. Designer has to be confident about the created future scenario but at the same time designer has to convince other parties of the right orientation for this scenario. Plans are documents that, along with other information, present the vision of the future in a particular environmental context. Could one use these or other means to perceive the outdated character of the building for the designer himself and also for the others? The goal of extreme consensus is almost impossible to achieve when it comes to beauty ideals. By anticipating the change of static structure in time, the phenomenon would be visually demonstrated. It’s worth mentioning that, interviewees also saw the need for this kind of demonstration. The master’s thesis is supported by Finnish Façade Association (Julkisivuyhdistys ry) and Finnish Municipal Development Foundation (Kunnallisalan kehittämissäätiö).

Within TACCLE 3 – Coding European Union Erasmus+ KA2 Programme project, a review and evaluation of a set of resources that can contribute to teaching programming to younger children has made. This document represents the TACCLE 3 O4 deliverable entitled “Evaluation of existing resources (study/analysis)”.

G. Kocjan, B. Cochand-Priollet, P. P. de Agustin, C. Bourgain, A. Chandra, Y. Daneshbod, A. Deery, J. Duskova, C. Ersoz, G. Fadda, A. Fassina, P. Firat, B. Jimenez-Ayala, P. Karakitsos, O. Koperek, N. Matesa, D. Poller, L. Thienpont, A. Ryska, U. Schenck, T. Sauer, F. Schmitt, E. Tani, T. Toivonen, M. Tötsch, G. Troncone, L. Vass and P. Vielh Diagnostic terminology for reporting thyroid fine needle aspiration cytology: European Federation of Cytology Societies thyroid working party symposium, Lisbon 2009 A European Federation of Cytology Societies (EFCS) working party of 28 members from 14 European countries met at the European Congress of Cytology in Lisbon in September 2009, with two observers from the USA, to discuss the need for standardising thyroid FNA nomenclature in the light of the National Institute of Cancer (NCI) recommendations resulting from the State of the Science conference in Bethesda in 2007. The data were obtained through two questionnaires sent by email and a transcript of the live discussion at the congress, which is presented in full. The surveys and discussion showed that there were currently no national terminologies for reporting thyroid FNA in the different European countries except in Italy and the UK. Personal, 'local', surgical pathology and descriptive terminologies were in use. All but one of the working party members agreed that thyroid FNA reporting should be standardised. Whilst almost a third would adopt the NCI Bethesda terminology, which offers the advantages of a 'risk of cancer' correlation and is linked to clinical recommendations, more than half favoured a translation of local terminology as the first step towards a unified nomenclature, as has been done recently in the UK. There was some disagreement about the use of: a) the six-tiered as opposed to four or five-tiered systems, b) the use of an indeterminate category and c) the 'follicular neoplasm' category, which was felt by some participants not to be different from the 'suspicious of malignancy' category. The conclusions will be passed to the different national societies of cytology for discussion, who will be asked to map their local terminologies to the Bethesda classification, observe its acceptance by clinicians and audit its correlation with outcome. © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

This thesis presents several novel improvements to video coding algorithms, including block-based motion estimation, quantization selection, and video filtering. Most of the presented improvements are fully compatible with the standards in general use, including MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, H.261, H.263, and H.264. For quantization selection, new methods are developed based on the rate-distortion theory. The first method obtains locally optimal frame-level quantization parameter considering frame-wise dependencies. The method is applicable to generic optimization problems, including also motion estimation. The second method, aimed at real-time performance, heuristically modulates the quantization parameter in sequential frames improving significantly the rate-distortion performance. It also utilizes multiple reference frames when available, as in H.264. Finally, coding efficiency is improved by introducing a new matching criterion for motion estimation which can estimate the bit rate after transform coding more accurately, leading to better motion vectors. For fast motion estimation, several improvements on prior methods are proposed. First, fast matching, based on filtering and subsampling, is combined with a state-of-the-art search strategy to create a very quick and high-quality motion estimation method. The successive elimination algorithm (SEA) is also applied to the method and its performance is improved by deriving a new tighter lower bound and increasing it with a small constant, which eliminates a larger part of the candidate motion vectors, degrading quality only insignificantly. As an alternative, the multilevel SEA (MSEA) is applied to the H.264-compatible motion estimation utilizing efficiently the various available block sizes in the standard. Then, a new method is developed for refining the motion vector obtained from any fast and suboptimal motion estimation method. The resulting algorithm can be easily adjusted to have the desired tradeoff between computational complexity and rate-distortion performance. For refining integer motion vectors into half-pixel resolution, a new very quick but accurate method is developed based on the mathematical properties of bilinear interpolation. Finally, novel number theoretic transforms are developed which are best suited for two-dimensional image filtering, including image restoration and enhancement, but methods are developed with a view to the use of the transforms also for very reliable motion estimation.